Ionic bonds ok1294990488
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BONDING
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Covalent Bonds
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LET’S FIRST REVIEW IONIC BONDING
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In an IONIC bond, electrons are lost or gained, resulting in the formation of IONS in ionic compounds.
FK
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FK
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FK
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FK
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FK
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FK
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FK
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FK+ _
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FK+ _
The compound potassium fluoride consists of potassium (K+) ions and fluoride (F-) ions
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FK+ _
The ionic bond is the attraction between the positive K+ ion and the negative F- ion
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So What Are Covalent bonds?
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In covalent bonding, atoms still want to achieve a noble gas configuration (the octet rule).
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In covalent bonding, atoms still want to achieve a noble gas configuration (the octet rule).
But rather than losing or gaining electrons, atoms now share an electron pair.
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In covalent bonding, atoms still want to achieve a noble gas configuration(the octet rule). But rather than losing or gaining electrons, atoms now share an electron pair.
The shared electron pair is called a bonding pair
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Cl2Chlorine Forms A Covalent Bond With itself
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ClClHow Will Two Chlorine Atoms react?
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ClClEach chlorine atom wants to gain one electron to achieve an octet
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ClClNeither atom will give up an electron –chlorine is highly electronegative.
What’s the solution – what can theydo to achieve an octet?
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ClCl
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Cl Cl
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Cl Cl
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Cl Cl
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Cl Cloctet
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Cl Clcircle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets
octet
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Cl Clcircle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets
The octet is achieved by each atom sharing the electron pair in the middle
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Cl Clcircle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets
The octet is achieved by each atom sharing the electron pair in the middle
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Cl Clcircle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets
This is the bonding pair
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Cl Clcircle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets
It is a single bonding pair
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Cl Clcircle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets
It is called a SINGLE BOND
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Cl Clcircle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets
Single bonds are abbreviated with a dash
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Cl Cl
circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets
This is the chlorine molecule,
Cl2
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O2Oxygen is also one of the diatomic molecules
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How will two oxygen atoms bond?
OO
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OOEach atom has two unpaired electrons
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative.
So both atoms want to gain two electrons.
OO
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Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative.
So both atoms want to gain two electrons.
OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OOBoth electron pairs are shared.
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6 valence electrons plus 2 shared electrons = full octet
OO
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6 valence electrons plus 2 shared electrons = full octet
OO
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two bonding pairs,
OOmaking a double bond
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OO=For convenience, the double bond
can be shown as two dashes.
OO
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OO=This is the oxygen molecule,
O2
this is so
cool!!
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Covalent bonding allows for an amazingly large variety of compounds such as
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small compounds likewater and carbon dioxide,
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and ethanol (alcohol),
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to larger compounds such as aspirin,
(21 atoms)
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and the sex hormones
estradiol(estrogen)
and
testosterone,
(49 atoms)
(44 atoms)
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to all of the 40,000 proteins you have in your body, including
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insulin, with 779 atoms,
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and hemoglobin, with about 9500 atoms!
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There are an estimated 1040 possible compounds containing up to 50 atoms
The known chemical world, including natural and synthetic compounds, is far far far below 1% of that.
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As of 2007, there are about 31,000,000 known compounds;
About 12.5 million of those are commercially available.
Thousands of new compounds are discovered or synthesized every week!