"

"

!(

!( !( !(

!(!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(")

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!( !(

!(

!( !(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!( !(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!( !(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!( !(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

")

")

")

")

")

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

")

")")

")

")

")

")

")

")

")

")

")

")

")

")

")

")")

")

")

")

")

")

")

")

")

#*

")

")

")

")

")

")

")

")

!(

L A K E S A K A K A W E A

L i t t l e M i s s o u r i R i v e r

W e s t S h e l l C r e e kA n t e l o p e C r e e k

F o r e m a n C o u l e e

C l e a r C r e ek

B e a r D e n C r e e k D e e p w a t e r C r e e k

N o rt h f o r k C r e e k

B i g G u l ch

Wr i t i n g R o c k

Co u l ee

R ou g h C o u l e e

SouthF o r k

S k u n k Cre e k

S ku n k C r e e k

A s hC

o u l e eCedar

Cou l

e e

E a s t F o r k

S a g e b r u s h C o u l e e

H a n dy W a t er

Cre e k

Hay

C o u l e e

J i mCr

e ek

S i x m i l e C r e e k

C h ar g i ngC r ee k

B u r n t C r e e k

S a n d

C re e k

C r a neC

ree k

L i t t l e S h e l l C r e e k

N o r t h F o r k Cl a r k s Cr e e k

C h a s e C re e k

C l ar k s C r e e k

L o n e B e a v e r C r ee k

M a l n o u r i e C re e kC or r a l C r e e k

D r y C r e e k

S q u a w C r ee k

S he l l C r ee k

B e arCreek

N o r t h B r a n ch C l e a r C r e e k

D e e p C r e e k

E a s t F o r k Sh e l l C r e ek

M o c c a s inC r e e k

Parshall

New Town

Keene

Johnsons Corner

Mountrail CountyMcLean County

McKenzie CountyDunn County

Dunn

Cou

nty

Merce

r Cou

nty

UV1804 UV8UV1806UV23

UV37

UV23

UV8

UV73

UV1804

UV22

A"

B'''

A'

B"

-103o 00 '

48o 00 '-102o 00 '

48o 00 '

-103o 00 '47o 30 '

-102o 00 '47o 30 '

North Dakota Geological SurveyGeologic Investigation No.194

Jeffrey W. BaderR. 96 W.

T. 15

2 N.

T. 15

0 N.

T. 14

8 N.

T. 14

7 N.

T. 14

9 N.

R. 94 W. R. 93 W. R. 92 W. R. 91 W. R. 89 W.R. 90 W.

R. 96 W. R. 94 W.R. 95 W. R. 93 W. R. 92 W. R. 91 W. R. 90 W. R. 89 W.

T. 15

1 N.

Cartographic Compilation: Elroy L. Kadrmas

R. 97 W.

R. 95 W.

Adjoining 100K Maps

Inyan Kara Sandstone Isopach MapParshall 100K Sheet, North Dakota 2014 Magnetic North

Declination at Center of Sheet

7o 36'

Edward C. Murphy, State GeologistLynn D. Helms. Director Dept of Mineral Resources

2016

T. 15

2 N.

T. 15

0 N.

T. 14

8 N.

T. 14

7 N.

T. 14

9 N.

T. 15

1 N.

Significant volumes (> 1-million barrels/day) of co-produced water are generated daily during productionoperations for oil and gas in North Dakota. Most produced water is brine (saltwater), with very high concentra-tions of total dissolved solids. Produced water has historically been considered a waste in the oil and gasindustry. Subsurface injection is the industry-preferred alternative for produced water disposal. Becauseproduced water is brine, produced water disposal wells are referred to as saltwater disposal wells (SWD wells).

INTRODUCTION

THE DAKOTA GROUPGeology of the area is the major factor in determining if injection is a viable option for produced waterdisposal. North Dakota's Williston Basin has an ideal sequence of geologic units (Dakota Group) present at anoptimal depth for produced water disposal. The lower Cretaceous Dakota Group consists of four formations indescending order (see Cross-Sections A-A' and B-B'):

Overlying the Dakota Group are several thousand feet of Cretaceous marine deposits including the PierreFormation, a very thick, impermeable shale. The Jurassic Swift Formation uncomformably underlies theDakota Group and consists of up to 600 ft (183 m) of marginal marine shale with interbedded limestone. TheDakota Group is approximately 740 ft (226 m) thick at depths of approximately 4,780-5,520 ft (1,457-1,683 m)in the center of the Parshall 100K Sheet.

Mowry Formation - marine shale Newcastle Formation - marginal marine sandstone Skull Creek Formation - marine shale Inyan Kara Formation - marginal marine and non-marine sandstone and shale

A"

BB''

B'''

B'

A'A

CROSS-SECTIONS

Mercator Projection 1927 North American Datum

0 1 2 3 4

Miles

Standard parallel 47o 45' Central meridian 102o 30'

In order to display incised valley geometries in cross-section,it was necessary to extend A-A' into the adjacent WatfordCity 100K sheet and B-B' into the Stanley and Killdeer 100Ksheets as detailed below and depicted on the insert map.

Drafting: Ken Urlacher

Inyan Kara sandstones deposited in these valleys are thick, porous (20-30% porosity), and permeable (Darcylevel) enough to accept the injected water and the lateral continuity of the units allows for injected water tomove into the formation (see Cross-Sections A-A' and B-B'), especially along valley trends.

These Cretaceous and Jurassic units provide a complete succession of rocks for produced water injection.Of specific importance is the Inyan Kara Formation, which consists of sandstones and shales deposited inincised valleys along the coastline of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. These valleys were cut bynorth-northwesterly flowing rivers that drained into the seaway from highlands in southern North Dakota,Minnesota, and Canada. The valleys formed as the Cretaceous seaway regressed from North Dakota twiceover a period of approximately 10 million years. The seaway transgressed back into the area forming estuaries,and sands were deposited in the valleys as sea-level rose, again in two transgressive events. Eventually the seacompletely flooded all of North Dakota and the overlying marine units were deposited.

Although some lateral continuity is important, these units must have good seals above to protect shallowaquifers. The overlying Cretaceous shales provide such a seal and, along with the underlying Swift Formation,allow for excellent confining layers that will vertically contain injected brines within the Inyan Kara. TheInyan Kara is present only in the subsurface of the Williston Basin in North Dakota extending across most ofthe state. The formation ranges in thickness from approximately 200-500 ft. (61-152 m) in the Parshall 100K.

This map presents thickness contours (isopachs) of interpreted injectable sandstone bodies present within theInyan Kara Formation in the Parshall 100K. The map and associated cross-sections were prepared in order toidentify favorable areas where the potential for encountering sandstone bodies for injection of produced wateris greater. Geographical features such as roads and cities are also presented to better aid in well placement.

ISOPACH OF INYAN KARA FORMATION SANDSTONES

The map and cross-sections were prepared using wireline logs (gamma ray and resistivity) from 1,342 wellsacross the Parshall 100K that were available for interpretation and assessment of sandstone thicknesses andlateral continuity. Several valley trends (yellows), oriented to the north-northwest, can be identifiedon the map. In between these valleys in the interfluve areas (darker brown), sandstones are thinner,much less continuous, and have lower porosity and permeability than incised valley sandstones. Therefore,interfluve sandstones are less desirable for injection of produced water.

!

!

!

!

Cross-Section Vertical Scale: .75 inches = 200 feet

Map Scale 1:100,000

Parshall 100K Sheet, North Dakota

Other Features

Paved RoadRiver/StreamStream - IntermittentCounty Boundary

UV23 State Highway

Unpaved Road

Water

Timothy O. Nesheim

Reservoir quality ranges using physical data (e.g., thickness, grain size) from each well are presented. HistoricSWD well injection/pressure data from active and inactive SWD wells are also included.

Control points are included with contour lines and cross-sections to assist the user in evaluating general trends of potentiallyinjectable sandstone bodies. Please note, lateral variability of sandstones can be very great with thickness changes of hundredsof feet in less than 1/2 mile. Therefore, this map should be used only to verify areas of greater sandstone thickness/trends ratherthan absolute values, especially away from control points. Wireline logs in the area should be accessed and evaluated prior tomaking final decisions.

CONTROL WELL TYPES/RESERVOIR QUALITYWell/Sandstone > 100 ft < 5% very fine sand to silt,and/or laterally continuous

Well/Sandstone 5-50 ft, 10-20% very fine sand to silt,and/or laterally discontinuous

Well/Sandstone 50-100 ft, 5-10% very fine sand to silt,and/or laterally continuous

Well/Sandstone 0-5 ft, > 20% very fine sand to silt,and/or laterally discontinuous

!(

!(

!(

!(

Note: Text modified from Bader, J.W., 2015, Inyan Kara Sandstone Isopach Map, Watford City 100K Sheet, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey, Geologic Investigation No. 189.

City

Active SWD Well: > 150 bbls/psi

Active SWD Well: < 50 bbls/psiActive SWD Well: 50-150 bbls/psi

")

")

")

AVERAGE MONTHLY INJECTION(barrels/one pound per square inch)

Inactive SWD Well: < 50 bbls/psiInactive SWD Well: 50-150 bbls/psi

#*

#*

Inactive SWD Well: > 150 bbls/psi#*

EXPLANATIONCorrelation LineCorrelation Line - UncertainCorrelation Line - InferredCorrelation Marker HorizonUnconformitySandstone Body

Active Salt Water Disposal Well

Perforated Interval

g

Inactive Salt Water Disposal Well

Perforated IntervalXX

INYAN KARA SANDSTONE - ISOPACH INTERVALS (feet)

50

100

150

200

250

350

300

250

150

0

50