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Transcript of Intro_to_TE
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An Introduction to
Tissue Engineering
Cindy Handley, PhD, MT(ASCP)
SCCC Biology Instructor
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Pittsburg Tissue Engineering Initiativea network strategy to promote regional economic growth
through the advancement and creation of biomedical and related
technologies associated with engineered tissues, Including cell culturing,
gene therapy, organ transplantation and regeneration, biomaterials,and computer-assisted analysis and design. http://www.ptei.org/
Mark Krotec, BS, MSfacilitator for the summer teachers workshop and major
contributor of data for this presentation via the Education Outreach
Manual in Tissue Engineering and the summer workshop.
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I. Tissue engineering defined
II. Stem cell research
III. Tissue model constructs
and lab techniques
IV. Ethics
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I. Tissue Engineering
Defined
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Tissue engineering is an emerging
interdisciplinary field that applies
the principles of biology and
engineering to the development of
viable substitutes that restore,maintain, or improve the function of
human tissues.
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On a large scale, certain surgicalinterventions, like castration of a bull,have led to alteration of tissuefunction.
On a molecular level, gene therapy ishas been very successful with plantsand animals
On a cellular level, the research iscurrently focused on stem cells.
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According to the Merriam-WebsterOnline Dictionary, a stem cell is,
an unspecialized cell that gives rise todifferentiated cells
Two basic types:
Embryonic pluripotentialAdult multipotential
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According to Richard Mollard, Ph.D., ofthe International Society for Stem CellResearch, Human embryonic stem (ES)
cells are cultured cell lines derived fromthe inner cell mass of the blastocyst that
can be grown indefinitely in their
undifferentiated state, yet also arecapable of differentiating into all cells of
the adult body.
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http://www.time.com/time/2001/stemcells/#
http://www.time.com/time/2001/stemcells/http://www.time.com/time/2001/stemcells/ -
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Animation: Stem cells
http://www.dnalc.org/stemcells.html
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Two sources
Fertilized egg from in vitro fertilization
Ovum that has had nucleus removedand nuclear material injected from
intended recipient of final tissue product(reproductive/therapeutic cloning)
Very controversial
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Found in:
Umbilical cord blood/tissue Adult brain, blood cornea, retina, heart,
fat, skin, dental pulp, bone marrow,blood vessels, skeletal muscle and
intestines
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II. Stem cell research
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Autologous stem cells have beeninjected into heart to regeneratedamaged cardiac tissue
Corneal autologous stem cell graftshave been used to treat eye disease& trauma
Skin replacement has been grownwith stem cells for transplant in burnvictims
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Autologous stem-cell cartilage graftshave been used to treat joint disease
Leukemia & other cancers have been
treated with stem cells from bonemarrow and umbilical cord blood
A human mandible has been
produced using a titanium mesh andautologous bone-marrow stem cells
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According to the Stem Cell Research Center:Half Of All Americans Could Benefit From Stem Cell Research
Experts are predicting that stem cell research has the potential
to help up to half of all Americans, who suffer from some form of
presently incurable disease, injury or birth defect. Some of
Those conditions include:
One million children with juvenile diabetes8.2 million people with cancer58 million with heart diseaseFour million suffering from Alzheimer's disease10 million with osteoporosis
43 million arthritis sufferers250,000 people paralyzed by spinal cord injuries30,000 victims ofLou Gehrig's disease500,000 with Parkinson's disease
www.stemcellresearchfoundation.org/WhatsNew/Benefit.htm
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III. Tissue model
constructs &
lab techniques
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Tissue engineering requires three things:
Cells
SignalsScaffold
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Weve already discussed different
types of cells that may be used
The scaffold refers to the tissuemodel construct
The signals refer to molecularsignaling molecules, also known asgrowth factors
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Portions must be biodegradable
Usually designed in the shape of the
tissue product the researcher isworking on
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www.eng.nus.edu.sg/ EResnews/0210/rd/rd_10.html
Bi i ti S ff ld F b i ti
http://www.eng.nus.edu.sg/EResnews/0210/rd/rd_10.htmlhttp://www.eng.nus.edu.sg/EResnews/0210/rd/rd_10.html -
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Biomimetic Scaffold Fabrication
bms.dent.umich.edu/research/malab.html
www millenium biologix com/Html/00 ScientificInformationCartiGraft htm
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www.millenium-biologix.com/Html/00_ScientificInformationCartiGraft.htm
Autologous de novo cartilage formed on Skelite tissue engineering scaffold(grown in vitro), illustrating the configuration of the implant that providesfunctional cartilage tissue at the articular surface. The presence of functional
cartilage tissue represents a major advance over current cell therapy techniques.
Cell therapy involves the implantation of cells that still have to make new cartilage
in vivoat the defect site under very challenging conditions. The histology image
on the right shows that cells are healthy and growing, while attaching themselvesto the Skelite and beginning to differentiate into mature cartilage.
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V. Ethics
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Now that we see that we CAN, the question is
should we??????
Pair up with a colleague andbrainstorm ethical concerns you can
identify with this technology.
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The great divide over stem cells
(www.mtulode.com/index.php?issuedate=§ion=12&artid=4540)
The Ethics of Human Embryonic
Stem Cell Research(www.isscr.org/public/ethics.htm)
Guidelines for Human EmbryonicStem Cell Research(www.iom.edu/report.asp?id=26661)
http://www.mtulode.com/index.php?issuedate=§ion=12&artid=4540http://www.mtulode.com/index.php?issuedate=§ion=12&artid=4540http://www.iom.edu/report.asp?id=26661http://www.iom.edu/report.asp?id=26661http://www.mtulode.com/index.php?issuedate=§ion=12&artid=4540http://www.mtulode.com/index.php?issuedate=§ion=12&artid=4540 -
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Stem Cell Research: All sides to the
dispute(www.religioustolerance.org/res_stem.htm)
Research Ethics and Stem Cells(stemcells.nih.gov/info/ethics.asp)
http://www.religioustolerance.org/res_stem.htmhttp://www.religioustolerance.org/res_stem.htmhttp://www.religioustolerance.org/res_stem.htmhttp://www.religioustolerance.org/res_stem.htm -
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Carmichael, Mary. (2005). Organs under construction. Newsweek, Summer 2005, 46-48.
Lanza, R., & Rosenthal, N. (2004). The Stem Cell Challenge. Scientific American, June
2004, 93-99.Pittsburgh Tissue Engineering Initiative (2001). An Education Outreach manual in Tissue
Engineering, updated through June 2005. Pittsburg, PA, PTEI: Author.
Weiss, Rick (2005). The power to divide. National Geographic. July 2005, 3-27.