Investigations into Compost Tea for the Control of Plant Pathogenic Fungi
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Transcript of Investigations into Compost Tea for the Control of Plant Pathogenic Fungi
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Journal Submittal
Brinton, Trnkner - Woods End Agrar u. Umwelt Page 1
INVESTIGATIONS INTO LIQUID COMPOST
EXTRACTS (TEAS) FOR THE
CONTROL OF PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI
William F. Brinton
Andreas Trnkner 1
(Extract from Biocycle Paper presented in Phoenix, AZ)
Introduction
The potential disease suppressive characteristics of composts is well known
an d is the su bject of increa sing scient ific effort s, dat ing from rep orts a s ear ly as 1973(Hun t et a l, 1973). New int eres t is seen with t he u se of liquid extra cts for disease con-
tr ol. Compost seed-dips an d plan t a nd soil spra ys based on compost a nd oth er plan t
materials have been reported from organic farming literature since from as early as
1924 (Koepf, 1992).
The presence of highly developed microbial communities in the rhizosphere
(root-region) of plan ts h as long been kn own, but a comp ar able flora on th e leaf su rfac-
es has only been more recently recognized. This area of research was first developed
when Las t (1955) an d Ruinen (1956) coined th e term phyllosphere for th e leaf sur face
microbial ha bita t in ana logy with rh izosph ere. With th e organ izat ion of th e first sym-posium on th is ar ea by Preece and Dickinson (1971), th e stage was set for new ap pr e-
ciation of th e m icrobial populat ion of the leaf surface with respect t o host- path ogen
interactions. Eventually, phyllospheric effects moved into the focal point of research
on the biological contr ol of leaf diseases an d emp ha sis on ant ifun gal propert ies of wa-
ter y extra cts of composts is evident from a bout 1986 to th e pr esent (Weltzien, 1986;
Tr nk ner , 1993). Thus, a bout a 30-year incubat ion has been involved in gett ing to
where we a re pr esent ly with a basic un derst an ding of compost tea s to comba t leaf dis-
ease. It is unfort un at e tha t th ere ha s been so litt le scientific inter est in this ar ena u n-
til quite recently. The u ncerta inty a bout form ulat ing proprietar y techn ologies based
on compost is th e most frequent ly cited rea son for t he slow developmen t (Trn kn er,
1993).
1. Support for this research is acknowledged from the Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Association, the
Center for Biomedical Technology (CIBT) and the Wilhelm-Friedrichs University, Bonn
William Brinton is chief scientist, Woods End Research Laboratory and Andreas Trnkner is Associate Prof.
Microbiology, Wilhelm-Friedrichs University, Bonn
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Compos t t eas as herein in tended should not be confused with use of
leacha tes collected off comp ost sites, alth ough th e lat ter m ay also possess nut rien t
an d potentia l fun gicidal properties. It should also not be equa ted with compost hu -
mic extra cts, compost microbial star ters, a nd oth er similar pr epar at ions. Compost
tea s, also called wat ery-compost-extra cts, r efer to a more deliberat e pr oduction of
specific extr acts a nd spr ayin g un dilut ed based on composts of kn own pr operties an d
age (York an d Brint on, 1995). Several different types of na tu ra l spra ys have been
compared with specific compost teas and compost teas do not necessarily always
perform well (OFRF, 1994). This paper will discuss some of the potentials and pit-
falls involved in t his work.
Th e use of compost ext ra cts differ s significa nt ly from th e repor ted use of solid
compost u sed in cont ainer -media to supp ress da mping off and root-fun gal diseases
(Spr ing et al.,1980; Hoitink , 1980). Wat ery comp ost extra cts described in t his pa per
ar e applied directly to plan t su rfaces via convent iona l high-pressur e spra ying ap pa-
ra tu s. The extra cts a ct directly in varying degrees to suppr ess both th e germ inat ion
an d growth of plan t pat hogenic organ isms a nd ar e efficacious for short periods of
time (Ketterer , 1990; Tr nk ner , 1993).
The Needs and Obstacles to Implementing Compost Teas in Agriculture
A num ber of serious a gricultu ra l problems ar eas exist presen tly which a re of
imm ediat e possible cand idat es for applications of comp ost extra cts. These ar e chief-
ly where fungal diseases sta r t an d spread from leaf an d stem surfaces. Examples
are apple scab (Venturia ina equalis), downy a nd powdery m ildew on gra pes (Plas-
mopara viticola, Uncinula necator) an d Botrytis infections of vegetables and small
fru its. Crop da ma ge by these fungal pests in th e US a lone is in t he $-billions/year .
Of special concern is the worsening si tuat ion in potato cultur e with Late
Blight causative Phytopthphora infestans showing n ew genotypes with in crea sing
resistance to conventional fungicidal treatments (Dowley, 1981). While chemical
spra ying program s can still resu lt in sat isfactory cont rol, it h as become a subst an -
tia lly more complicat ed and costly und ert ak ing. Su ccessful resea rch an d imp lemen -
ta tion th is area using biocont rols is likely to have extrem ely importa nt agronomic
and economic impacts. Despite this apparent fact, many agricultural officials re-main unconvinced that compost based disease suppression is likely to prove eco-
nomical in the near fut ure an d th ere is cont inued concern tha t spraying live cul-
tu res of ma nu re-based extr acts, which ar e likely to conta in opport un istic pat ho-
gens, m ay be h ygienically problema tic (USDA, pers. comm .).
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Mode of Effects of Compost Extracts
Compost teas exert influence in the so called phyllosphere (plant surface)
th rough a coatin g with actu al live bacteria (NOTE: see ph oto sh owing scann ing elec-
tron microscopic view of leaf su rface sprayed with compost tea) . The principal
agents in the composts extra cts a ppear to be bacteria r epresenting but not neces-sari ly limited t o the genera of Bacillus, Pseud om onas, S erratia, Penicillium , and
Trichoderma (see photo). In examining normal composts, we have found that the
ma jori ty of bacteria in m oderately-mat ur e m aterials a re facultat ive an aerobes or
aerobes. Species such as Enterobacteria, Serratia, Nitrobacter, Pseudomonads, Ba-
cillus, Staphylococcus and various Actinom ycetes are al l present (Droffner et al .
1995). Thus, it seems likely th at ma ny composts possess poten tial disease sup pres-
sive traits.
There is no single mechanism explaining effects of compost extracts against
pa th ogens . To da te, th e effects of compost extra cts ha ve been divided int o severa l cat -egories (Kett erer , 1990; Beicht , 1981;Bud de & Weltzien, 1990):
Inh ibition of spore germina tion
Ant agonism and competition with pat hogens:
Induced resista nce against pat hogens:
The p rima ry source of the effects observed with compost t eas is appa ren tly of
a live, microbiological n at ur e (see bioassa y photos). St erilized or m icron filtered com-
post extra cts usu ally exhibit significan tly redu ced a ctivity against pat hogens (Weltz-
ien, 1986). Th is does not ru le out th at in some cas es ster ile extr acts will possess sup-pressive effects. Th ere is some evidence th at chemicals called siderophores, pseudo-
bactins and pseudomycins produced by Pseudomonas exert a powerful chemical
suppr essive effect of other organ isms (Kloepper , 1980; Poter a, 1994). Ant ibiotics ha ve
been obser ved to be formed by B. subtilis and inhibit the germination and/or growth
of ma ny fun gi. Also, an emer ging field of stu dy is the ar ea of indu ced or a cquired r e-
sistan ce. Ample evidence is being seen th at microbes wheth er pa th ogenic or n ot can
cau se th e induction of plan t int ern al defenses. For exam ple, by inoculat ing cucum ber
leaves with the bacteria Colletotrichum lagenarium , the infected leaves not only be-
cam e resistan t toward C. lagenariu m , but a lso toward a ll oth er pa th ogens of bacterial
and viral natu re. In fact, the concept of induced systemic resistance was coined for
this phenomenon (Kuc et al., 1975). An overview of the use of microbial metabolites
to induce resistance ha s r ecently been presented (Schnbeck an d Dehne, 1986). It
ma y or not be ironic tha t difficulties a nd hygienic concerns about using live extr act
compost sprays are avoided by using metabolites from compost cultures for stimulat-
ing plan t r esistan ce. However, this work is still in its infancy.
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Based on existing information, it is clear that successful use of compost ex-
tr acts for disease cont rol needs to be evalua ted in r elation to specific cultivars an d
specific fun gal pat hogens. In ma ny r eport ed cases pat hogens ha ve been cont rolled
by compost teas to levels similar if not better than conventional fungicidal treat-
men t (Ketter er, 1990; Tr nk ner , 1993) (see Table 5). However, t he findings a lso
suggest th at differen t m odes of prepa ra tion of th e water y compost extra cts ma y be
requ ired to sat isfactorily tr eat differen t diseases un der var ying field circum sta nces.
It is conceivable that in the not-too-distant future on-farm laboratories will extract
and prepare enrichment extracts and sterile metabolites from on-farm wastes and
use t hem in pest bio-cont rol program s. New developmen t effort s by our group an d
other s to work out field bioas sa y techn iques su ch as in su ppr ession of growth of Bot-
ryt is by comp ost extra cts (see bioas sa y photo) ma y per mit gr owers t o screen for fun-
gicidal a ctivity pr ior t o costly imp lemen ta tion; however, t his work is far from com-
plete.
Four Step Approach to Making Compost Extracts For Fungicide Sprays
There ar e four sta ges in th e pr ocess of pr epa rin g compost teas: pr epa ra tion, ex-
tr action, filtra tion an d indu ction. Ea ch sta ge has a few specific cond itions. (See photo
of spra y tan k an d orcha rd spr aying at Golden Hooves Far m, CA)
1. P REPARATION STAGE: Fresh compost is blended with t ap water in a
dilut ion ra tio of 1 par t: 5-10 pa rt s (vol/vol). The ideal ra tio must be exper -
iment ally derived. Wooden ba rr els or la rge ta nk s ar e preferred. To be
avoided ar e pest icide/bio-cide ta nk s even if pr evious ly was hed .
2. E XTRACTION: Allow to sta nd at 15-25o C, over 3-8 da ys, stirr ing 2-3
times dur ing th is period. A highly aerobic mix is N OT required. Stirring
is performed either with a rod or r ota ting bar, or a ny kind of pum ping-
agita tion, for a bout 30 minu tes a t ea ch event , during th e life of th e
extract.
3. F ILTRATION: The best a pproach is to decan t from par tway u p fron t he
bott om of th e ta nk an d pass t hr ough a 200 mesh (75-micron) sieve.
Determ ine in adva nce the operat iona l spray rig nozzle sizing so th at
clogging does not occur. To avoid ser ious filtr at ion pr oblems, do n ot st ir
mixtu re within 8 h our s of filtering.
4. IN DUCTION: Apply the extra ct p eriodically at or p rior t o the t imes of
fun gal infection p ressu re u sing convent iona l plant protection spr aying
equipmen t. It is highly advisable to add a wetter /sticker a gent, but it
mu st be pre-screen ed for a nt imicrobial propert ies using a sta nda rd m ico-
bial challenge pr ocedur e.
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Assuming all the proper steps are taken, the most significant factors influ-
encing the effectiveness of watery compost extracts are considered to be the age of
th e compost itself an d th e na tu re of th e sour ce ingred ient s which go int o it. It should
be noted that some wetter-sticker (surfactant) agents commonly used with fungi-
cides have been found to be microbially su ppressive, spoiling th e effects int en ded for
of th e compost tea s. Woods En ds Lab in Mt Vern on Main e an d other microbial labs
like BBC Labora tories in Temp e, Arizona offer a screen ing service to pre-test t hes e
agents .
Farm and Commercial Composts to Combat Fungal Disease
Both far m a nd comm ercial agricultur al composts possess qualities tha t ma y
lend th emselves to disease suppr ession. Given t he a bility of ma ny farm ers t o pro-
du ce th eir own, an d th e likelihood th at some of th ese composts ma y alr ead y possess
fungicidal properties, then more widespread use for biological control is within
sight . However, far ms d eprived of livest ock m ay be t he m ost in n eed of microbiolog-
ically rich composts. Biodiversity studies tabulating biocontrol potentials on vary-
ing far ms a re only recently gett ing under way.
This mu ch being said, it is obvious t ha t wh ile th e th eory of compost t ea d is-
eas e contr ol is easy to gra sp, it is oper at iona lly more difficult . The h eter ogeneit y of
compost source mat erials an d th e lack of sta bility or r elative imm at ur ity of ma ny
comm ercial composts is likely to limit th e u sefulness of this a pproach (Trn kn er,
1993). If comp ost leacha te is subst itu ted for pr epa red comp ost tea s, th ere is no gua r-
antee that it will possess the same properties as a prior batch. Even given a good
comp ost, the impr oper ha nd ling or poor t iming of ap plicat ions could frus tr a te grow-
ers efforts to achieve success in the field. Thus, the need exists to define the quali-
ties tha t ma ke for high value composts an d to determ ine the mea ns of prepa ra tion
an d ap plicat ion n eeded t o achieve consisten t field effects. In Eu rope, emph as is is on
th e u se of th e Dewar Flask met hod (see Biocycle, Nov 1995) to determ ine relat ive
age of the compost (compost n ot older t ha n cat egory IV is u sed). In one stu dy, we
det erm ined th e efficacy of differen tly aged horse ma nu re compost again st Fu sa riu m
wilt of clover seedlings (see Ta ble 1) and foun d 8-week old pr oduct wa s significa nt ly
super ior t o 20 week pr oduct.
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Table 1: Effects of extracts made from various ly aged ho rse man ure
compo st on infect ion rate of clover seed l ings
wi t h Fusari um cu l morum
Compost of varying organ ic ma ter ials such as leaves, yar d debris an d str aw,
can sh ow var ying disea se supp ress iveness, with a loss of th e ability after a s litt le as
3 month s of agin g. Comp osts conta inin g ma nu res (horse and da iry) ha ve sh own sig-
nifican t an tifun gal propert ies in some cases up to 9-12 m onth s of age (Dit tm er,
1990).
In an oth er st udy we compa re t he efficacy of var ious extr acts pr epar ed from
differin g subst ra tes (Table 2). Recen tly, some biosolids compost extr acts h ave been
found t o possess some fungista tic poten tials aga inst t he fungu s B. cinerea tha t af-
fects bedding plan ts (Warn er, 1995).
Pr eservat ion of compost t ea effects is problema tic, since th ey mu st be used
within one-week or less of the extraction. However, in one set of studies, the an-
tipa th ogenic effectivenes s was lengt hen ed thr ough drying th e comp ost pr ior to stor-
age and the natural fungicidal propert ies were el ici ted later af ter remoistening
(Dittm er, 1991; Tr nk ner , 1995, personal comm un ication). The disea se supp ress ion
char acter istics of comp ost teas h as so far n ot been considered t o ha ve a r elat ionsh ip
to pH or oth er chem ical tr ait s, an d is definitively as sociat ed with facult at ive an aer -
obes more t ha n str ict a erobes and can be dependent on t he n atu re of th e compost
subst ra te (see Table 2).
Age of
compost
Infection
index
a
a. treatments followed by the same letter are not significantly
different at P 0.05
8 weeks 0.53 a
12 weeks 0.61 a
20 weeks 0.78 b
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Table 2: Influe nce of various natu ral substrates on th e infect ion
of Tomat oes exposed t o Fusari um oxysporum
* treatments followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P 0.05 by Duncans test
after Trnkner, 1993.
Solid Compost vs. Liquid Extracts
In a ddition t o comp ost tea s, th ere is cons idera ble basis for soil applicat ions of
macro amounts of finished compost. Compost is well known for imparting suppres-
siveness dir ectly to th e soil (Kloepper , 1980). In a ddit ion, t ria ls ha ve shown signif-
ican t differen ces in a nt iphytopath ogenic effects between composts, green ma nu res
and l ivestock manures. In one study, soils receiving composts over three years
showed increa sing an tipat hogenic tr aits again st S . trifoliorum , with some ins ta nces
of 100% contr ol. Soils receiving fresh green was te a nd non-comp osted livestock m a-nu res over t he sa me per iod in cont ra st gave no pat hogen reduction (Ditt mer , 1991).
In other words, use of solid compost applied directly to soils or container media
should not be cur ta iled even when compost tea s ar e available.
The d ifferen ce between th e use of soil-ap plied composts a nd wat ery comp ost
extracts can perha ps best be summ arized in th at th e teas give immediate but very
short-term control of surface spreading pathogens, while soil composts act more
slowly over a longer period of tim e an d requ ire mu ch lar ger am ount s. For long term
effects in solid med ia, it is not un usu al th at a t very least 5% by volum e an d often a s
mu ch as 40% comp ost in th e seedling mix ar e requ ired t o brin g about effective dis-eas e contr ol (Bud de & Weltzien, 1990). In cont ra st, a wh ole hecta re of vineyar d can
be covered wit h ext ra ct prep ar ed from only less t ha n 100 k ilos of comp ost (York &
Brinton, 1995).
Substra te for E xtract Infection index0.5 g inoculu m
Control Soil, Ap-Horizon 0.91 d*
Bark humus 0.64 a
CommercialYardwaste Compost
0.78 c
Prepared Soil:clay:peat+fer t ilizer 0.72 b
Horse Manure compost 0.60 a
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Seed Dips or Seed-Baths with Compost Teas
Seeds dips with ma nu re composts h ave long been a dvocat ed by biodynamic
far mer s in Eu rope. Cur ren t resea rch shows the su ppressive effects of th e teas a s dip
ar e appa ren t with cont rol ofPythium on alfalfa (Tab le 3). It is clear t ha t increa sed us e
by farmers of seed-baths should and could be made as a substitute for conventionalseed coat ings with quest iona ble fun gicides such as Cap ta n.
Table 3: Effect of various seed treatments on incidence of Pythium on
alfal fa se edl ings a f ter 6 days ge rminat ion
A significant in creas e of compost usa ge in Ca lifornia vineya rds ha s been noted
(Fetzer , 1995). As an overview, we have surveyed resea rch tr ials condu cted in Europe
employing various ma nu re compost extr acts in cases involving comm on fun gal pests
of gra pes (Table 4). The da ta indicat e sat isfactory to excellent cont rol in man y cas es.
Seed treat ment
Pr oport ion (%) of Pyth ium -infected a lfalfa seed lings incompost seeding substr at e
Steamed Untrea tedIn fected soil
cover
Untrea ted 6 a* 17 a 43 a
Soaked in Wat erfor 1 hour
4 ab 23 b 36 b
Soaked in Compostextract,1 hour
1 c 6 c 15 c
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Table 4: Prepa rat ion, use a nd results of com post
extracts for reduc ing grape fungi (Trn kn er, 1992)
In virtu ally all the viticultur e cases, the significan t reduction of the pest inquestion has been observed in conjunction with a yield increase. The results for each
individua l trial ha ve been pr eviously reported (Tr nk ner , 1992).
Compost Extracts Compared to Standard Fungicides
How does compost tea per form compar ed to common fun gicides? We examin ed
res ear ch which concern ed itself with H orse manu re comp ost tea effects over two yea rs
versus sulfur an d convent iona l fun gicide on gra pes (Table 5 see a lso Ph oto).
Ta ble 5: S p ra y e ffe cts o n d ow n y m ild ew ( P l a s m o p a r a v i t i c o l a ) in cid en ce o n
w ho le gra pe s in the Ahr-Valley (Kettere r, 1990).
* Treatments followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P 0.05 by Duncans test
800-1,500 liters/ha sprayed each time for 12 intervals over the season
Gra pe Disease Cau sat ive Agent
Plasmoparaviticola Botrytiscinerea Pseudopezizatracheiphila Uncinulanecator
Compost Tea Type: Horse Dairy Horse Horse
Extract Rat io 1: 9 1: 4 1: 10 1: 3
Extract Time 3 days 7 d 7-14 d 3 d
Spraying In terva l 8 - 14 d 7 - 10 d 12 d 10 d
Disease Reduct ion 90 % 48 % 55 % 94 %
TREATMENTBerr y Infection I nd ex (%)
light infectionseason
Hea vy infectionseason
CONTROL 10.5 b* 83.5 a
Wet table Sulfur 16.5 a
Sulfur + Compost Extract 3.0 c
Compost Extract 3.5 c 20.0 c
Standard Fungicide 2.0 c 7.5 c
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In both a light and heavy infection year, composts performed very well and re-
su lted in significan t reduction over contr ols, and did not differ significan tly from st an -
dar d fun gicides.
These an d other results u nderscore the significan t effects tha t properly pre-
pa red comp ost teas can a chieve when us ed in subst itu tion for, or in conjunction with,sta nda rd fungicide cont rol program s. Increa sed resear ch an d tr ials in t he field is like-
ly to promote th is valu e-ad ded composting on an even br oader scale in agricult ur e.
SELECTED REFERENCES FOR COMPOST EXTRACT STUDIES
Brin ton, W.F. (1994), Use of Compost Teas for Fu nga l Pa th ogen Cont rol. Biodyna micsVol. 3
Beicht , W. (1981) Indu ction of Resista nce in P lan ts by Microbial Met abolites. Disser-ta tion, U niversity Ha nn over.
Budde, K. an d Weltzien, H .C. (1990) The u se of compost extr acts a nd subst ra tes forcombating Erysiphe graminis( in German ) , 6th Intern at iona l Symposium onGra in Diseases, Ha lle, 5-9 Nov 1990, Pa rt II, 527-528
Dittm er, U. (1991) Un ter suchu ngen zu den Wirku ngen des Kompostierun gsprozessesun d zum Antipa th ogenen P oten tial von Komposten gegen Sclerotnia spp. undPseud ocercosporella herpotrichoides [Investiga tions in to th e effects of th e com-posting process and on t he a nt ipat hogenic effects of composts on S clerotnia tri-foliorum , S clerotinia sclerotiorum und Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides]Disserta tion, U niv. Bonn
Ditt mer , U. et al. (1990) Der Einfluss der Kompostieru ng von Kompostsu bst ra ten u nd
wsserigen Kompostextrakten auf verschiedene Pflanzenkrankheitserreger,[The influen ce of comp ost subst ra tes an d compost extra cts on var ious plan t dis-eases], Gesunde Pflanze 42: 219-235
Droffner , M.L, W. F. Brint on an d E . Evan s (1995). Evidence for th e P rominence ofWell Characterized Mesophyllic Bacteria in Thermophilic (50-70oC) Comp ost-ing E nvironmen ts. Bioma ss Bioener gy 8: 191-195.
Gross-Spangenberg, A. et al. (1993) Ein neues biologisches Verfahren zur Verrin-gerun g des new organic met hod for trea ting ap ple scab], in Zerger, U. (Ed.),Forschung im kologischen Landbau, SL-Reprints, 42: 238-243
Fet zer, J (1995) personal com m un ication . Ceago Vineyard s, Ukiah , CA
Hoitink, H.A.J . (1980) Composted Bar k: a lightweight medium with fun gicidal p rop-ert ies. Plant Disease 64:561-565
Hu nt , P.G., Sma rt , G.C. & C.F. En o (1973) Sting N ema tode, Belonolainus logicau da-tus, immotility indu ced by extra cts of composted mu nicipal r efuse. J rn l. Nem-atol. 5:60-63
Ketterer, N. (1990) Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Kompostextrakten auf den
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Blatt befall der Kar toffel und Toma te du rch Phytophth ora infestans sowie au fden Befall der Weinr ebe dur ch Plasm opara viticola, Pseudopeziza tracheiphilaund Un cinu la necator, [Research into the effect of compost extracts on potatoan d tomato leaf infections thr ough P. infestan s a s well as the incidences ofgrap e diseases] Doctoral Dissert at ion, U niv. Bonn
Ketterer, N. and Weltzien, H.C. (1988) Wirkung von Kompost- und Mikroorganis-men -Extr ak ten au f den Befall der Kart offel durch Phytophth ora infestans, [Ef-fects of compost extracts and microorganisms on incidences ofP. infestans inpotatoes], Comm. . Biol. Bundesanst. Land- und Forstwirtsch.: 245:346 (ab-stract)
Koepf, H.H. (1992) Biodyna mic Fa rm ing: Principles an d P ra cticeAnt hr o. Press, NY
Kloepper , J .W. et a l. (1980) Pseudomonas siderophores: A mechanism explaining dis-ease su ppr essive soils. Cur ren t Microbiology 4:317-320
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