ion General de MEXICO

8/8/2019 ion General de MEXICO

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The World Factbook

Mexico

Introduction MexicoBackground: The site of advanced Amerindian civilizations, Mexico came under Spanish rule for threecenturies before achieving independence early in the 19th century. A devaluation of the peso in late 1994threw Mexico into economic turmoil, triggering the worst recession in over half a century. The nation had

been making an impressive recovery until the global financial crisis hit in late 2008. Ongoing economicand social concerns include low real wages, underemployment for a large segment of the population,inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities for the largely Amerindian populationin the impoverished southern states. The elections held in 2000 marked the first time since the 1910

Mexican Revolution that an opposition candidate - Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) -defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006

by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON. In January 2009, Mexico assumed a nonpermanent seaton the UN Security Council for the 2009-10 term.

GeographyMexicoLocation: Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico,

between Belize and the US and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the USGeographic coordinates: 23 00 N, 102 00 WMap references: North AmericaArea: total: 1,972,550 sq kmland: 1,923,040 sq kmwater: 49,510 sq kmArea - comparative: slightly less than three times the size of TexasLand boundaries: total: 4,353 kmborder countries: Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,141 kmCoastline: 9,330 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginClimate: varies from tropical to desert

Terrain: high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desertElevation extremes: lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 mhighest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,700 m



Natural resources: petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber Land use: arable land: 12.66%

permanent crops: 1.28%other: 86.06% (2005)Irrigated land: 63,200 sq km (2003)

Total renewable water resources: 457.2 cu km (2000)Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): total: 78.22 cu km/yr (17%/5%/77%)

per capita: 731 cu m/yr (2000) Natural hazards: tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructiveearthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coastsEnvironment - current issues: scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to urbanmigration; natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality incenter and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas;deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water

pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion

note: the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation national security issuesEnvironment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, MarineDumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreementsGeography - note: strategic location on southern border of US; corn (maize), one of theworld's major grain crops, is thought to have originated in Mexico

People MexicoPopulation: 111,211,789 (July 2009 est.)Age structure: 0-14 years: 29.1% (male 16,544,223/female 15,861,141)

15-64 years: 64.6% (male 34,734,571/female 37,129,793)65 years and over: 6.2% (male 3,130,518/female 3,811,543) (2009 est.)Median age: total: 26.3 yearsmale: 25.3 years

female: 27.3 years (2008 est.)Population growth rate: 1.13% (2009 est.)Birth rate: 20.04 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)Death rate: 4.78 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Net migration rate: -3.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)Urbanization: urban population: 77% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 1.5% annual rateof change (2005-2010)

Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.94male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2009 est.)Infant mortality rate: total: 18.42 deaths/1,000 live births male: 20.3 deaths/1,000 live births female:16.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.06 years male: 73.25 years female: 79 years (2009 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.34 children born/woman (2009 est.)HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.3% (2007 est.)HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 200,000 (2007 est.)HIV/AIDS - deaths: 11,000 (2007 est.)Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: intermediate

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne disease: dengue fever water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)



Nationality: noun: Mexican(s)adjective: MexicanEthnic groups: mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%,white 9%, other 1%Religions: Roman Catholic 76.5%, Protestant 6.3% (Pentecostal 1.4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.1%,

other 3.8%), other 0.3%, unspecified 13.8%, none 3.1% (2000 census)Languages: Spanish only 92.7%, Spanish and indigenous languages 5.7%, indigenous only 0.8%,unspecified 0.8%; note - indigenous languages include various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regionallanguages (2005)Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 91%male: 92.4%

female: 89.6% (2004 est.)School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 13 yearsmale: 14 years

female: 13 years (2006)

Education expenditures: 5.5% of GDP (2005)

Government MexicoCountry name: conventional long form: United Mexican Statesconventional short form: Mexicolocal long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanoslocal short form: MexicoGovernment type: federal republicCapital: name: Mexico (Distrito Federal)

geographic coordinates: 19 26 N, 99 08 Wtime difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in October note: Mexico is divided into three time zonesAdministrative divisions: 31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal);Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila deZaragoza, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico,Michoacan de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro de Arteaga, QuintanaRoo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz-Llave, Yucatan,ZacatecasIndependence: 16 September 1810 (declared); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)

National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1810)Constitution: 5 February 1917

Legal system: mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of legislativeacts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservationsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced)Executive branch: chief of state: President Felipe de Jesus CALDERON Hinojosa (since 1 December 2006); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Felipe de Jesus CALDERON Hinojosa (since 1 December 2006)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; note - appointment of attorney general requires consent of theSenateelections: president elected by popular vote for a single six-year term; election last held on 2 July 2006(next to be held 1 July 2012)election results: Felipe CALDERON elected president; percent of vote - Felipe CALDERON 35.89%,

Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR 35.31%, Roberto MADRAZO 22.26%, other 6.54%



Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Union consists of the Senate or Camara de Senadores (128 seats; 96 members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms, and 32seats are allocated on the basis of each party's popular vote) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara deDiputados (500 seats; 300 members are elected by popular vote; remaining 200 members are allocated onthe basis of each party's popular vote; to serve three-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held 2 July 2006 for all of the seats (next to be held 1 July 2012); Chamber of Deputies - last held 2 July 2006 (next to be held 5 July 2009)election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PAN 52, PRI 33, PRD 26, PVEM6, CD 5, PT 5, independent 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PAN207, PRD 127, PRI 106, PVEM 17, CD 17, PT 11, other 15Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nacion (justices or ministrosare appointed by the president with consent of the Senate)Political parties and leaders: Convergence for Democracy or CD [Luis MALDONADO Venegas];Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI [Beatriz PAREDES]; Labor Party or PT [Alberto ANAYAGutierrez]; Mexican Green Ecological Party or PVEM [Jorge Emilio GONZALEZ Martinez]; NationalAction Party (Partido Accion Nacional) or PAN [German MARTINEZ Cazares]; New Alliance Party

(Partido Nueva Alianza) or PNA [Jorge Antonio KAHWAGI Macari]; Party of the Democratic Revolution(Partido de la Revolucion Democratica) or PRD [Leonel COTA Montano]; Social Democratic and PeasantAlternative Party (Partido Alternativa Socialdemocrata y Campesina) or Alternativa [Alberto BEGNEGuerra]Political pressure groups and leaders: Broad Progressive Front or FAP; Businessmen's CoordinatingCouncil or CCE; Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic or COPARMEX; Confederation of Industrial Chambers or CONCAMIN; Confederation of Mexican Workers or CTM; Confederation of

National Chambers of Commerce or CONCANACO; Coordinator for Foreign Trade BusinessOrganizations or COECE; Federation of Unions Providing Goods and Services or FESEBES; NationalChamber of Transformation Industries or CANACINTRA; National Peasant Confederation or CNC;

National Small Business Chamber or CANACOPE; National Syndicate of Education Workers or SNTE; National Union of Workers or UNT; Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca or APPO; RomanCatholic ChurchInternational organization participation: APEC, BCIE, BIS, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer),CDB, CE (observer), CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, G-20, G-3, G-15, G-24, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO,ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, OAS, OECD, OPANAL,OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina,UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Arturo SARUKHAN Casamitjanachancery: 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006

telephone: [1] (202) 728-1600 FAX: [1] (202) 728-1698consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso, Houston, Laredo(Texas), Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Nogales (Arizona), Omaha, Orlando, Phoenix,Sacramento, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, San Juan (Puerto Rico)consulate(s): Albuquerque, Brownsville (Texas), Calexico (California), Del Rio (Texas), Detroit, Douglas(Arizona), Eagle Pass (Texas), Fresno (California), Indianapolis (Indiana), Kansas City (Missouri), Laredo(Texas), Las Vegas, Little Rock (Arkansas), McAllen (Texas), New Orleans, Omaha, Orlando, Oxnard(California), Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), Presidio (Texas), Raleigh, Saint Paul (Minnesota), Salt LakeCity, San Bernardino, Santa Ana (California), Seattle, Tucson, Yuma (Arizona)Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Antonio O. GARZA, Jr.

embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 06500 Mexico, Distrito Federalmailing address: P. O. Box 9000, Brownsville, TX 78520-9000



telephone: [52] (55) 5080-2000 FAX: [52] (55) 5511-9980consulate(s) general: Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuanaconsulate(s): Hermosillo, Matamoros, Merida, Nogales, Nuevo LaredoFlag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat of arms (an

eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white bandEconomy MexicoEconomy - overview: Mexico has a free market economy in the trillion dollar class. It contains a mixtureof modern and outmoded industry and agriculture, increasingly dominated by the private sector. Recentadministrations have expanded competition in seaports, railroads, telecommunications, electricitygeneration, natural gas distribution, and airports. Per capita income is one-fourth that of the US; incomedistribution remains highly unequal. Trade with the US and Canada has nearly tripled since theimplementation of NAFTA in 1994. Mexico has 12 free trade agreements with over 40 countriesincluding, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, the European Free Trade Area, and Japan, putting morethan 90% of trade under free trade agreements. In 2007, during his first year in office, the FelipeCALDERON administration was able to garner support from the opposition to successfully pass a pensionand a fiscal reform. The administration continues to face many economic challenges including the need toupgrade infrastructure, modernize labor laws, and allow private investment in the energy sector.CALDERON has stated that his top economic priorities remain reducing poverty and creating jobs.GDP (purchasing power parity): $1.559 trillion (2008 est.)$1.538 trillion (2007)$1.49 trillion (2006)GDP (official exchange rate): $1.143 trillion (2008 est.)GDP - real growth rate: 1.4% (2008 est.)GDP - per capita (PPP): $14,200 (2008 est.)GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3.7%

industry: 34.1% services: 62.2% (2008 est.)Labor force: 45.5 million (2008 est.)Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 15.1%industry: 25.7%

services: 59% (2005)Unemployment rate: 4.1% plus underemployment of perhaps 25% (October 2008)Population below poverty line: 13.8% using food-based definition of poverty; asset based povertyamounted to more than 40% (2006)Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.2%highest 10%: 37% (2006)

Distribution of family income - Gini index: 47.9 (2006)Investment (gross fixed): 22.9% of GDP (2008 est.)Budget: revenues: $256.7 billionexpenditures: $256.8 billion (2008 est.)Fiscal year: calendar year Public debt: 20.3% of GDP (2008 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.2% (2008 est.)Central bank discount rate: NACommercial bank prime lending rate: 7.56% (31 December 2007)Stock of money: $103.5 billion (31 December 2007)Stock of quasi money: $168.4 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of domestic credit: $349.1 billion (31 December 2007)Market value of publicly traded shares: $397.7 billion (31 December 2007)



Agriculture - products: corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, beans, cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; beef, poultry, dairy products; wood productsIndustries: food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles,clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourismIndustrial production growth rate: 0% (2008 est.)

Electricity - production: 243.3 billion kWh (2007 est.)Electricity - consumption: 202 billion kWh (2007 est.)Electricity - exports: 1.278 billion kWh (2007 est.)Electricity - imports: 484.2 million kWh (2007 est.)Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 78.7%hydro: 14.2%nuclear: 4.2%other: 2.9% (2001)Oil - production: 3.501 million bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil - consumption: 2.119 million bbl/day (2007 est.)Oil - exports: 2.204 million bbl/day (2005)

Oil - imports: 385,400 bbl/day (2005)Oil - proved reserves:11.65 billion bbl (1 January 2008 est.)

Natural gas - production: 55.98 billion cu m (2007 est.) Natural gas - consumption: 68.29 billion cu m (2007 est.) Natural gas - exports: 2.973 billion cu m (2007 est.) Natural gas - imports:11.69 billion cu m (2007 est.) Natural gas - proved reserves: 392.2 billion cu m (1 January 2008 est.)Current account balance: -$13.45 billion (2008 est.)Exports: $294 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.)Exports - commodities: manufactured goods, oil and oil products, silver, fruits, vegetables, coffee,cottonExports - partners: US 82.2%, Canada 2.4%, Germany 1.5% (2007)Imports: $305.9 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.)Imports - commodities: metalworking machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery,electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts for motor vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft partsImports - partners: US 49.6%, China 10.5%, Japan 5.8%, South Korea 4.5% (2007)Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $91.99 billion (31 December 2008 est.)Debt - external: $181.2 billion (31 December 2008 est.)Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: $278.9 billion (2008 est.)Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: $43.01 billion (2008 est.)Currency (code): Mexican peso (MXN)

Currency code: MXNExchange rates: Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar - 11.016 (2008 est.), 10.8 (2007), 10.899 (2006),10.898 (2005), 11.286 (2004)

Communications MexicoTelephones - main lines in use: 19.754 million (2007)Telephones - mobile cellular:68.254 million (2007)Telephone system: general assessment: adequate telephone service for business and government, butthe population is poorly served; mobile subscribers far outnumber fixed-line subscribers; domesticsatellite system with 120 earth stations; extensive microwave radio relay network; considerable use of fiber-optic cable and coaxial cabledomestic: low telephone density with about 18 fixed lines per 100 persons; privatized in December 1990;

despite the opening to competition in January 1997, Telmex remains dominant; legal challenges toTelmex's alleged anti-competitive behavior in the mobile and fixed-line markets culminated in a World



Trade Organization ruling in 2004 against Mexico prompting some strengthening of the powers grantedMexico's telecom regulator; mobile cellular teledensity approaching 65 per 100 personsinternational: country code - 52; Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to the US, VirginIslands, Canary Islands, Spain, and Italy; the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) andthe MAYA-1 submarine cable system together provide access to Central America, parts of South America

and the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth stations - 120 (32 Intelsat, 2 Solidaridad (giving Mexicoimproved access to South America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing domesticcommunications), 1 Panamsat, numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations); linked to Central AmericanMicrowave System of trunk connections (2007)Radio broadcast stations: AM 850, FM 545, shortwave 15 (2003)Radios: 31 million (1997)Television broadcast stations: 236 (plus repeaters) (1997)Televisions: 25.6 million (1997)Internet country code:.mxInternet hosts: 10.653 million (2008)Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 51 (2000)

Internet users: 22.812 million (2007)

TransportationMexicoAirports: 1,834 (2007)Airports - with paved runways: total: 231over 3,047 m: 122,438 to 3,047 m: 291,524 to 2,437 m: 84914 to 1,523 m: 77under 914 m: 29 (2007)Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 1,603

over 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 63914 to 1,523 m: 408under 914 m: 1,131 (2007)Heliports: 1 (2007)Pipelines: gas 22,705 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,875 km; oil 8,688 km; oil/gas/water 228 km;refined products 6,520 km (2006)Railways: total: 17,665 km

standard gauge: 17,665 km 1.435-m gauge (2006)Roadways: total: 356,945 km

paved: 178,473 km (includes 6,279 km of expressways)

unpaved: 178,472 km (2006)Waterways: 2,900 km (navigable rivers and coastal canals) (2008)Merchant marine: total: 55by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 7, chemical tanker 5, liquefied gas 4, passenger/cargo 11, petroleum tanker 23, roll on/roll off 3

foreign-owned: 4 (Denmark 2, Hong Kong 1, UAE 1)registered in other countries: 20 (Brazil 1, Honduras 1, Liberia 2, Marshall Islands 4, Panama 2, Portugal1, Spain 3, Venezuela 5, unknown 1) (2008)Ports and terminals: Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Manzanillo, Morro Redondo, Salina Cruz, Tampico,Veracruz

Military MexicoMilitary branches: Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, Sedena): Army(Ejercito, includes Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM)); Secretariat of the Navy



(Secretaria de Marina, Semar): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico, ARM, includes Naval Air Force(FAN) and naval infantry) (2008)Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript serviceobligation - 12 months; 16 years of age with consent for voluntary enlistment; conscripts serve only in theArmy; Navy and Air Force service is all voluntary; women are eligible for voluntary military service

(2007)Manpower available for military service: males age 16-49: 27,774,688

females age 16-49: 29,376,791 (2008 est.)Manpower fit for military service: males age 16-49: 22,541,654

females age 16-49: 25,149,027 (2009 est.)Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually: male: 1,109,981

female: 1,072,094 (2009 est.)Military expenditures: 0.5% of GDP (2006 est.)

Transnational Issues MexicoDisputes - international: abundant rainfall in recent years along much of the Mexico-US border region has ameliorated periodically strained water-sharing arrangements; the US has intensified securitymeasures to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commodities across its border with Mexico; Mexico must deal with thousands of impoverished Guatemalans and other CentralAmericans who cross the porous border looking for work in Mexico and the United StatesRefugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs: 5,500-10,000 (government's quashing of Zapatistauprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region) (2007)Illicit drugs: major drug-producing nation; cultivation of opium poppy in 2007 rose to 6,900 hectaresyielding a potential production of 18 metric tons of pure heroin, or 50 metric tons of "black tar" heroin, thedominant form of Mexican heroin in the western United States; marijuana cultivation increased to 8,900hectares in 2007 and yielded a potential production of 15,800 metric tons; government conducts thelargest independent illicit-crop eradication program in the world; continues as the primary transshipment

country for US-bound cocaine from South America, with an estimated 90% of annual cocaine movementstoward the US stopping in Mexico; major drug syndicates control the majority of drug traffickingthroughout the country; producer and distributor of ecstasy; significant money-laundering center; major supplier of heroin and largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamine to the US market(2007) This page was last updated on 9 April, 2009

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