Investigating the impact of curriculum on attitudes by first year occupational therapy students...
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Are attitudes important?
Investigating the impact of curriculum on attitudes by first year
occupational therapy students towards people with a disability
Photo used with permission: Tamer / World Health Organization (WHO)
Photograph used with permission from the World Health Organisation (WHO). The photo "Shadow of Disability" by Tamer is one of 33 awarded photographs from the WHO photo contest "Images of Health and Disability 2005". The contest has been organized in order to promote the understanding and use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
Visit http://www3.who.int/icf/icftemplate.cfm to view more photos.
Photo on title slide
yes sometimes yes often no
limitation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Pe
rce
nt
limitation
Direct experience by OT students with persons with a disability
Survey adapted from: Human Resources and Social Development Canada. (2001). Canadian Attitudes Towards Disability Issues.
wheelchair f/t hearing aid walks with a cane
limited vision wheelchair p/t
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Me
an
Conceptions of disability: person using a visible aid
Survey adapted from: Human Resources and Social Development Canada. (2001). Canadian Attitudes Towards Disability Issues.
Closer to 1 means student view person with this aid as having a “disability”
depression
chronic pain
mem
ory
verbal comm
unication
obese
HIV/AIDS
poor social skills
homeless
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Me
an
Conceptions of disability:person without visible aid
Survey adapted from: Human Resources and Social Development Canada. (2001). Canadian Attitudes Towards Disability Issues.
Closer to 0 means student view person with this limitation as having a “disability”
find out about disab
afraid of sorry for indifferent towards
awkward admiration
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00M
ea
n
Students’ level of comfort being with a person with a disability
Survey adapted from: Human Resources and Social Development Canada. (2001). Canadian Attitudes Towards Disability Issues.
1 = Often and
4 = Never
fully included 1.50 somwhat included 2.50 not very included
participation
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
Pe
rce
nt
Perception of how included people with a disability in participating in society
Survey adapted from: Human Resources and Social Development Canada. (2001). Canadian Attitudes Towards Disability Issues .
Perception of barriers to participation in society
Survey adapted from: Human Resources and Social Development Canada. (2001). Canadian Attitudes Towards Disability Issues.
employment education transport health care
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Me
anThe higher
the bar = the more difficulty a person with a disability has participating in this aspect of society.
(Range 1-4)
recreation financial security social life raise a family
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Me
an
Survey adapted from: Human Resources and Social Development Canada. (2001). Canadian Attitudes Towards Disability Issues.
The higher the bar = the more difficulty a person with a disability has participating in this aspect of society.
(Range 1-4)
Perception of barriers to participation in society
.50 a great deal of discrimination
1.50 some discrimination a little discrimination
discrimination
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
Pe
rce
nt
Do people with a disability face discrimination?
Survey adapted from: Human Resources and Social Development Canada. (2001). Canadian Attitudes Towards Disability Issues.
yes no
witnessed discrimination
0
10
20
30
40
50
60P
erc
en
t
witnessed discrimination
Witnessed discrimination
Survey adapted from: Human Resources and Social Development Canada. (2001). Canadian Attitudes Towards Disability Issues.
Using models to explain how attitudes affect participation
A World Health Organization model–The ICF
An occupational therapy model–PEOP
What is the ICF?
ICF is WHO's framework for health and disability.
It provides a standard language and framework for the description of health and health-related states
Its focus is on health and functioning NOT disability (an important attitudinal shift)
Model of ICF
http://www3.who.int/icf/beginners/bg.pdf
What is the PEOP model?
An occupational therapy model
Describes the interaction between person, environment, occupation and performance
Describes how these factors can support/enable or restrict performance of activities, roles of the individual/organization/community.
(Baum & Christiansen, 2005)
The Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance (PEOP) model
The Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance (PEOP) model
ATTITUDES
ATTITUDES
ATTITUDES
ATTITUDES
Where do “attitudes” fit in the PEOP?
Where do “attitudes” fit in the PEOP?
Where do “attitudes” fit in the PEOP?
Where do “attitudes” fit in the PEOP?
Where do “attitudes” fit in the PEOP?
Where do “attitudes” fit in the PEOP?
Where do “attitudes” fit in the PEOP?
Where do “attitudes” fit in the PEOP?
Putting it together
How does the ICF model work with
the PEOP model?
Putting it together
Putting it together
Putting it together
Putting it together
YEAR1
SEM 1Foundations of
Occupational Science and Therapy: A
Human Structure& Function
HBS109
Communication & DiversityHDS101
UnderstandingHealth
HBS107
SEM 2Foundations of
Occupational Science and Therapy: B
HealthBehaviour
HBS110
Functional Human AnatomyHSE102
Integrated Human Physiology
HSE208
YEAR2
SEM 1Neuroscience
HSO207Elective Elective
Occupational Development, Disability and Adaptation: A
HSO205
SEM 2Health Information
& DataHBS108
Occupational Dysfunction
HSO202
Sociology of HealthASC206
Occupational Development, Disability and Adaptation: B
HSO206
YEAR3
SEM 1 Researching Occupational
PerformanceHSO302
Occupational Performance Evaluation & Intervention: 1
HSO305Elective Elective
SEM 2OT Evaluation
& EvidenceHSO303
Occupational Performance: Evaluation & Intervention: 2
HSO306
OST Practicum: AHSO304
(2 credit points)
YEAR4
SEM 1
Occupational Therapy Practice, Knowledge &
ReasoningHSO401 (Pass stream) Occupational Environments
and Technology HSO403
(Pass and Honours streams)
OST Practicum: BHSO405
(2 credit points)(Pass and Honours streams)
OR
Occupational Therapy Practice, Knowledge &
ReasoningHSO411 (Honours stream)
SEM 2
Occupation: Enabling Action & Outcomes
HSO402 (Pass stream)
Critical Analysis of Occupational Issues
HSO404 (Pass stream)
Elective(Pass stream)
Elective(Pass stream)
OR ORHonours Research Project
HSO410(Honours stream)
Occupation: Enabling Action & Outcomes
HSO412 (Honours stream)
Critical Analysis of Occupational Issues
HSO414 (Honours stream)
First year, First Semester Curriculum strategy 2006Snakes and Ladders
Facilitated by two people who have a visible physical disability, the disability has no impact on their ability to perform their role as facilitator
OT: what a great job!Students are taught by a man who has spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy about OT’s in his life and their role in helping him to be as independent as possible.
Student playing Snakes and Ladders
Initial interviewing• Students will see therapists in action, undertaking initial
interviews, building rapport and designing OT treatment plans from a person-centered, strengths based perspective
Independent Living Centre Visit• Students will visit the ILC and learn about environmental
adaptations and equipment that allow people with a disability to complete tasks more independently
A range of field visits:• Seeing OT and other health professionals in action,
asking the “patient/client” what makes a good therapist?
First year, First Semester Curriculum strategy 2007
Research Proposal
This research aims to measure student attitudes towards people with a disability at the commencement of their studies in occupational therapy. Comparative data will then be used to measure if change in attitudes occurred and qualitative data collection will analyse where changes occurred or did not occur.
Timeline for research project
Honours project in 2007• Ethics application submitted November 6 2006• Baseline data on attitudes to be collected using The
Measurement of Attitudes toward people with disabilities (Antonak & Livneh, 1988) in Febrauary 2007
• In-depth interviews with randomly selected participants from the first year cohort in July 2007
• Comparative data to be collected using The Measurement of Attitudes toward people with disabilities (Antonak & Livneh) in August 2007
• Data analysis and thesis writing September/October• Completion by November 2007
Antonak, R.F. & Livneh, H. (1988). The measurement of attitudes towards people with disabilities: Methods, psychometrics and scales. Springfield, Illinois: Charles Thomas Publisher.
Baum, C. M, & Christiansen, C. H. (2005). Person-environment-occupation-performance: An occupation-based framework for practice. In C. H. Christiansen, C. M. Baum, and J. Bass-Haugen (Eds.), Occupational therapy: Performance, participation, and well-being (3rd ed.). Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated.
Bhattacharya, M. & Sidebotham, P. (2000). Parental and professional perceptions of the levels of disability in children with Down's syndrome. Ambulatory Child Health 6, 153-163.
Bruhn, J. G. (1991). Nouns that cut: The negative effects of labelling by allied health professionals. Journal of Allied Health (Fall), 229-231.
Byron, M., Cockshott, Z., Brownett, H. & Ramkalawan, T. (2005). What does 'disability' mean for medical students? An exploration of the words medical students associate with the term 'disability'. Medical Education 39, 176-183.
Crepeau, E. B., Cohn, E. S., & Schell, B. A. B. (2003). Willard and Spackman's occupational therapy (10th ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott.
Gething, L. (1993). Attitudes toward people with disabilities of physiotherapists and members of the general population. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 39(4), 291-296
References
Gething, L. (ND). Interactions with disabled persons scale: Scale and manual. Sydney: University of Sydney.
Human Resources and Social Development Canada. (2001). Canadian Attitudes Towards Disability Issues. http://www.sdc.gc.ca/en/hip/odi/documents/attitudesPoll/qualitativeStudy/qualitativeStudy.pdf#search=%22Canadian%20Attitudes%20Towards%20Disability%20Issues%20Environics%20Research%20Group%22. Accessed 3 February 2006.
Nosek, M.A., Howland, B.A., Rintala, D.H., Young, M.E. Chanpong, G.F. (2001). National Study of Women with Physical Disabilities: Final Report. Sexuality and Disability 19(1), 5-39.
Tervo, R.C., Azuma, S. Palmer, G. & Redinius, P. (2002). Medical students' attitudes toward persons with a disability: a comparative study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 83(11), 1537-1542.
Thistlethwaite, J.E. & Ewart, B.R. (2003). Valuing diversity: Helping medical students explore their attitudes and beliefs. Medical Teacher 25(3), 227-281.
World Health Organization. ICF Photo contest winners 2005. Accessed November 1 2006. http://www3.who.int/icf/photocontest2005/index.htm
World Health Organization. (2002). Towards a common language for functioning, disability and health ICF. Geneva: Author.
References