Inuits in Nunavut, Canada, construct an igloo. Colonization and immigration have given Canada great...
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Transcript of Inuits in Nunavut, Canada, construct an igloo. Colonization and immigration have given Canada great...
Inuits in Nunavut, Canada, construct an igloo.
Colonization and immigration have given Canada great cultural diversity. This multiculturalism has proven to be both a strength and a challenge.
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Unit 2
Canada Today
O Canada! Immigrant RootsSECTION 1
A Constitutional MonarchySECTION 2
Canada’s EconomySECTION 3
A Multicultural SocietySECTION 4
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Canada Today
Section 1
O Canada! Immigrant RootsCanada’s population includes many groups of people from different lands who retain their cultural identities.
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Who Are the Canadians?
From Many Countries• Canada has more than 50 ethnic groups• Two-thirds have European ancestry
- 40% of British heritage, 25% of French heritage• Other backgrounds include German, Italian,
Ukrainian- people also come from nations in Africa, Asia
• Under 5% are people of the First Nations
O Canada! Immigrant Roots1SECTION
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Settlers from Asia• People have been in North America for at least
12,000 years• In the past, lower ocean levels connected Asia,
North America• People crossed the Bering Strait land bridge,
settled the Americas• First Nations—Canadian descendants of first
Asian settlers- Inuits, other native people make up half the Arctic north population- Cree, Micmac, Abenaki, Ojibwa live in south, near U.S. border
The First Nations
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1SECTION
Interactive
Image
Chart
The French and Indian War• Major European settlement begins in 1600s
- Britain, France establish colonies• French and Indian War fought from 1754-1763
- France loses; Britain takes over most Canadian territory- many French remain, continue disputes with British settlers
European Immigrants
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1SECTION
Continued . . .
Canada and the United Kingdom• In 1791, British divide Canada into two areas:
- Upper Canada, now Ontario, is mostly British- Lower Canada, now Quebec, is mostly French
• In 1867, Dominion of Canada includes Nova Scotia, New Brunswick- Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia are soon added
• Now part of Commonwealth of Nations, but not legally tied to Britain
continued European Immigrants
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1SECTION
Continued . . .
Later Immigrants• Early immigrants were mostly English,
Scottish, Irish, French • After WWI, others arrive from Italy, Poland,
Ukraine• Germans, Dutch settle in Ontario, British
Columbia after WWII• In 1960s, new immigration laws are passed
- people arrive from Africa, Latin America, Asia, Pacific Islands
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1SECTION
Continued . . .
continued European Immigrants
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A Multicultural Country• French and English Canadians keep separate
identities, languages- other Canadian groups also retain their homeland traditions
• Canada has policy of multiculturalism— acceptance of many cultures
• As in the U.S., Canadian citizens vote, participate in legal system- have freedom of religion, speech, assembly- equal protection and treatment under the law
Canadian Citizens and Citizenship
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1SECTION
A Small Population in a Large Area• Relatively small population of 31 million• Three-fourths live in southern cities, towns• South has convenient transportation
- Great Lakes, St. Lawrence Seaway, rivers, good railway system
• Some farm central prairies, others live in coastal port cities
• Few live in rugged, cold northern regions
Where Do Most Canadians Live?
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1SECTION
Map
Continued . . .
Vancouver, Gateway to the Pacific• Vancouver is Canada’s largest port—trades heavily
with Asia• Many Chinese, Japanese arrive in late 20th century
- also Vietnamese, Laotians, Cambodians• Refugees—people who flee a country due to war,
disaster, persecution
continued Where Do Most Canadians Live?
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1SECTION
Image
Continued . . .
Toronto, City of Immigrants• Toronto, Ontario’s capital, is home to 25% of
Canada’s immigrants• Over 70,000 immigrants arrive each year from
over 100 countries• 40% of population is foreign born, 10% arrived
after 1991• City is center of industry, international trade
continued Where Do Most Canadians Live?
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1SECTION
Section 2
A Constitutional MonarchyCanada is a democracy that protects the rights of individuals and of different cultures.
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2SECTION
A Nation of Provinces and Territories
Levels of Government• Canada has ten provinces, three territories• Central government handles defense, trade
and banking, immigration - also criminal law, postal service
• Provincial governments handle education, hospitals, taxes
• Territorial governments have few responsibilities
A Constitutional Monarchy
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2SECTION
A Constitutional Monarchy• Constitutional monarchy—constitution explains
government powers- owes allegiance to a monarch—a king or queen
Organization of Canada’s Government
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Continued . . .
Head of State• British monarch is Canada’s head of state
- selects governor-general as representative• Monarch, governor-general have little real power
- represent historical traditions
Chart
2SECTION
Legislature• Parliament—House of Commons and Senate—
is Canada’s legislature• Citizens elect members of House of Commons• Leader of largest Commons party is prime minister
- the prime minister is the head of government- runs the executive branch within the legislature
• Senators are chosen from provinces, territories by prime minister
continued Organization of Canada’s Government
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Continued . . .
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2SECTION
Judiciary• Canada has both federal, provincial courts• The highest court is the federal Supreme Court
- made up of the chief justice and eight other judges
continued Organization of Canada’s Government
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2SECTION
Civil Rights• Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau leads rights effort
in 1982- adds Charter of Rights and Freedoms to the Constitution
• Charter guarantees freedom of speech, religion- right to vote, to have a lawyer if arrested- Canadians can live, work anywhere in Canada- equality regardless of race, religion, gender, age, ethnicity
Equality and Justice
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2SECTION
Quebec’s Importance• Some French-speaking Canadians are separatists
- want Quebec to become independent; defeated by vote in 1980, 1995- Quebec’s high-tech industries are important to Canada’s economy
Many Cultures, Many Needs
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Laws Protecting Multiculturalism• Quebec’s government passes laws to preserve
French heritage• Federal 1988 Canadian Multicultural Act
- guarantees right to preserve cultural heritage
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Section 3
Canada’s EconomyCanada has a strong economy built on natural resources, a variety of industries, and good transportation.
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3SECTION
Contributors to the Economy
Industry Based on Natural Resources• Industry—any area of economic activity• Europeans first drawn to area by fishing, fur trade• Central prairie provinces’ land is ideal for beef
cattle, wheat• Fishing off Newfoundland’s Grand Banks and off
Pacific coast• Timber industry is important, especially in British
Columbia• Northern territories mine iron ore, gold, silver,
copper
Canada’s Economy
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Interactive
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Image
Continued . . .
3SECTION
Trade• 80% of Canada’s raw materials are shipped as
exports• Exports are goods traded to other countries
- main exports are wood, paper, fuel, minerals, aluminum, wheat
• Canada and U.S. have valuable trade partnership- most of Canada’s exports go to U.S.- most of its imports—goods brought into the country—are from U.S.
continued Contributors to the Economy
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3SECTION
From Rural to Industrial• After WWII, Canada shifts from rural to industrial,
urban economy• Tertiary (service) industries occupy 2/3 of work force
- include health care, education, transportation, banking, government
• 30% work in secondary, manufacturing industries- transportation equipment like cars, trucks, subway cars, airplanes- food processing, chemicals, medicines, metal products, paper
Industry and the Economy
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Chart
3SECTION
Moving Goods Across A Vast Land• Transportation corridors—paths that make
transportation easier- St. Lawrence Seaway allows travel between Atlantic, Great Lakes- transcontinental railway runs from coast to coast
• Transportation barriers—geography that slows, prevents transportation- snow, ice block travel in north, as do the Rocky Mountains out west- industry develops slowly in such areas
Transportation
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Image
Section 4
A Multicultural SocietyMany immigrant groups have contributed to Canadian culture while preserving their own identities.
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Canadian Identity
Seeking A Sense of Belonging• Ranked best country based on citizens’ health,
education, wealth • Still seeks national identity—a sense of
belonging to a nation
A Multicultural Society
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4SECTION
Languages• Many Canadians are bilingual—speak two
languages- English and French are official languages
• Francophones—French-speaking people• Some words, pronunciations in Canadian
English differ from U.S.
Chart
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Rich Traditions• Arts are actively supported by federal, provincial
governments- Canadian Council for the Arts gives money to artists, art groups
• Many of the same newspapers, television shows, movies as in U.S.
• Many Canadian musicians are popular in both Canada, U.S.- Neil Young, Joni Mitchell, Céline Dion, Shania Twain
• Comedian-actors Dan Aykroyd and Jim Carrey are from Canada
Arts and Entertainment
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4SECTION
Freedom to Worship• Christianity is widely practiced
- other religions include Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism
• Some religions are grounded in spirituality- based on respect for Earth and all forms of life
• All cultural groups are free to worship as they choose
Religion
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4SECTION
Groups Living Together• From 1600s to 1900, most immigrants were European• Recently more have arrived from Asia and South
America• Culture regions—areas with people who share
language, background- many French-speaking people live in Quebec- Nunavut is 50% Inuit- Vancouver is 16% Chinese (mostly from Hong Kong)
Culture Regions
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Continued . . .
4SECTION
Conflict and Cooperation• Differences in language, customs can lead to
cultural conflict• Some thought Vancouver’s Chinese immigrants
might alter the culture- government began reviewing immigration policy in 1975
• Vancouver Chinese groups held Chinese-Canadian conference- they supported multiculturalism and open immigration laws
• The problem was solved through human rights laws
continued Culture Regions
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