Investigation and management of pneumonia · Hospital-acquired pneumonia - background and...
Transcript of Investigation and management of pneumonia · Hospital-acquired pneumonia - background and...
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Investigation and management of pneumonia
Dr George ChalmersDr Ewen Ross
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Investigation and management of pneumonia - summary
To discussVarying presentations of pneumoniaCausative factorsSeverity risk factors
Investigations ManagementComplications
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Patient AB
61 year old smoker2 weeks dry coughSweatsR pleuritic chest pain
Attended GP Voltarol
Second GP amoxicillin
In A&EFlushedPyrexial 39°CPulse 130 bpmResp Rate 46/minSpO2
80% on air90% on 4 litres O2
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Signs & symptoms
SymptomsCoughFever >38°C
Myalgiaheadache
Pleural painDyspnoea/tachypnoea
SignsFocal signs
Crackles (coarse)Consolidation
Dull to percussionBronchial breathingWhispering pectoriloquy
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AB CXR
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C(U)RB-65
Confusion(Urea > 7 mmol/l)Resp Rate > 30BP
<90 mmHg syst<60 mmHg diast
Age >65
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C(U)RB-65
Score 1 for eachConfusion(Urea > 7 mmol/l)Resp Rate > 30BP
<90 mmHg syst<60 mmHg diast
Age >65
Score Mortality/ITU admission %
0 0.71 3.22 133 174 415 57
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C(U)RB-65
Confusion(Urea > 7 mmol/l)Resp Rate > 30BP
<90 mmHg syst<60 mmHg diast
Age >65
Mr ABNoNoYes
11765
61 yearsScore 1
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Additional severity indicators
HypoxiaEvidence that some patients in low risk groups may progress to HDU/ITU care
Current recommendationsCRB-65 score 0 - manage at homeCRB-65 1 or 2 – refer/admitCRB-65 3 or more – urgent admission
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A.B.
ExaminationRR c. 40/min
breath sounds R lower zoneBronchial breathing R lower zone
InvestigationsWCC 15.5 x109/lNeutr 12.2 x109/lCRP 357 mmol/l
GGT 318 mmol/lAlk Phos 427
mmol/lalbumin
20mmol/lNa+ 139 mmol/l
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Diagnosis
Community Acquired Pneumonia
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A.B.
IV Clarithromycin given as bolus IV by mistake instead of Co-Amoxiclav
Painful swollen left arm
Admitted to Acute Medicine for IV antibioticsTransferred to Medical Ward
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Pneumonia
“Inflammation of the lung”Bacterial
Including TBViralCryptogenic
Cryptogenic Organising Pneumonia (COP/BOOP)
Interstitial2° to auto-immune disease – SLE / RA etc2° to smoking (DIP & RB-ILD)Idiopathic - UIP
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Bacteriology
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Bacteriology
Streptococcus pneumoniaeGram +ve cocci
Haemophilus influenzaeGram –ve rod
Legionella sppGram –ve intracellular parasite
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Slow growing obligate parasite
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Community Acquired Pneumonia
CommunitySymptoms of LRTI (cough, dyspnea, tachypnea, pleural pain etc.)
New focal chest signs on examinationSystemic features (temperature, sweats/shivers aches etc.)
No other explanation
HospitalAssociated with new CXR shadowing
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Community Acquired Pneumonia
Incidence5-11 per 1000 adults annually5-12% of adult LRTI seen in GP
5-10% need ITU
MortalityCommunity <1%Hospital 6-12%ITU >50%
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Investigations
CommunityNo routine bacteriologySputum if slow to settleConsider TBSerology is specific situations
OutbreaksClinical situation
HospitalGeneral
CXR, FBC, Biochem, CRP, SpO2/PaO2
MicrobiologyDepends on severity
Blood culture Sputum Serology
Pneumococcal ag, mycoplasmaand legionellaag
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Severity
C(U)RB-65Confusion(Urea > 7 mmol/l)Resp Rate > 30BP
<90 mmHg syst<60 mmHg diast
Age >65
Additional risk factors
Co-existing diseaseHypoxiaWCC <4 or > 20 x109
Bilateral or multilobarinvolvement
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Management
CommunityAntibioticsPleuritic pain
analgesiaNutritionReviewRefer if fail to improve
HospitalOxygen
SpO2 > 92%PaO2 > 8kPa
High flow O2 safe if uncomplicatedMay need IV fluidsNutritionMonitor
Temp, RR, P, BP SpO2, FiO2 at least twice daily
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Antibiotics
CommunityAmoxicillin
1st choiceMacrolide
(clarithromycin)Alternative for penicillin sensitive
HospitalNon-severe
Oral is usually OKCombined amoxicillin and macrolide (7 days)
SevereIV antibiotics
Co-amoxiclav or ceftriaxone PLUS macrolide (10 days)
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A.B.
Temperature did not settleOngoing R pleuriticpainDull to percussion
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Complications of pneumonia
Parapneumonic effusionLDHpH
EmpyemaLDHpHOrganism on culture
AB
LDH 2537 mmol/lNo growth
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Respiratory Review
Confirmed clinical signsUltrasound of chestPosterior collection Intercostaldrainage
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A.B.
750ml turbid fluid drainedSome resolution on CXR
Concerns about loculated collection
Drain removed
Irregular discharge against adviceGP contacted – advised about concernsGP attended patient – oral antibioticsOP follow-up arranged
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A.B.
Attended OP 12 days laterNot wellPleuritic chest painNo fevers, but night sweats
CXR
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A.B.
Referred to Thoracic SurgeryThoracotomy and decortication of empyema
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Community- acquired pneumonia -conclusions
DiagnosisClinical & radiological
Assess severityCRB-65
Prompt treatmentEmpirical antibiotics
MonitorComplicationsAlternative diagnosis (e.g. lung cancer)
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Patient CD
34 year old female admitted with head injury. Initially GCS 7/15. Normal CT headNot ventilated.
Smoker. IVDU, alcohol user, HIV-veSpO2 94% in A+ECXR: Hyperinflated chest, nil focal
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Patient CD
Commenced on oral amoxycillin as cough p/o green sputum on admission
Asked to review at 72 hours post-admission
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Clinical Scenario 2
Pyrexial, temp 38.2 C
Tachycardic, pulse 120pm, normotensive
Resp rate 26 pm, crackles in LLZ posteriorly on auscultation of chest
SpO2 89% on 35% oxygen
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Consider differential diagnosis
Hospital-acquired pneumoniaPulmonary embolismPulmonary oedema
CardiogenicNon-cardiogenic – Fluid overload
Aspiration / inhaled foreign bodyPulmonary haemorrhageLung lobar collapseExacerbated COPD/pre-existing chest problem
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Investigating possible hospital –acquired pneumonia (HAP)
HistoryRisk factors for HAP
Time in hospital Primary diagnosisComorbiditiesAntibiotic use to date
ExamTemperature, Blood pressure,Respiratory rate and effortChest auscultation
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Investigating possible hospital –acquired pneumonia
InvestigationsCXRFBC – WCC high or lowU+E – Renal FunctionABGsMicrobiological tests
Respiratory secretionsBlood cultures
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Investigating possible hospital –acquired pneumonia
CXR useful – if normal, excludes HAPObtain good quality CXR and compare with previousConsider CT in complex cases
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Hospital-acquired pneumonia -background and significance
CommonHigh morbidity and mortality
Aim to deliver early, appropriate and adequate therapy
Most evidence for ventilator-associated pneumonia rather than more common, less severe variant
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Hospital-acquired pneumonia –Diagnostic criteria
Clinical diagnosis is difficult but should be considered in the presence of the following criteria:
New and/or persistent infiltrate on CXRCore temperature >38.3 ̊C, secretions, and CXR change
Temp <36.0 ̊C or >38.3 ̊C
Purulent sputum/tracheal secretions
WCC high (>12,000/mm3) or low (<4,000/mm3)
Increased oxygen requirement
Cough
Increased respiratory rate
Purulent tracheal secretions
Confused patient
Other organ failure
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Severe HAP - definitions
Admission to ICURequirement for > 35% O2 to maintain SpO2 >90%CXR – rapid progression, multilobarinvolvement, cavitationSevere sepsis/end organ failure
Systolic <90 or diastolic < 60Urine output<20ml/h or <80ml in 4 hAcute renal failure requiring dialysis
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Microbiological surveillance in suspected hospital-acquired pneumonia
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Risk factors for specific organisms –ATS criteria (ITU patients)
Risk Factors Organism
Mild to moderate HAP
Witnessed aspiration, recent abdo surgery Anaerobes
Coma, head trauma, recent flu, IVDU, DM, renal failure
Staph aureus
High dose steroids Legionella
Prolonged ITU stay, steroids, antibiotics, structural lung disease
P aeruginosa
Severe HAP
Antibiotics + ventilation Acinetobacter
Antibiotics + ventilation; steroids, malnutrition, structural lung disease, long stay
P aeruginosa
Antibiotics + prolonged ventilation MRSA
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Interpreting microbiological results
Difficult to distinguish between colonisation, contamination and infection
Where likely organism isolated from respiratory specimen, it should be treated
The significance of unlikely organisms or organisms from blood culture require careful consideration
No evidence that invasive sampling better than noninvasive
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Antimicrobial therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia
No evidence that directed therapy better than early empirical therapy based on local surveillance data even in ventilator-associated infections
Commencement of therapy should not be delayed while waiting for microbiological data
Use local guidance regarding empirical therapy
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Antimicrobial therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia
NOTE – advice changes frequently –discuss with microbiologist when in
doubtEmpirical 1st line therapy in unwell patient
Ceftriaxone 2g IV once dailyIf pseudomonas /other G-ve likely
ADD gentamicinIf atypical organism suspected
ADD clarithromycinIf MRSA suspected
ADD vancomycin
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Hospital-acquired pneumonis -conclusions
Be vigilant in at-risk patients
Consider differential diagnoses when confronted by possible HAP
Simple tests useful (CXR, sputum culture)
Treat early and consider empirical therapy to cover likely organisms
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Investigation and management of pneumonia - summary
To discussVarying presentations of pneumoniaCausative factorsSeverity risk factors
Investigations ManagementComplications
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Any
Questions?