Intro_ES-I

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Microprocessor Systems: A Brief Run Down

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At the high end of the scale

Processor: Intel Pentium 4

Frequency: 3.2GHz

Power consumption: 103 W

max.*

Process: 90nm

*Intel document no. 300561-002

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At the low end of the scale

Processor can consume no more

than 250-300mW

Embedded Devices

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Where are the embedded devices?

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Computer Technology DramaticChangeProcessor

2X in speed every 1.5 years;100X performance in last decade

Memory

DRAM capacity: 2X / 2 years; 64X size in last

decade Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year

Disk

capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years Cost per bit: improves about 100% per year

250X size in last decade

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Computer Technology DramaticChange!

State-of-the-art PC when you graduate:(at least)

Processor clock speed: 5000 MegaHertz(5.0 GigaHertz)

Memory capacity: 4000 MegaBytes

(4.0 GigaBytes) Disk capacity: 2000 GigaBytes

(2.0 TeraBytes)

New units! Mega => Giga, Giga => Tera

(Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta, Yotta = 1024 )

Kilo, Mega, etc. are incorrect Terminologies!

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Challenges

Post PC Era will be driven

by 2 technologies:

1) Mobile Consumer Devices

e.g., successor tocell phone, PDA,wearable computers

2) Massive I/O interfacing v/s RAWcomputational power

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Programming Levels ofRepresentation

High Level Language

Program (e.g., C)

Assembly LanguageProgram (e.g. ARM)

Machine LanguageProgram (ARM)

Control SignalSpecification

Compiler

Assembler

Machine Interpretation

temp = v[k];

v[k] = v[k+1];

v[k+1] = temp;

ldr r0 , [r2, #0]ldr r1 , [r2, #4]str r1 , [r2, #0]str r0 , [r2, #4]

1110 0101 1001 0010 0000 0000 0000 0000

1110 0101 1001 0010 0000 0000 0000 0100

1110 0101 1000 0010 0001 0000 0000 0000

1110 0101 1000 0010 0001 0000 0000 0100

ALUOP[0:3]

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SOC (System on a Chip) Example

Hand Held PC

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5 Classic Components of a Computer

Control

Datapath

Memory

Processor

Input

Output

Control

Datapath

Memory

Processor

Input

Output

Network/Bus

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An Expanded View of the Memory Systems

Control

Datapath

Hard disk

(Virtual

Memory)

Processor

Re

gi

ster

Main

Memory2nd CacheCac

he

Fastest Slowest

Smallest Biggest

Highest Lowest

Speed:

Size:

Cost:

Cache is handled by hardwareVirtual memory is handled by and Operating System

Programmer sees only one memory and the registers

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Fetch Decode Execute Cycle

Instruction

Fetch

Instruction

Decode

OperandFetch

Execute

ResultStore

Next

Instruction

Obtain instruction from program storage

Determine required actions

Locate and obtain operand data

Compute result value or status

Deposit results in storage for later use

Determine successor instruction

Control

Datapath

Memory

Processor

Input

Output

ALU Registers

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EELC2041 lec01-Intro.13 Saeid Nooshabadi

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TOEMBEDDED SYSTEM

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TOPICS TO COVER

DEFINITION

KEY FEATURES

DESIGN ISSUES/CHALLENGES

TOOLS OF THE TRADE

FUTURE DIRECTION

WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
http://def.ppt/http://def.ppt/

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WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is an appliedcomputer system,as distinguished from other types of computer

systems Embedded systems are embedded within another

sophisticated (electronic) system, which could beany system for any kind of application. The ES do notdirectly interact with the environment/users.

An embedded system is a very special computersystem designed to perform a dedicated function.

An embedded system is a computer system withhigher quality and reliability requirements thangeneral- purpose computer systems.
http://def.ppt/http://def.ppt/

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DEFINITION (Continued)

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KEY FEATURESOF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Real Time in nature (RTOS)

Employs very specific types of components. Specific in terms of

Quantity (Memory)

Available Feature (DVS, Watch Dog Timer)

Operating System (Application commands the OS)

Developed in an environment which is totally different from theactual.

Power Requirement, Size & Cost are considered with great detail

along with the application.

Highly focused on Application, Business Plan and Cost. SelectsHardware, Software components and Design Process based onA,B & C.

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Embedded Systems and their Markets

Market Embedded Device

Automotive Ignition System, Engine Control, Brake System

Consumer Electronics Digital Televisions, Set-Top Boxes, KitchenAppliances, Toys/Games, Telephones/CellPhones/Pagers, Cameras

Industrial Control Robotics, Process and Manufacturing Controls

Medical Equipment ECG Machine, Dialysis Machines, CardiacMonitors

Office Automation Fax Machine, Photocopier, Printers,Scanners, UPS

Networking ( Spl. Application) Routers, Hubs

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A Very Special Application

A FOOTBALL

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DESIGN ISSUES/CHALLENGES

CRYSTAL CLEAR PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TO BE DECIDED/GIVEN AND BEADHERED TO. THIS INCLUDES H/W AS WELL AS S/W COMPONENTS (PROCESSTIME).

SELECTION OF THE PROCESSOR:

GENERAL PURPOSE ; MICRO PROCESSORS

APP. SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION SET (ASIP); DSP,N/W PROCESSORS, MICROCONTROLLER

APP. SPECIFIC INTERATED CIRCUIT (ASIC)

CODE SIZE (COMPACT CODE) IN RELATION WITH THE PROCESSOR USED.

LANGUAGE USED:

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ( USEFUL BUT TIME CONSUMING & ERROR PRONE) HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE (REQUIRES COMPLICATED AND COSTLY TOOLS AND

COMPILER)

BALANCED DECISSION TO BE TAKEN LOOKING INTO DEVELOPMENT COST,AVAILABLE DEVELOPMENT TEAM AND TIME TO MARKET

DIVISION BETWEEN HARDWARE & SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

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DESIGN ISSUES/CHALLENGES (CONT..)

POWER REQUIREMENT ONE MAJOR ISSUE IN THIS WORLDOF MOBILE DEVICES.

SIZE SPECIFICATION THIS MAY BE VERY IMPORTANT INSOME CRITICAL APPLICATION.

RELIABILITY AND COST TO BE INCURRED FOR THAT(REDUNDANT SYSTEM). VERY APPLICATION SPECIFIC ISSUE.

BUSINESS PLAN

DESIGN ENVIRONMENT

(HOST PROCESSOR / TARGET PROCESSOR)

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TOOLS OF THE TRADE

Embedded System Life Cycle

Requirement

Analysis

Specification

Architectural

Design

Component Design

Integration

Testing

S/W Architecture

H/W Architecture

Top Down Model

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TOOLS OF THE TRADESOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOL CHAIN FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEM

DEVELOPER EDITORSOURCE

PROG.

PRE PROCESSOR

OR

MACRO PROCESSOR

EXPANDED

SOURCE CODE

COMPILER

OR ASSEMBLEROBJECT

FILELOADER EXE FILE LINKER

CODE

FOR

TARGET

TARGET

PROGRAMMER OUTPUT

ALL THE COMPONENTS MENTIONED IN

RECTANGULAR BOXES ARE SYSTEM

SOFTWARE

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TOOLS OF THE TRADEDEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT ; HOST & TARGET

C /C++ ASSEMBLY

LANG

CROSS COMPILER CROSS ASSEMBLER

OBJ 1 OBJ n

LOCATOR

CODE

TARGET PROGRAMMER OUT PUT

THEENLARGED

COMPONENTS

ARE PARTS OF

THE HOST

SYSTEM

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FUTURE DIRECTIONS

More and more embedded systems will be full systems

on a single chip (SoC). This implies that the softwareand hardware designs will merge.

As systems on chip become more complex, softwaredistributed over multiple processors and running over

different memory spaces will become common

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FUTURE DIRECTIONS.

Embedded systems will be developed in unusual

applications. Products will be powered and accessed byRF beams. This will lead to convergence in our real life..

Existing applications will become far more sophisticatedwith standardized user interfaces such as web

interfaces with XML.

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FUTURE DIRECTIONS FORDEVELOPERS

More and more multi-disciplinary expertise will berequired. For example biology-chemistry-electronicsand VLSI for bio-sensors.

Fields of micro-processors, VLSI, communications etc.would merge for developing embedded systems.

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EELC2041 lec01 Intro 28 Saeid Nooshabadi

GOOD LUCK

WITH THISCOURSE

Intro_ES-I

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