INTRODUCTIONTO MOLECULAR...

NANOTECHNOLOGY

2) SIDHARTH SAXENA

BY :-

1) MUKESH PATIL

[email protected]

[email protected]

E-mail id :-

3) PRERAK SHAH

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NANOTECHNOLOGY

1

BIBLOGRAPHY

A] MAGAZINES:

1. P.A.THIRUNARAYANAN, HONENY I SHRUNK THE CHIPS,

“CHIP” APRIL(2004), JASUBHAI SHAH.

2. IBM RESEARCH LABORATORY DOCUMENT, QUANTUM

MIRAGE, “MM(THE INDUSTRY MAGAZINE.)” MARCH (2003).

JASUBHAI SHAH.

http://www.neevia.com

NANOTECHNOLOGY

R.I.T. RAJARAMNAGAR 2

1. ABSTRACT:

In a world of information , digital technologies have made coping fast , cheap and

perfect ,quite independent of cost or complexity of the content . What if the same were is

to happen in the world of matter? This would be certainly mind diverting , changing the

global picture of civilization. This is the assurance from “ NANOTECHNOLOGY”.

Molecular manufacturing , will bring a digital revolution to the production of

material objects. By starting with cheap, abundant components molecules and processing

, them with small, high frequency , high productivity machines , it will make products

inexpensive Nanotechnology is a hybrid science combining engineering and chemistry.

Atoms and molecules stick together because they have complementary shapes that lock

together, or charges that attract. Just like with magnets, a positively charged atom will

stick to a negatively charged atom. As millions of these atoms are pieced together by

nano- machines, a specific product will begin to take shape. The goal of nanotechnology

is to manipulate atoms individually and place them in a pattern to produce a desired

structure.

Although nanotechnologists will need a thorough grounding in relevant scientific

principles, nanotechnology is fundamentally a branch of engineering. To work as an

engineer, one must learn to think as an engineer, and that means studying (and doing)

design. Nanosystems will be systems, and so the principles of systems engineering apply.

Many nanosystems will be mechanical, and so the principles of mechanical engineering

apply. Studies in solid mechanics, system dynamics, mechanisms, and control theory all

are relevant to both nanotechnology and enabling technologies. Engineering departments

often teach more specialized topics of relevance to nanotechnology, such as VLSI circuit

design (relevant to nanocomputer design) and microfabrication (relevant to possible

enabling technologies).


NANOTECHNOLOGY


2.INTRODUSTION

In order to create enough assemblers to build consumer goods, some nano

machines, called replicators, will be programmed to build more assemblers. Trillions of

assemblers and replicators will fill an area smaller than a cubic millimeter, and will still

be too small for us to see with the naked eye. Assemblers and replicators will work

together like hands to automatically construct products, and will eventually replace all

traditional labor methods. This will vastly decrease manufacturing costs, thereby making

consumer goods plentiful, cheaper and stronger. In the next section, you'll find out how

nanotechnology will impact every facet of society, from medicine to computers.Lately

there are frequent news about the new findings in Nanotechnology. There seems to be a

race going on between various international labs and intense research is being carried out

in the area of this new science. Enormous emphasis is being placed on Nanotechnology

and many researchers are looking towards Nanotechnology, to find answers, in many

areas specially medicine and electronics. Nano-science and Nanotechnology seem to be

the best of the solution provider today.21st century belongs to Gene technology and

Nanotechnology. Applications of Nanotechnology ranges from - reducing the size of

electronic gadgets (Bell Labs has already come out with a self assembled Transistors of

single molecule size ) to designing virus to kill bacteria.

Nano-Definition : There is no accepted definition of Nanotechnology or Nano science.

Nanotechnology refers to components build of the size 20 to 30 Nano Meters. They are

also supposed to be self replicating or self assembling and this aspect get confused with

cloning. Self-assembling implies, you put the ingredients in one place and they assemble

into some thing useful where as replicating implies, You have a assembled component

and it replicates it self in to thousands of more like itself. Cloning refers to meddling with

nature at reproductive level of animals including human. Self replicating or self

assembling does not refer to living being but manipulation done on organic and inorganic

materials at molecular level. This separation between living and nonliving gets blurred at

nano level. Any way whether self assembling or self replicating once the process is on,

little effort is required externally to manufacture them. The cost benefit can be

immediately sensed. "Nano Technology" in the broader and more inclusive definition is

referred as “molecular nanotechnology" or "molecular manufacturing."


NANOTECHNOLOGY


Nanotechnology, while not providing a cure for everything, is defined by the length scale

when scientists and engineers discover new phenomena. It provides exquisite new tools to

engineer novel materials and devices at the nanoscale, and to study biology. A nanometer,

one billionth of a meter, is about 10,000 times narrower than a human hair. Major

technological revolutions, including the industrial revolution and the dawn of the

information era, have revealed how new discoveries can drastically change our lives.

NANO- BASIC:

Molecular machine systems : If something has moving parts and does

useful work, we call it a machine. If something is nanometers in scale and has a precise

arrangement of bonded atoms, we call it a molecule, or a molecular assembly. If

something matches both these descriptions, we can properly call it a molecular machine;

if it comprises many parts, each worthy of the name 'machine', it may be better described

as molecular machine system.Manufactured products are made from atoms. The

properties of those products depend on how those atoms are arranged. Viewed from the

molecular level today's macroscopic manufacturing methods are crude and imprecise.

Casting, milling, welding and all the other traditional manufacturing methods spray

atoms about in great statistical herds.

Nano-Tools: For constructing any machine we require suitable tools to old and

place the component in the precise location. The complexity of the tool increases as the

size of the component decreases. Imagine a building a component consisting of few

molecules - What tools can be used, how they would look like? And How to use them?

Development of the right tools for Nanotechnology itself should be a interesting issue.

Manufactured products are made from atoms. The properties of those products depend on

how those atoms are arranged. If we rearrange the atoms in coal we can make diamond. If

we rearrange the atoms in sand (and add a few other trace elements) we can make

computer chips. If we rearrange the atoms in dirt, water and air we can make potatoes.

Nono-Manufacturing Process :

There are two basic approaches for creating Nano devices. Scientists refer to these

methods as the top-down approach and the bottom-up approach. The top-down approach

involves molding or etching materials into smaller components. This approach has

traditionally been used in making parts for computers and electronics. The bottom-up

approach involves assembling structures atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule, and

may prove useful in manufacturing devices used in medicine.


NANOTECHNOLOGY


3. MAJOR CONCEPT OF MOLECULAR MANUFACTURING

TECHNOLOGY

There are two major concepts commonly associated making nanotechnology

a possibility:

1. POSITIONAL CONTROL

2. SELF REPLICATION

1. The need for positional assembly implies an interest in molecular

robotics, e.g. robotics devices that are molecular both in there sizes and precision.

These molecular scale positional devices are likely to resemble very small

versions of their everyday macroscopic counterparts. Positional assembly is

frequently used in normal macroscopic manufacturing today, and provides

tremendous advantages. Imagine trying to build a bicycle with both hands tied

behind your back! The idea of manipulating and positioning individual atoms and

molecules is still new and takes some getting used to. How ever, some scientists

feel principles of physics, as far as I can see do not speak against the possibility of

maneuvering things atoms by atom. We need to apply at the molecular scale the

concept that has demonstrated its effectiveness at the macroscopic scale: making

parts go where we want by putting them where we want!

2. The requirement for low cost creates an interest in self replicating

manufacturing systems. These systems are able both to make copies of themselves

and to manufacture useful products. If we can design and build one such system

the manufacturing costs for more such systems and the products they make

(assuming they can make copies of themselves in some reasonably inexpensive

environment) will be very low.


NANOTECHNOLOGY


4. TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS PROCESSES

Characteristics

Conventional

fabrication

Micro-

fabrication

Solution

chemistry

Bio-

chemistry

Molecular

manufacturing

Molecular

precision

No No Yes Yes Yes

Positional

control

Yes Yes No Partial Yes

Typical

feature scale

1 mm 1µ 0.3 nm 0.3 nm 0.3 nm

Typical

product scale

1 m 10 mm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm+

Typical defect

rate

10‾4 10‾7 10‾2 10‾11 10‾15

Typical cycle

times

1sec 100sec 1000sec 10‾3sec 10‾6sec

Products

described by

Materials

and shapes

Materials

and

shapes

Atoms

and

bonds

Monomers

sequences

DANGERS OF THIS TECHNOLOGY

The main problem of nanotechnology is the ethical consideration and

miss use by a selected few. As has always been the case, knowledge brings power

and the acquisition of great knowledge in the area of this technology by any one

particular govt. may result in substantial increase in power. This technology will

allow a future govt. to build even more advanced machines more quickly and

easily. In turn these machines will eventually be able to construct even more

advanced machines which can prove dangerous to the rest of the world. Nano

technological weapons could thus be more economical way of destroying the

earth as opposed to nuclear war fare. Nuclear war fare requires a vast amount of

technology to carry out its destruction whereas nanotechnology needs only self-

replicating machines to do the job.

The basic problems ,in the future, as in the past, new technologies will

lend themselves to accidents and abuse. Since replicates and thinking machines


NANOTECHNOLOGY


will bring great new powers, the potential for accidents and abuse will likewise be

great. These possibilities pose genuine threat to our lives.

PRECAUTIONS TO ENSURE SAFE DEVELOPMENT

While molecular manufacturing will facilitate control over the structure of,

we must ask ourselves who control this technology? We live in a competitive

world, and one that is accelerating toward the development molecular

nanotechnology.

Combating the dangers will be greatly aided if we all have access to

information about progress in laboratory. If we reduce the number of projects

being developed in a military black box, we will probably increase the number of

people working on this technology. Having more people involved in the field will

mean that we are better able to ourselves in an emergency. We might see

increases in number of additional projects working on medicine, manufacturing,

and environment. Trust will remain a central issue as nanotechnology research

comes closer to development in the commercial world.

Given that the dangers of this technology may be almost as board as the

benefits, it is necessary that these issues are discussed openly, so that may

develop deterrents or solutions before problems arise.

5.Common Structures used in Nanotechnology :

In production of these nano machines essential components will include:

1. Gears Nano-Gears made of buckytubes are great

molecular machine components….

Buckytubes are carbon graphite sheets

rolled into a tube (looks like tubes ofchicken

wire), and are ‘like’ carbon in its diamond

form, but with ALL available bonding

strength aligned on one axis.

These tubes are stronger than diamond fiber, and the strongest fiber possible with matter,

so we ‘restarting out with real race horse material.. Globus and teem designs are

Chemically stable, very tough and varied in geometry, including gears made from

“nested” buckytubes or tubes inside of tubes. Such a gear would be stiffer and suited for a

long drive shaft. And talk about performance…


NANOTECHNOLOGY


Results suggest these gears can operate at up to 50-100 GHz in a vacuum

or inert atmosphere at room temperature. The failure mode involves tooth slip not

bond breaking, so failed gears can be returned to operation by lowering the

temperature and/or rotation rate.

2. Bearings: Molecular bearings will perform all the functions, which a normal bearing

does. At present it is on a research stage but developments are expected soon

3. Simple Pump Selective for Neon:In Nano systems, Dr. Drexler proposed and

analyzed a variety of molecular machines, One such machine was a sorting rotor

based upon modulated receptors designed to bind and transport chemical species

from a feedstock solution.. The pump and segment of chamber wall pictured here

contain 6165 atoms.

In operation, rotation of the shaft moves a helical groove past longitudinal

grooves inside the pump housing. Only where facing grooves cross is there room

for even a small gas molecule, and these crossing points move from one side to

the other as the shaft turns. It is hoped that simulation will show this to be an

effective pump, with substantial selectivity for different chemical species; the

design target was an effective, selective pump for neon.

4. Nanorobots

Cancer Killers :With nanorobots, it would

be possible to design a device that could

identify and kill cancer cells. The device

would flow freely throughout the body,

locate cancerous cells, and supply poison

that would kill a cancerous cell. While

circulating through the body the device

would constantly monitor the conditions,

such as pressureand concentration, inside the

body.

By monitoring concentration profiles, the device could determine if the concentration

profiles fit cancerous profiles. If a physical response is desired, the device could be

reprogrammed to attack other cancerous sites.


NANOTECHNOLOGY


5. Nanotubes

Nanotubes is another nanodevice that will help

identify DNA changes associated with cancer is the

nanotube. Nanotubes are carbon rods about half the

diameter of a molecule of DNA that not only can

detect the presence of altered genes, but may help

researchers pinpoint the exact location of those

changes.

To prepare DNA for nanotube analysis, scientists must attach a bulky molecule to regions

of the DNA that are associated with cancer. They can design tags that seek out specific

mutations in the DNA and bind to them. Physicists have found a new way to make "smart

materials" that can behave like muscle tissue in humans

6.Practical Applications at a Glance:

Monitoring Patients: Most animal cells are 10,000 to 20,000 nanometers in diameter.

This means that nanoscale devices (less than 100 nanometers) can enter cells and interact

with DNA and proteins. Tools developed through nanotechnology may be able to detect

disease in a very small samples of cells or tissue. They could be made to enter and

monitor cells within a living body.

Electronics :Using Nanotechnology electronic component size would shrink along with

the cost. It means complex appliances like computer, Cell phone etc would be like throw

away items. Manu complex devices may be merged to offer multi utility in a single small

package.

Automobile: The changes in electronics and other field due to nanotechnology

would possibly make the automobile run on fuel assembled from Nanotechnology. The

engine may be running in some other way not comprehendible today.

Quantum dots:Another minuscule molecule that will be used to detect cancer is a

quantum dot. Quantum dots are tiny crystals that glow when they are stimulated by

ultraviolet light. Quantum dots can find cancer signatures


NANOTECHNOLOGY


Industrial applications of Nano sized materials

a. Paints

b.. Catalysis

c. Phosphor materials

d. Laser materials, etc.

e.. Membranes and Mesoporous materials, water purifications.

1. .Some of the Area in which work is being done:

a. .Nano-Biotechnology

b. Nano-particles and Micro-organisms

c. Nano-materials in Bone Substitutes & Dentistry

d. Nano particles in Food and Cosmetic applications

e. Drug delivery and its applications

f. Biochips and analytical devices

g. Biosensors

6 CASE STUDAY: MATERIAL INNOVATIONS:

MERCEDES –BENZ MAKES A SCRATCH HIT

Mercedes –Benz has started from scratch to create a new clear-coat lacquer .

Under development for four years , it uses scratch resistant surface than

conventional paint .Just introduction into production and expanding across the

model range , the lacquer contains tiny (millionth of a mm) ceramic particles , is

oven- hardened at 140°c,and forms what Mercedes describes as “an extensively

cross linked network” to give protection against damage by car washes. It is said

to provide a threefold improvement in the scratch resistance of paintwork.


NANOTECHNOLOGY


By tests in a laboratory Mercedes engineers noted an improvement of

some 40 % in gloss compared to conventional lacquer, according to the company.

About 150 test cars were involved in development of the clear-coat.

The ceramic particles are integrated into the molecular structure of the

clear-coat’s binding agent . Initially they float free by cross-linking during the

drying process, providing a protective surface layer. After 10 laboratory wash

cycles ,which equated to more than 50 regular car washes ,”the nano coated sheet

steel emerged with around 40% greater gloss than samples with conventional

clear lacquer,” according to Mercedes.The nano-particle clear-coat met Mercedes’

quality criteria for conventional paint systems. The paintwork of Mercedes cars

consists of five layers , totaling some 100µm thickness.Nano-technology has

other potential automotive applications , including self- cleaning wheels

,according to Mercedes, parent company ,DaimlerChrysler “ It is also within the

relam of possibility that cars of the future will either paintwork or an extremely

thin foil coating containing tiny solar cells. These would convert the sunlight into

electrical energy, which in turn would be fed into the vehicle’s power supply”.


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7. CONCLUSION:

Extreme optimists have gone on to propose that nanotechnology will bring the

end of war , the end of world hunger, the end of dieses, and ultimately the end

of death. It is hard to discern the difference between science fact at the

moment . but one thing is sure; molecular manufacturing is a highly promising

new field that will be investigated with vigor for many years to come.

If something has moving parts and does useful work , we call it a machine.

If something is nanometers in scale and a precise arrangement of bonded

atoms, we call it a molecule , or a molecular assembly. If something matches

both these descriptions , we can properly call it a molecular machine; if it

comprises many parts , each worthy of the name ‘machine’ ,it may be better

described as molecular machine system.


THANK YOU!!

NANOTECHNOLOGY


http://www.nanozine.com/

http://www.nanospot.com/

http://www.nans.gov/


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