Introduction_to_Zoology

7/30/2019 Introduction_to_Zoology

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Introduction to

Zoology

Prepared by: Asst. Prof.

Sheryl Santa Cruz-Biscocho


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Zoology

Scientific study of thediversity of animal life

life shares a commonevolutionary origin,

principles learned from the

study of one group often

pertain to other groups as

well


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Why do you have to

Study Zoology?


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Understand the natural world


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Learn to protect the environment


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Develop skills for learning


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Fundamental Properties of Life

Does Life Have Defining Properties?

What is life?

No simple definitionThe history of life shows extensive

and ongoing change called evolution

Answer must be based on thecommon history of life on earth


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Myths To Explain Biological

Processes

Disease caused by evil

spirits

Brain produces snot

Blood determines

heredity

Heart is for emotions


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How Does Science SeparateMyths from Reality?

Scientific

Method


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Scientific Method

Observation

Hypothesis

Prediction

Test Hypothesis

Experiment

Further Observations

Conclusion


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Edward Jenner 1749-1823

Smallpox

Scientific method


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Observation

Smallpox is deadly


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Observation

Survivors are immune


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Observation

Milkmaids do not get smallpox


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Observation

Milkmaids get cowpox from cows


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Hypothesis

Cowpox Makes YouImmune to Smallpox


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Prediction

If you are exposed to cowpox, you will be

immune to smallpox


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Experiment


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Results

Boy did not get smallpox


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Conclusion

Hypothesis supported


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Robert Koch 1843-1910

Identified the

bacterium that causes

anthrax

Identified thebacterium that causes

tuberculosis


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Louis Pasteur 1822-1895

Developed vaccines for

rabies and anthrax

Demonstrated the

existence ofgerms Invented Pasteurization

A New Scientific Theory Explains


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A New Scientific Theory Explains

the Observations of Many

Scientists

Edward Jenner

Smallpox

Louis Pasteur

Rabies and anthrax

Robert Koch

Tuberculosis and

anthrax


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Germ Theory of Disease

Germs cause disease

Predictions of the Germ Theory

Many diseases are caused by germs

Diptheria

Whooping cough

Measles

Plague

Modern medicine uses the Germ Theory

to guide research


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Ramifications of Germ Theory

Previous concepts about the cause of

many diseases incorrect

Evil spirits

Bad thoughts

Excess blood


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Theory vrs Scientific Theory

Theory (as used outside of science)

Guess

Speculation

Has not been tested


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Scientific Theory

Principle

Tested many times

Explains many different phenomena Makes predictions

Falsifiable


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Falsify Germ Theory

Smallpox occurs without the smallpoxvirus

Tuberculosis occurs without the TB

bacterium Discovery of a different type of cause for

infectious diseases

Cell phones Computer screens

Lack of exercise


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Jeffs Lost Dog

Jeffs beloved dog is

missing (observation)

Jeff thinks the dog

has run away(hypothesis)

What can falsify his

hypothesis?

Jeff finds his dog

asleep in the house

I love

my dog


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Testing Hypotheses

Observation

Jeff found his dog asleep in the house

Scientists find the same bacterium in the

bodies of people who die of the plague

Experiment

Jenner vaccinates boy with cowpox and later

infects him with smallpox. The boy does notget smallpox.


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100 Sick People

Experimental group

50 People

Medicine X

Control group

50 People

Placebo


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Three Days Later

Experimental group

34 Better

Medicine X

Control group

33 Better

Placebo


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Three Days Later

Experimental group

34 Better

Medicine X

Control group

5 Better

Placebo


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Why does this frog have extra legs?


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Law vrs Theory

Law

Observation that has been repeated

numerous times

Law of gravity

Does not explain the observation

Theory

Explains why or how something in naturehappens


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Which is most important to a

scientist?

Fact

Hypothesis

Law

Theory


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Theory is the most important

Theory

Explains laws,

hypotheses and facts

Law States what happens

Hypothesis

Untested theory

Fact

Observation


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Major Scientific Theories

Germ Theory of Disease

Germs cause infectious disease

Atomic Theory

Matter is made if tiny atoms

Gene Theory (Chromosomal Theory)

Genes on chromosomes determine heredity

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells


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Theory of Evolution

Populations of

organisms change

over time

Changes result innew species that

share a common

ancestor.


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Evolution is both a fact and a

theory

Fact

Evolution is

documented in the

fossil record and has

been observed in our

lifetime.

Theory

How evolutionhappens


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Theory of Evolution

Scientists no longer

ask if evolution

occurs. They study

how evolution occurs. Evolution is the major

theory that guides

research in Zoology


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Science

A body of knowledgegained from studying thenatural world

It is tested against the

natural world Does not use supernatural

explanations

Its conclusions are notabsolute.

New discoveries can reviseprevious conclusions

It is falsifiable

G l P ti f Li i


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General Properties of Living

Systems Chemical Uniqueness:

Living systems demonstrate a unique andcomplex molecular organization

Small molecules are assembled intomacromolecules:

1. Nucleic Acids

2. Proteins

3. Carbohydrates4. Lipids

G l P ti f Li i


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SystemsComplexity and Hierarchical Organization:

Living systems demonstrate a unique andcomplex hierarchical organization

In living systems there exists a hierarchy oflevels that includes:

Macromolecules

Cells

OrganismsPopulations

Species

G l P ti f Li i


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Systems Reproduction:

Living systems can reproducethemselves At each level of the biological hierarchy

living forms reproduce to generate otherslike themselves:Genesreplicated to produce new genes.Cellsdivide producing new cells.Organismsreproduce, sexually or

asexually, to produce new organismsPopulationsmay fragment to produce new

populations

Speciesmay split to produce new species

G l P ti f Li i


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SystemsPossession of a Genetic Program:A genetic program provides fidelity ofinheritanceNucleic Acids: Polymers built of repeated

units called nucleotidesDNA: Long, linear, chain of nucleotides

containing genetic information

Sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA

determines the order of amino acids inproteins

Genetic Code: correspondence betweenbase sequences in DNA and the sequence of

amino acids in a protein

G l P ti f Li i


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SystemsMetabolism:

Living organisms maintain themselves by

acquiring nutrients from their environments

Metabolic processes include:Digestion

Energy production (Respiration)

Synthesis of required molecules andstructures by organisms

G l P ti f Li i


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Systems Development:

All organisms pass

through a characteristic

life cycle

Development describes

the characteristic changes

that an organismundergoes from its origin

to its final adult form

G l P ti f Li i


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Systems Environmental Interaction:

All animals interact with their environments

Ecology: The study of organismal interaction

with an environment

All organisms respond to environmental

stimuli

G l P ti f Li i


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Systems Movement:

Living systems and their parts showprecise and controlled movements arisingfrom within the system

Living systems extract energy from theirenvironments permitting the initiation ofcontrolled movements


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Zoology As Part of Biology

Characteristics of Animals:

Eukaryotes: cells contain membrane-

enclosed nuclei

Heterotrophs: Not capable of manufacturingtheir own food and must rely on external food

sources

Cells lack cell walls

Introduction_to_Zoology

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