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Journal of Advanced Sciences and Engineering Technologies Vol. 1, No.2 (2018)

ISSN: 2617-2070(Print) ; 2617-2070 (Online)

Journal of Advanced Sciences and Engineering Technologies

Available online at: http://www.isnra.com/ojs/index.php/JASET/

19

YaseenAliSaleh1,QutaibaNajmAbdullah2

UniversityofTikrit/CollegeofEngineering/CivilEngineeringDepartmentEmail:eng.yaseenali@tu.edu.iqKeywordsAdhesivematerialBrickpowderCarbonfiberConcretebeamsGlasspowderandporcelainpowderARTICLEINFOArticlehistory:Received01November2018Accepted15November2018Availableonline01December2018DOI:https://doi.org/10.32441/jaset.v1i3.181

Copyright©2018byauthor(s)andThisworkislicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionInternationalLicense(CCBY4.0).http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

OpenAccess

JournalofAdvancedSciencesandEngineeringTechnologiesJournalofAdvancedSciencesandEngineeringTechnologies

InvestImprovethebondingmaterialpropertiesusedtostrengthenconcretebeams

A B S T R A C T

Thesubjectoftheresearchdealswiththestudyoftheeffect of recycling and addition of some cheap andlocally available materials on the properties of theadhesive material (Epoxy) used to strengthenconcrete beams. Where the study included theadditionofglasspowder,brickpowderandporcelainpowder to the adhesive material and with differentratiosof theweightof theadhesivematerial (0,0.25,0.5, 0.75, 1 and 1.25). After conducting laboratorytests proved the results of the study that the besttypesofadditionsareporcelainpowderand thebestratioofaddingwasabout(0.25).Thisadditiontotheadhesive material in this ratio led to improve thereaction temperature at mixing the parts of theadhesive material where decreased by 15.56%, aswell as improved workability through lower flow ofthe consistencyof adhesivematerial about7.89%,asincreased compressive strength by 13.33% andimproved the modulus of elasticity by11% only, butThemodulusof rupturedecreasedby7.04%and thestrength to high temperatures (limit to 250C°)decreasedby29.17%.Thenewbondingmaterialwastested to strengthen the CFRP concrete beams. Theresultsshowedthatthecompressivestrengthofthesebeams increasedby70.97%compared to thenormalnon-reinforced beams and the strength of theToughnessbeamsincreasedby61.87%.©2018JASET,InternationalScholarsandResearchersAssociation

Yaseen Ali Saleh.et al. / Journal of Advanced Sciences and Engineering Technologies

Introduction

The efficiency of concrete partsstrengthening by carbon fiber depends onthe proper bonding between it and theconcrete through theadhesivematerial thatisused.Therefore,theneedtoimprovetheproperties of the adhesivematerial is veryimportant ( Gao et al., 2004 ) . There aremany types of adhesive material, and thatalltypesthatisuseddividedintotwoparts,the first part is a resin material and thesecond part is a hardener material. Thesematerials are generally expensive becausetheiruseinlargeamountleadstoahighcostof maintenance and have severaldisadvantages. The most important one isthat the temperature of the interactionbetween the parts of the material whenmixed together is high, which leads tohardening the material quickly when it ismixed in large amounts so that smallamountsofmaterialaremixedtocontrolthereaction temperature (Täljsten andBlanksvärd,2007;Abdulla,2016).

Literaturereview

There are many studies on theadhesivematerialwhichcanbesummarizedasfollows: Janabi ( Janabi , 1994 ) hasStudiedmechanicalpropertiesforepoxystrengthenwith fibers palm and in differentproportions (16% , 18%). The palm fibersused in this study are natural fibersrepresented by the inner part of the palm(theheartofthepalm).Severalsamplewereworkedandexposedtodegreesofdifferentheat.Researcherconcludedthatdurabilityof epoxy is increased by increasing ofstrengthening by fiber and by increasing ofthe temperature to a certaintemperature(Tg) . The best of strengthenratioforthematerialis18%.

WorksCitedTherearenosourcesinthecurrentdocument.

Hisham and others (Hisham et al. 1999)calculatesmodulusofelasticityandmodulusof rupture for epoxy of strengthened withthreecaseswhere itwasstrengthenedoncewith copper wires, and once other withsteel wires separately as well as thestrengtheningofhybridbothtypestogether( the copper wires and the steel wiresevenly).Theratioofadditionwasfixed8%forall thesematerials,where itstudiedthe properties of this strengthening for epoxymaterialatdegreesofdifferentheat(0,28,40, 50)C° and compare resultswith normalepoxy material . It was concluded and alltypesofstrengthenedepoxywithwiresthatmodulus of elasticity is increasing withstrengthen by wires and less with anincrease temperature. The modulus ofrupture increaseswith strengthen bywiresas well with an increase temperatureexceptwhenapproachingthedegreeofglasstransition (Tg) where the modulus ofruptureislower. Kereem(Kereem,2002)hasstudiedthe mechanical properties of strengthenedepoxy bypowder from nickel. Powder isused with different sizes and ratios, whereis found that themodulusofelasticity andcompressive strength are increasing withincrease the ratio and size of particles ofnickelpowderadded.Camata and others ( Camata et al.,2007 ) have studied the effect of exposingthe concrete sample of strengthening bytypes of epoxy and strips of carbon fiber tohighheat cyclesup to 100Cº . The studyproved that all types of epoxy which usedhasaffectedwithhighheatcycles.


Osman Asi (Osman Asi , 2008 ) hasstudied the effect of alumina powderaddition by 10% of the weight of thebondingmaterial on mechanicalpropertiesfor epoxy strengthen by glass fiber . Theresearcherconcludedthatflexuralstrengthand themodulusof elasticity increasing by33% and 78% respectively at aluminapowder addition comparison with epoxystrengthenbyglassfiberandnotstrengthenwithaluminapowder. Kelmer ( Klamer et al., 2008) hasstudied the effect of temperature on thereinforcedconcretebeamsstrengtheningbyepoxyandcarbonfiber.Testresultsshowedthattheloadandtypefailureofbeamswerenotaffectedattemperature50Cºcomparedwith room temperature , while the effectbegan at a temperature 70Cº where thetype of failure of a beam from a failure inconcretetoacompletefailureintheepoxy. Blanksvärd ( Blanksvärd , 2009 ) hasused a new adhesive material instead ofepoxy consisting of (polymer - mortar-plasticizers- fibers), and experience hasproved that thenewadhesive iseffective toadhesive the carbon fiber, but thismaterialis expensive and difficult to use because ofthedifficultyofcontrollingthemixingratiosof many of its components and cannevertheless use this adhesive to controlcracksintheconcrete.Balqisandothers(Balqisetal., 2009)have studied the effect of ultravioletradiation on somemechanical properties ofthe strengthened epoxy in four differentcasesandby 30%.Firstcase byglassfiberandaluminumpowder,secondcasebyglassfiberandsilicapowder,thirdcasealuminumpowderonly, and finally silicapowderonly.The sample exposure to radiation tointervals (15 , 50 , 100) hours , andconcluded that the best of strengtheningcases for epoxy are first and second cases,

where are increased compressive strengthand modulus of elasticity and resistance toimpact and all exposure to the rays ofultravioletconditions.Fonsecaandothers(Cabral-Fonsecaetal., 2011 ) have studied the effect ofenvironmental conditionson threedifferenttypesofepoxyusedinthestrengtheningandrehabilitationofconcretestructures.Whereareworkedmodelsandimmersedinseaandalkaline solutions for 18month at differenttemperatures between ( 40-60 ) C°. Thentestedthemechanicalpropertiesandweightloss of samples. The study has proved thatepoxyisgreatlyinfluencedinenvironmentalconditions such as sea water and alkalinesolutions.Mohamed(Mohammed,2011)studiedmechanicalpropertiesforadhesivematerial( epoxy ) strengthen by copper powderwith different ratios, and concluded thatan increase ratio copperpowder toepoxyincreased from flexibility, stiffness, impactstrengthandreducethestrengthoffractureand friction of epoxy, and the best ratio ofaddition isused 15%,whichhas improvedfrommechanicalcharacteristicsforepoxy. Abdulaziz ( Abdulaziz , 2013 ) hasadded a steel powder and silicon carbidewith different ratio from these materials(30%, 20%, 10%) to adhesive material(epoxy) in addition to using metal net,polymer net and glass fibers, where isbonded withmetal samples from steel ,copper andaluminum. Thisprocess ledtoincrease in the strength of the adhesive forepoxyafteruseofthesematerials.Thisstudyincludestheeffectoftheadditionofdifferentstrengtheningmaterialsonshearstress,andincluded change of the addition of thestrengtheningmaterialwithdifferentratios,and theeffectof this change on resistanceshear for bond layer . Done measurestrength of shear for models and noted


improvedinshearstrengthwithcontrastintheratioofimprovementofshearresistancewith different of additive materials andtype metal, and it was the improvementratiogreatatshearstrengthformodelsofcopper adhesive by epoxy added for itssteel powder by 10% as a ratio of theweightofthebondingmaterial.Khaled and others (Khaled et al., 2014 )have studied the strengthening of theadhesive material (epoxy) by powder ofmagnesiumoxide(Mgo)andwithdifferentratioofepoxyweight(5%,10%,15%,20%,25% ) . Where are tested themodulus ofelasticityandhardnessofthisstrengthening.The resultsare showed that themodulusofelasticityincreaseswithincreaseofpowder,the hardness is increased by a nonlinearrelationship with increased powder ofmagnesiumoxide. Wadad (Wadad , 2016 ) studied theimpactstrengthandthewaterabsorptionofthe epoxy material strengthen andreinforced with eggs shells powders forchicken and different ratios (1%, 2%, 3%,4%).Ithasbeenfoundthattheadditionofthe eggs shells powder by (1%) provideshigh resistance to impact and waterabsorption. Abdallahandothers (Abdulla,AI et al.,2016) have studied improvement theproperties of bonding material (Epoxy)where their studies included studying themechanical properties resulting from theaddition of fine sand to the bondingmaterial with different ratios (0.25, 0.5, 1,1.25, 1.5) of the weight of this adhesivematerial.Theresultsofthetestsareshowedthat this addition increased compressivestrength, modulus of rupture ,fireresistance, toughness and stiffness of thismaterialalsoreducedthetemperatureofthereaction resulting from mixing of adhesivematerial parts, and also improved the

workabilityofthismaterialwell. Ithasalsogreatly increased its toughness andstiffness and ductility for reinforcedconcrete beams strengthening by carbonfiber (CFRP). It was best ratio of sand isadded (1), thus this addition contributed inreducingthecostofthebondingmaterial.ObjectiveofthestudyThe current study aims at obtaining aneconomic bonding material with improvedspecifications by adding one or moreinexpensive local materials to the bondingmaterial,whichwill lead to reduction in itscostandimprovesomeofitsproperties.Thematerials that will be added are glasspowder,brickpowderandporcelainpowder.Itwillconductallthenecessarytestsontheimproved adhesive material to sure theirproperties and can be used in such type ofcuring.PracticalprogramThe practical program of this researchwillbedividedintotwoparts:Thefirstpart : FindtheoptimaladditionratioThis part includes the addition ofpowdersofthethreematerialsanddifferentratiosof theweightof thebondingmaterial(0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25) separately toadhesive material , which consists of twoparts , part (A) and part (B) which ismixingby1:3TheadditionwillbetooneofthesetwopartsAorBbeforetheprocessof mixing with each other to ensure ofmaintaining on good workability, and afterconducting the necessary tests the best ofthese three types will be selected with thebestratiogivesthebestresults.

MaterialsAt this part of the study the followingmaterialswereused:AdhesiveMaterialTheadhesivematerialofhighadhesionisusedinthisresearchandknownasSikadur


®-31,containsmediumviscositymaterials,Itsdensityislimited(1.65kg/L).Thismaterialisdividedtotwopartsasmentionedearlier,thepropertiesoftheadhesivematerialareshownintable(1).

Table1.Propertiesofthebondingmaterial

Additives

These materials include glass powder,brick powder and porcelain powder, aremulling these materials and make theprocessof sieveanalysisherandpass sievesize300μmto75μm,andtheremainingistakenonasieve75μm.Andthenusethesematerialsafterbeingwashedwellanddriedbefore use. Separately each material isadded by (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25) of theweightoftheadhesive(seeFig.1).

Figure1EpoxywithpowdersFirstparttestsAt this part, the following tests haveperformed:

MixingtemperatureThe heat between two parts ofadhesivematerial alwaysveryhigh throughmixing,thereforenotpossibletomixalargeamount from epoxy because the high heatwill lead to rapid hardening, expansion ofepoxyandlossesofstrength(Abdulla,2016).Theadditionof glasspowder, brickpowderandporcelaintotheepoxyledtoreducetheheat throughof thereaction, thusbecomingwith possible mixed with a large amount.Theheatmeasuredbeforeandafteradditionofpowderstoepoxybythermometer. ConsistencyofadhesivematerialTo ensure the coherence of theimprovedbondingmaterialwhichexpressesitsflowwhichcanbecalculatedaccordingto( ASTM C 230 and ASTM C 1437) whichoriginally explain the mechanism ofcalculating the flow of a mortar cement,however,wasusedtocalculatetheflowtestof the bonding material by severalresearchers (Abdulla, AI et al., 2016) .Where the examination was done throughfilltheconecontainerinmixtureonthediskafter the container was lifted and then thediskisreduced25timesduring15secwasthenmeasurethediameteroftheflowofthemixture foreachratioadded. Fig.2explainthisexamination.

Figure2(a)Flowtable.(b)Mixturebeforeaddingpowders.(c)Mixtureafteradding

powders.

Properties Description

color A:white,B:Black,A+B:lightgray

Density 1.65kg/l(partsA+Bmixed)(at+20°C)

Mixing 1:3(A:B)byweightorvolume

Potlife +10°C:120min.,+20ᵒC:60min.,+30°C:25min.

Applicationtemp.

+10°Cto+30ᵒC

a

c

b


MechanicalpropertiesA. Casting cubes (40x40x40 mm) andprisms (40x40x160 mm) from adhesivematerial after adding the powders withdifferent ratios. Themodelswere examinedat the age of 3, 7 and 28 days of thecompressive strength test for cubesaccording to the ASTM C109 (ASTMC109,2004),andthemodulusofrupturetestforprismsaccordingtotheASTMC348(ASTM-C348,2004).Theprismswereplacedundera concentrated load (One Point Load) thedistancebetween the supports 100mm,asshowninFig.3.B.To investigate fromeffectof temperatureonthemechanicalpropertiesofcubesplacedin the oven for threehours and at differenttemperatures where that the compressivestrengthof thecubes thatresulted fromtheexamination of the models after removingfrom the oven reverse the effect oftemperature on these characteristics, themodels placed at different temperaturesstarting from (25 C° to 250 C°) andincrease the temperature by 10C° everyminute and eventually the temperaturestabilizes for an hour to ensure a uniformdistribution of temperature (Abdulla, AI etal.,2016).

Figure3 (d)Modelsofcubesandprisms.

(e)Prismstest.(f)Cubestest.

The second part : The experience ofimprovedbondingmaterialThe first part ends with obtain of anew improved bonding material resultingfrom addition of the best types of threepowderswiththebestratioisadded totheoriginal bonding material. The second partbegins with experiment this the improvedbonding material through its use instrengthening reinforced concrete beamsandstrengthenitsbycarbonfiberstoverifytheir effectiveness in bonding carbon fiberwithbeams. Carbon fiberwasusedof typeSikaWrap -300C as itareavailable in localmarkets.

The reinforced concrete beams aredesigned with a section (150 x 150 mm)and length (1000 mm) . It was reinforced2Ø6mm at the top and 3Ø6mm at thebottomandØ[email protected] stress of reinforcing steel (672)Mpa(Longitudinal reinforcement and shearreinforcement within limits ACI-Code),where are casting nine beams for threedifferentcasesrepresentthefirstofwhichanormal model without any strengtheningsymbolizes(A),andthesecondrepresentsa

fd

e


Model after strengthened by CFRPwithusing the normal bonding materialsymbolizes (E),whilethethirdmodelafterstrengthened by CFRP with using theimprovedbondingmaterialandsymbolizingit(P) withthreebeamsforeachmodel. Allmodelstestedunderconcentratedload(OnePointLoad) toknow the typeof failure andbearing capacity. Concrete mix used incastingbeamsisdesignedaccordingto(ACI-Code)andtheirpropertiesareshowninthetable2.

Table2.Propertiesofconcretemixing

TestresultsProperties

30.4Compressivestrength(Mpa) 3.14Splittingtensile

strength(Mpa) 10.027Flexuralstrength(Mpa) 85 Slump(mm)

*Resultscalculatedfortherateofthreemodelsperproperty.

Resultsanddiscussion MixingtemperatureThe tests proved that the addition ofthese three powders reduces the reactiontemperaturedirectly,withincreasetheratioof the addition of powders decrease intemperature. Fig. 4 shows clearly the effectof adding powders on the heat of thereaction and it is clear that the drop intemperature is more acceptability atadditionratio0.25forallthreepowders.

Figure4(G1)temperatureaftermixingwithpowderglass.(B1)temperatureafter

mixingwithpowderandbricks

(P1)temperatureaftermixingwithporcelainpowder


ConsistencyofadhesivematerialThe flowof themixturedecreaseswiththe increase of the addition ratio of all thepowders as shown in table 3. It has beennote that the ratio (0.25) has given ofdecreasing ratio more acceptability of theflowofthemixtureoftheotherratiosalsoithas been note that the addition of brickpowder leads to a greatly decrease in theflow of themixture to the point can not beadded with the ratio 1.25, leading toweaknessofworkabilityisverylarge.

Table3.Themixingratiosoftheadhesiveandtheflowvaluesofthe

mixture

Porcelainpowderflow%

Brickpowderflow%

Glasspowderflow%

Mixratio

190190 19001751251500.25142100120 0.510083890.757575 75165 - 65 1.25

MechanicalpropertiesCompressive strength : Fig. 5 shows the

compressive strength of the bondingmaterial cubes of all mixing ratios and allpowders and different ages of curing. Theresults showed increased compressivestrength when adding porcelain powder tothelimits13.33%whenmixingratio(0.25)incomparisontothereferencemixture.Thisincrease gradually decreases with increaseof the addition ratio,while the compressivestrength decreased by 6.67% and 10.94%whenaddingglasspowderandbrickpowderrespectivelyat(0.25)mixingratio,whilethe

decrease was very large at other mixingratios.

Forpaperspublishedintranslationjournals,

Figure5:(G2,B2,P2)Compressivestrengthof the cubes of different ages for ratios ofaddition glass, brick andporcelain powdersrespectivelyFig.6 showscompressivestrengthdueto increased temperature, where allproportions of powders have lost theirresistance at 200C º. At the temperature250C º therewere cracks in themodels in


additiontochangingthecolorofthesurfaceat allmixing ratios,which led to a drop inresistancemore than itwas at 200C º butthelowestofreducedratiowastoporcelainpowder where was up 11.8% from thereference mixture while decreased by20.69% and 25.69% for each of the glasspowderandbrickpowderatthemixingratioof 0.25 and increased of reduced ratiosincreasingmixingratios.

Figure6:(G3,B3,P3)Effectoftemperatureon compressive strength of glass powderadditives, brick powder and porcelainpowderrespectivelytothebondingmaterial.(g)Cubesafterexposuretoheat

Modulus of elasticity: Fig.7 shows therelationship between load-deflection forcubesof theadhesivematerial.Thevalueofthemodulus of elasticity is increasedwhenadding porcelain powder up to 11% of thereference mixture with mixing ratio 0.25,while reduced value when adding glasspowder and brick powder up to 6.5% and22.2% respectively with mixing ratio 0.25,and increases the value of decrease byincreasingthemixingratio.

200C°

250C°


(h)

Figure7:(G4,B4,P4)Load-deflectionrelationshipforcubesaddglasspowder,brickpowderandporcelainpowdertotheadhesivematerialrespectively.(h)Cubesafterfailure.

Modulus of rupture Fig. 8 shows therelationship between modulus of rupturefor the addition ratios of all powders fordifferentages,wherethemodulusofrupturefor glass powder increased by 10.54% atadding ratio 0.25 from the referencemixture, while the value decreased whenaddingbrickpowder andporcelainpowderby 28.73% and 7% respectively at theratioof0.25.

Figure8:(G5,B5,P5)Modulusofruptureforprismsfordifferentagesfortheadditionofglass powder, brick powder and porcelainpowderrespectively.(i)Prismsafterfracture

The previous tests show that the bestaddition ratio led to improvemost of theproperties of the bonding material is 0.25

and from table (4), which shows thesummary of the results of the testsconducted on the bonding material and all


thepowdersattheratioofadding0.25.Thebest typeof the threepowders isporcelainpowder. So that the improved bondingmaterial that resulted from the addition of

0.25 porcelain powder to the originalbondingmaterialwill be testedandused tostrengthenreinforcedconcretebeams.

Table4:Theresultsoflaboratorytestsfortheadhesivematerialaftertheadditionofthreepowdersby0.25comparedwiththeoriginalbondingmaterialwithoutadditives.

Strengthening of concrete beams bycarbonfibers:The concrete beams were

strengthened by carbon fiber and bondingmaterialmixedwith Porcelain powder by0.25. Fig. 9 shows the test method whiletable5showsthecharacteristicsofconcretebeams before and after the strengthening .Theresultsshowedthatthebearingcapacity

of strengthen beams by fibers CFRP andepoxy mixed with porcelain powdersignificantlyincreasedby70.97%comparedwith beams without any strengthening,while decreased by 2.3% compared withstrengthen beams by fibers CFRP and thenormalepoxy.Fig.8showstherelationshipbetween load and deflection of strengthenbeamsbyfibersCFRPandepoxymixedwithporcelainpowderby 0.25 . Inaddition thetoughness is significantly increased by61.87% compared with the non-strengthenedbeamsbyCFRP.

Powderadditive

Percentageofreactiontemperature

Percentageofthe

consistencyofthebondingmaterial

Percentageof

compressivestrength

Percentageoftheeffect

oftemperature

oncompressivestrength

Percentag

eofmodulusofrupture

Percentageofmodulusofelasticity

Glasspowder

-14 -21.05 -6.67 -20.69 +10.54 -6.5

brickPowder

-14.44 -34.21 -10.94 -25.69 -28.73 -22.2

Porcelainpowder

-15.56 -7.89 +13.33 -11.8 -7.04 +11


Figure 9: (j) Beams test. (k) Beam without strengthening by fibers CFRP after thefailure.(l)StrengthenedbeambyfibersCFRPafterthefailure

Toughness(N.mm)

Stiffness(N/mm)

Ductility

Fu(N)Fy(N)Sym.

34580040810.8122.433600015100A

58200038947.379.126300022200E

55975038392.868.936155021500P

k

j

l


Table5:*ReinforcedconcretepropertiesofstrengthenedbyfibersCFRP

Figure9:Relationshipload-deflectionforbeamsstrengthenedbyusingthebondingmaterialimproved.

ConclusionsThrough this study the followingconclusionsarereached:1.Thebesttypesofpowdersistheporcelainpowderand thebest addition is0.25whilethe worst powders types is brick powderwhich itaddition led todeteriorationmostof the characteristics of bonding material,while addition of glass powder led to theimprovementinsomepropertiesandlowersomeoftheother.2.Theuseoftheimprovedbondingmaterialmixed with 0.25 of porcelain powder instrengthening the beams of concreteincreased bearing capacity and toughnessforbeamscomparedwithnon-strengthenedbeams.3.Theadditionofporcelainpowderby0.25and mixing it with the adhesive materialreduces the cost of this material to aboutquarter directly. As well as decreases theindirectly that resulted from of improvedworkabilityandtheflowofthemixtureandthe possibility of mixing with largeramounts as a result of reduce of reactiontemperature, which leads to reduce thecuringtimeandoperatinghands.

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