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Microcontrollers and Introduction

to Real-Time Programming

Prof. Yusuf Leblebici

Microelectronic Systems Laboratory (LSM)

[email protected]

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Organization

Introduction

Goals of the Course

Historical Perspective - Microprocessors

Pre-history Last 30 years Today and tomorrow

A Few Words on Embedded Systems

The Technology Aspect: Moores Law

ITRS Predictions

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Goals and Objectives

In this course, you will:

Learn how the hardware (HW) and software (SW)

components of a microprocessor-based system

work together to implement digital systems.

Learn both HW and SW aspects of integrating

digital devices (memory, I/O interfaces, etc.) into

microprocessor / microcontroller systems.

Get practical hands-on experience in system

design and assembly language programming.

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Remember: There is always more than one way oflooking at things !

Hardware Design

Software Design

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In the classroom lectures, you will learn more about thehardware architecture aspects of microprocessors and

microcontrollers, their internal building blocks, operation

principles, interfacing with other digital systems etc

In the laboratory sessions, you will learn more about the

machine code and assembly language programming ofmicroprocessors / microcontrollers, and implementation

of digital systems using these devices.

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The classroom lectures will be in English.

The laboratory sessions and exercises will be in French.

There will be regular handouts for reading:

Book chapters

Lecture slides

Laboratory manuals

etc

Please follow the lectures regularly its important !

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Building Blocks of Digital Systems

MEMORY

DATAPATH

CONTROL

INPUT-OU

TPUT

Main question: How to implement these functions ?

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Computer Pre-history

Charles Babbage

Analytical Engine

Started in 1834

Never finished

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Computer History

Eckert and Mauchly

1st working electronic

computer (1946)

18,000 Vacuum tubes

1,800 instructions/sec

3,000 ft3

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Computer History

Maurice Wilkes

1st store program computer

650 instructions/sec

1,400 ft3

http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/UoCCL/misc/EDSAC99/

EDSAC 1 (1949)
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/UoCCL/misc/EDSAC99/http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/UoCCL/misc/EDSAC99/

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1962 - 1972

http://hrst.mit.edu/hrs/apollo/public/index.htm

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ApolloGuidance

Computer

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Word length: 16 bits (15 bits data + parity bit)First computer using integrated circuits (ICs)

Magnetic core memory

Fixed memory (ROM): 36,864 wordsErasable memory (RAM): 2,048 words

Number of instructions: 34

Cycle time: 11.7 sec Clock frequency: 85 kHz (!)

Number of logic gates: 5,600 (2,800 packages)Weight: 30 kg

Power consumption: 70 W

Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC)

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Intel 4004 Microprocessor

Introduced in 1970 First microprocessor

4 bit architecture !

2,250 transistors

12 mm2

Clock: 108 kHz

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Introduced in 1974

8-bit architecture

Still used in some

microcontrollerapplications !

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Introduced in 1979

29,000 transistors

33 mm2

Clock: 5 MHz

16 bit architecture

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Introduced in 1985

275,000 transistors

43 mm2

Clock: 16 MHz

32 bit architecture

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Introduced in 1989

1,200,000 transistors

81 mm2

Clock: 25 MHz

32 bit architecture

1st pipelinedimplementation of IA32

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Intel Pentium Microprocessor

Introduced in 1993


296 mm2

Clock: 60 MHz

32 bit architecture

1st superscalar

implementation of IA32

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Pentium Processor Details

State

Registers

Memory

Control ROM

Combinationallogic

REG

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Intel Pentium III

Introduced in 1999


125 mm2

Clock: 450 MHz

32 bit architecture

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DEC Alpha 21264

Introduced in 1998


302 mm2

Clock: 700 MHz

64 bit architecture

Still the highest performancecommercial microprocessor:

SPEC-95fp

Alpha 21264: 66Pentium III Xeon: 30.4

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Moores Law
http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm

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Dont think that the highest-performance

processors are always found in a computer !!

Sony Playstation II

Chip designed by Toshiba

Introduced in 1998


238 mm2

Clock: 300 MHz

128 bit architecture

10 floating-point multiplier

accumulators

MPEG-2 decoder

Multimedia processor

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Embedded Systems

About four (!) percent of the worlds microprocessors are used in

computers.Source: Embedded Systems Programming, May 1999

Average car has about 15 microprocessors.

Mercedes S-class: 63 microprocessors !!

32-bit

embedded

microprocessors

16-bit

8-bit

8-bit

250 million

1 billion

1 billion

1 billion

125 million PCsIntel, AMD

Motorola,

ARM,

MIPS,

i960,

x86,

Only 4% of the

total number

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New Direction: System-on-Chip (SoC)

ASIC CoreMemory

Embedded

Processor

Core

Analog

Functions

Co

mmu

nic

ati

on

SensorInterface

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Building Blocks of Digital Systems

MEMORY

DATAPATH

CONTROL

INPUT-OUTPUT

Main question: How to implement these functions ?

CPU

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Bus and CPU

Bus: A shared group of wires used for communicating

signals among devices

address bus: the device and the location within the

device that is being accessed data bus: the data value being communicated

control bus: describes the action on the address and databuses

CPU: Core of the processor, where instructions are executed

High-level language: a = b + c Assembly language: add r1 r2 r3 Machine language: 0001001010111010101

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Memory and I/O

Memory: Where instructions (programs) and data are stored

Organized in arrays of locations (addresses), each storingone byte (8 bits) in general

A readoperation to a particular location always returns the

last value stored in that location

I/O devices: Enable system to interact with the world Device interface (a.k.a. controller or adapter) hardware

connects actual device to bus The CPU views the I/O device registers just like

memory that can be accessed over the bus. However,

I/O registers are connected to external wires, devicecontrol logic, etc.

Reads may not return last value written Writes may have side effects

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Moores Law
http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm

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YEAR 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014

TECHNOLOGY 130 nm 100 nm 70 nm 50 nm 35 nm

CHIP SIZE 400 mm2

600 mm2

750 mm2

800 mm2

900 mm2

NUMBER OFTRANSISTORS(LOGIC)

400 M 1 Billion 3 Billion 6 Billion 16 Billion

DRAMCAPACITY

2 Gbits 10 Gbits 25 Gbits 70 Gbits 200 Gbits

MAXIMUM

CLOCKFREQUENCY

1.6 GHz 2.0 GHz 2.5 GHz 3.0 GHz 3.5 GHz

MINIMUMSUPPLYVOLTAGE

1.5 V 1.2 V 0.9 V 0.6 V 0.6 V

MAXIMUMPOWERDISSIPATION

130 W 160 W 170 W 175 W 180 W

MAXIMUMNUMBER OF

I/O PINS

2500 4000 4500 5500 6000

ITRS - International Technology Roadmap for

Semiconductors

Predictions of the worldwide semiconductor / IC industry

about its own future prospects...

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YEAR 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014


CHIP SIZE 400 mm2

600 mm2

750 mm2

800 mm2

900 mm2



DRAMCAPACITY


MAXIMUMCLOCKFREQUENCY



1.5 V 1.2 V 0.9 V 0.6 V 0.6 V

MAXIMUM

POWERDISSIPATION

130 W 160 W 170 W 175 W 180 W

MAXIMUMNUMBER OFI/O PINS

2500 4000 4500 5500 6000

Shrinking Device Dimensions

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YEAR 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014


CHIP SIZE 400 mm2

600 mm2

750 mm2

800 mm2

900 mm2



DRAMCAPACITY 2 Gbits 10 Gbits 25 Gbits 70 Gbits 200 Gbits




1.5 V 1.2 V 0.9 V 0.6 V 0.6 V

MAXIMUM

POWERDISSIPATION

130 W 160 W 170 W 175 W 180 W


2500 4000 4500 5500 6000

Increasing Function Density

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YEAR 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014


CHIP SIZE 400 mm2

600 mm2

750 mm2

800 mm2

900 mm2



DRAMCAPACITY





1.5 V 1.2 V 0.9 V 0.6 V 0.6 V

MAXIMUM

POWERDISSIPATION

130 W 160 W 170 W 175 W 180 W


2500 4000 4500 5500 6000

Increasing Clock Frequency

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YEAR 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014


CHIP SIZE 400 mm2

600 mm2

750 mm2

800 mm2

900 mm2



DRAMCAPACITY





1.5 V 1.2 V 0.9 V 0.6 V 0.6 V

MAXIMUM

POWERDISSIPATION 130 W 160 W 170 W 175 W 180 W


2500 4000 4500 5500 6000

Decreasing Supply Voltage

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Some Interesting WWW Links

Great Microprocessors of the Past and Presenthttp://www3.sk.sympatico.ca/jbayko/cpu.html

CPU Info Center

http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/

CPU Design HOW-TOhttp://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/CPU-Design-HOWTO.html

VLSI Microprocessors

http://www.microprocessor.sscc.ru/

Molecular Expressions Chip Shots Galleryhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/chipshots/index.html

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