Introductory Psychology: Intelligence
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Transcript of Introductory Psychology: Intelligence
Intelligence
Brian J. Piper, Ph.D.
Assessing Intelligence The Origins of Intelligence Testing
Modern Tests of Mental Abilities
Principles of Test Construction
The Dynamics of Intelligence Extremes of Intelligence
Assessing Intelligence
Psychologists define intelligence testing as a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with others
using numerical scores.
Alfred Binet
Alfred Binet and his colleague Théodore Simon practiced a
more modern form of intelligence testing by developing questions
that would predict children’s future
progress in the Paris school system.
1857-1911
Definition of Intelligence
• "It seems to us that in intelligence there is a fundamental faculty, the alteration or the lack of which, is of the utmost importance for practical life. This faculty is judgment, otherwise called good sense, practical sense, initiative, the faculty of adapting one's self to circumstances. A person may be a moron or an imbecile if he is lacking in judgment; but with good judgment he can never be either. Indeed the rest of the intellectual faculties seem of little importance in comparison with judgment" (Binet & Simon, 1916, 1973, pp.42-43)
Alfred Binet
Normal versus Abnormal
Environmentalist
1857-1911
Lewis TermanIn the US, Lewis Terman adapted Binet’s test for
American school children and named
the test the Stanford-Binet Test. The following is the
formula of Intelligence Quotient (IQ), introduced by
William Stern: 1857-1936
Lewis Terman
1857-1936
• Eugenics
• Quantitative
Eugenics (9.5 min, 1st 2 best):http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufqOe0_pres
David Wechsler
Wechsler developed the:
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS): 1939, 16+ Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)1949, 6-16
Wechsler Preschool & Primary School Scale of Intelligence, 1967, Ages: 2.5 - 7
1896 – 1981
Intelligence
• the global capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with [one's] environment
WAISWAIS measures overall intelligence and 11 other aspects related to intelligence that
are designed to assess clinical and educational problems.
WASI Exercise
Principles of Test Construction
For a psychological test to be acceptable it must fulfill the following three criteria:
1. Standardization
2. Reliability3. Validity
Standardization
Standardizing a test involves administering the test to a representative sample of future test takers in order to establish a basis for
meaningful comparison.
Representative: Age, Ethnicity, Sex
Normal Curve
Standardized tests establish a normal distribution of scores on a tested
population in a bell-shaped pattern called the normal curve.
Flynn Effect
In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average of 27
points. This phenomenon is known as the Flynn effect.
Reliability
A test is reliable when it yields consistent results. To establish reliability researchers
establish different procedures:
1. Split-half Reliability: Dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are.
2. Test-Retest Reliability: Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency.
Validity
Validity of a test refers to what the test is supposed to measure or predict.
1. Content Validity: Refers to the extent a test measures a particular behavior or trait.
2. Predictive Validity: Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.
GRE & GPA
Extremes of Intelligence
A valid intelligence test divides two groups of people into two extremes: the mentally retarded (IQ 70) and individuals with high
intelligence (IQ 135). These two groups are significantly different.
High Intelligence
Contrary to popular belief, people with high intelligence test scores tend to be healthy,
well adjusted, and unusually successful academically.
Mental Retardation
Mentally retarded individuals required constant supervision a few decades ago, but with a supportive family environment and special education they can now care for
themselves.
Mental Retardation: High dose Fetal Alcohol
Autism
• Neurodevelopmental disorder
• Prevalence: 0.2%• Symptoms
– Social– Communication– Self-stimulation
Savant
• Steven Wiltshire• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckqDX2XpdyY
1974 -
Summary
• Intelligence tests have a long history (Binet versus Terman)
• Test Characteristics– Reliability– Validity