Introductory Plenary SessionIntroductory Plenary Session

Prof. Prof. Boaventura de Sousa SantosBoaventura de Sousa Santos, , University of Coimbra, PortugalUniversity of Coimbra, Portugal

Forced Migration and DevelopmentForced Migration and Development

Ms. Ms. Christine AghazarmChristine Aghazarm, International , International Organization for Migration;Organization for Migration;

Dr. Dr. Usha RamanathanUsha Ramanathan, Independent Law , Independent Law Researcher, IndiaResearcher, India

Moderator: Amanda WalkerModerator: Amanda Walker

Forced Migration and DevelopmentForced Migration and DevelopmentForced migrants in the global South: the miscountedForced migrants in the global South: the miscounted

•Forced migrants find themselves in a legal limbo between Forced migrants find themselves in a legal limbo between international and national protection frameworks. international and national protection frameworks. •Article 1(2) Geneva Convention: “owing to well-founded Article 1(2) Geneva Convention: “owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion”political opinion”•No recognition of persons displaced by environmental No recognition of persons displaced by environmental disaster or development projects.disaster or development projects.

Forced Migration and Forced Migration and DevelopmentDevelopment

Environmentally-induced displacementEnvironmentally-induced displacement•The Asian Tsunami 2004: estimated 1 to 2 The Asian Tsunami 2004: estimated 1 to 2 million displaced persons.million displaced persons.

Developmentally-induced displacementDevelopmentally-induced displacement• The Narmada Dam Project: over 320,000 The Narmada Dam Project: over 320,000 persons displaced as a direct result of the persons displaced as a direct result of the Sardar Sarovar Project.Sardar Sarovar Project.

Forced Migration and DevelopmentForced Migration and Development

Working towards a more inclusive discourse: Working towards a more inclusive discourse: •The value of a rights-based approachThe value of a rights-based approach•Responsibilities?Responsibilities?•Alternative models of development - Alternative models of development - participatory dialogueparticipatory dialogue

Forced Migration and DevelopmentForced Migration and Development

Ms. Ms. Christine AghazarmChristine Aghazarm, International , International Organization for Migration;Organization for Migration;

Dr. Dr. Usha RamanathanUsha Ramanathan, Independent Law , Independent Law Researcher, IndiaResearcher, India

Moderator: Amanda WalkerModerator: Amanda Walker

Subsistence and DevelopmentSubsistence and Development

Dr. Dr. Philippe CulletPhilippe Cullet, SOAS;, SOAS;Prof. Prof. Ann StewartAnn Stewart, University of Warwick;, University of Warwick;

Dr. Dr. Jonathan EnsorJonathan Ensor, Practical Action, Practical Action

Moderator: Nimisha KumarModerator: Nimisha Kumar

Subsistence and DevelopmentSubsistence and Development

Problem: Trade liberalisation in agricultureProblem: Trade liberalisation in agriculture•Food insecurity.Food insecurity.•WTO Agreement on Agriculture: Reduction of tariffs in the WTO Agreement on Agriculture: Reduction of tariffs in the South; subsidies in the North.South; subsidies in the North.•TRIPS: increase in food prices.TRIPS: increase in food prices.•SpeculationSpeculation•Agribusiness: less is paid to farmers.Agribusiness: less is paid to farmers.•All of this leads to the current food crisis.All of this leads to the current food crisis.

Subsistence and DevelopmentSubsistence and Development

Alternatives to the current trade regime:Alternatives to the current trade regime:•Securing the right to food.Securing the right to food.•Strengthening domestic markets and food production.Strengthening domestic markets and food production.•International trade rules to comply with human rights International trade rules to comply with human rights standards.standards.•Food sovereignty.Food sovereignty.

Subsistence and DevelopmentSubsistence and Development

Dr. Dr. Philippe CulletPhilippe Cullet, SOAS;, SOAS;Prof. Prof. Ann StewartAnn Stewart, University of Warwick;, University of Warwick;

Dr. Dr. Jonathan EnsorJonathan Ensor, Practical Action, Practical Action

Moderator: Nimisha KumarModerator: Nimisha Kumar

Governments in the Global SouthGovernments in the Global Southand Developmentand Development

Prof. Prof. Upendra BaxiUpendra Baxi, University of Warwick;, University of Warwick;Dr. Dr. Celine TanCeline Tan, University of Birmingham, University of Birmingham

Moderator: Paul KohlenbergModerator: Paul Kohlenberg

““Precisely because of its political dominance in the Precisely because of its political dominance in the contemporary world, however, the state is the contemporary world, however, the state is the central institution available for effectively central institution available for effectively implementing internationally recognized human implementing internationally recognized human rights.”rights.”

Jack Donnelly. Universal human rights in theory and practice, Jack Donnelly. Universal human rights in theory and practice, Cornell University Press, 2003, 2nd ed., p. 36.Cornell University Press, 2003, 2nd ed., p. 36.

Cameroon during the 2007-2008 Food Crisis:Cameroon during the 2007-2008 Food Crisis:•Rioting in late February 2008, against inflating food prices.Rioting in late February 2008, against inflating food prices.•Rice prices more than tripled. Prizes of wheat and maize Rice prices more than tripled. Prizes of wheat and maize doubled. doubled.

Cameroon and Global Food Trading:Cameroon and Global Food Trading:•1/3rd of globally traded rice sourced for Africa.1/3rd of globally traded rice sourced for Africa.•After Structural Adjustment Program, rice imports doubled, After Structural Adjustment Program, rice imports doubled, domestic production stopped growing.domestic production stopped growing.

Government Measures against the Crisis:Government Measures against the Crisis:•Import tax reduction.Import tax reduction.•Direct negotiation with retailers.Direct negotiation with retailers.

““Human rights are required to civilize both Human rights are required to civilize both democracy and markets by restricting their democracy and markets by restricting their operation to a limited, rights-defined domain.” operation to a limited, rights-defined domain.” (Donnelly, 2003, p. 202)(Donnelly, 2003, p. 202)

UNHCR, December 2008 Statistical Analysis

Refugee population by UNHCR regions, end-2007Refugee population by UNHCR regions, end-2007

UNHCR regions

Refugees

People in

refugee-like situations

Total

Refugees

Central Africa and Great Lakes

1, 100,100 --- 1 ,100,100

East and Horn of Africa

8 15,200 --- 8 15,200

Southern Africa 1 81,200 --- 1 81,200 West Africa 1 74,700 --- 1 74,700

Total Africa* 2 ,271,200 2 ,271,200 Americas 4 99,900 4 87,600 9 87,500

Asia and Pacific 2 ,674,200 1 ,151,000 3 ,825,200

Europe 1 ,580,500 5,100 1 ,585,600

Middle East and North Africa

2 ,654,000 67,600 2 ,721,600

Total *Excluding North

Africa

9 ,679,800 1 ,711,300 11,391,100

UN

HCR

, Dec

embe

r 200

8 St

atisti

cal A

naly

sis

Major refugee hosting countries (end 2007) Major refugee hosting countries (end 2007)

UNHCR, December 2008 Statistical Analysis

Governments in the Global SouthGovernments in the Global Southand Developmentand Development

Prof. Prof. Upendra BaxiUpendra Baxi, University of Warwick;, University of Warwick;Dr. Dr. Celine TanCeline Tan, University of Birmingham, University of Birmingham

Moderator: Paul KohlenbergModerator: Paul Kohlenberg

Concluding Plenary SessionConcluding Plenary Session

Prof. Prof. Sammy AdelmanSammy Adelman, University of , University of Warwick;Warwick;

Prof. Prof. Upendra BaxiUpendra Baxi, University of Warwick, University of Warwick