Introduction15 Research Problem 16 Research Methodology ......APFSD Asia Pacific Forum for...

INTEGRATED RURAL URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT FOR

CLIMATE BASED ADAPTATIONS IN INDIAN CITIES (IAdapt)

Final Technical Report

April 2020

IDRC Project Number: Grant number 108224-001

Submitted to: International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Canada

Submitted by: Bedoshruti Sadhukhan, ICLEI South Asia

Project Consortium:

ICLEI South Asia (Lead Member)

Athena Infonomics LLC

International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT M)

Location of the study: Solapur, Maharashtra and Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh,

India

Time Period of Report: 15 January 2017 – 2020

Copyright: © 2020, ICLEI South Asia

Licensing Information: Disseminated under Creative Commons Attribution License

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Disclaimer

This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre,

Ottawa, Canada. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of IDRC or its Board

of Governors.

IAdapt Final Technical Report 2020

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Table of Contents

Abbreviations ........................................................................................ 8

1 Executive Summary ................................................................... 11

1.1 Objective ............................................................................................. 11

1.2 Activities .............................................................................................. 11

1.2.1 Preparatory Phase ........................................................................... 12

1.2.2 Planning Phase ................................................................................ 12

1.2.3 Implementation Phase ...................................................................... 12

1.3 Outcomes and outputs ........................................................................ 13

2 Introduction ................................................................................ 15

3 Research Problem ..................................................................... 16

4 Synthesis of Research Results and Development Outcomes 18

5 Research Methodology ............................................................. 25

6 Preparatory Phase ..................................................................... 25

6.1 Activity 1: Selection of micro-catchment for both cities ....................... 25

6.1.1 SWOT Analysis of micro-catchments in Solapur and Vijayawada ..... 26

6.2 Activity 2: Constitution of RURBAN platform and multi-stakeholder

Core Team (at the rural and urban levels) .......................................... 28

6.2.1 RURBAN platform interactions ......................................................... 29

6.2.2 RURBAN Meetings in Solapur .......................................................... 29

6.2.3 RURBAN Meetings in Vijayawada .................................................... 30

7 Planning Phase .......................................................................... 32

7.1 Activity 3: Hydrological and climate modelling of selected micro-

catchments ......................................................................................... 32

7.2 Activity 4: Development of IAdapt Framework for Catchment

Management Plan Preparation ........................................................... 33

7.2.1 Implementation of IAdapt Framework in Solapur .............................. 34

7.2.2 Implementation of IAdapt Framework in Vijayawada ........................ 35

7.3 Activity 5: State of the Art Paper on IUWM tools ................................. 37


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7.4 Activity 6: Decision Support Tool Framework ..................................... 39

8 Implementation Phase ............................................................... 40

8.1 Activity 7: Pilot project implementation: Vijayawada ........................... 41

8.1.1 Adaptation module for Vijayawada for DST framework ..................... 47

8.2 Activity 8: Pilot project implementation in Solapur .............................. 50

8.3 Activity 9: Capacity building of stakeholders on various aspects of

IUWM, climate change, scientific decision making ............................. 55

8.3.1 Exposure visit ................................................................................... 55

8.3.2 Site visits .......................................................................................... 55

8.3.3 Awareness and information, education and communication (IEC)

activities ........................................................................................... 56

8.3.4 Visit by expert to Vijayawada micro-catchment for hands-on-training 56

8.3.5 Exposure and exchange visits of researchers and officials ............... 56

8.3.6 All partner visit to Vijayawada project city ......................................... 56

8.3.7 Exposure Visit on Integrated Water Management practices for

Vijayawada catchment managers ..................................................... 57

8.3.8 Training Workshop on Solid Waste Management and Rain Water

Harvesting Techniques in Solapur .................................................... 57

8.3.9 Training Program on Acoustic Leak Detection System, in Solapur

Municipal Corporation....................................................................... 58

8.3.10 Awareness and Information, Education and Communication (IEC)

Activities with Schools in Solapur City .............................................. 58

8.3.11 Exposure Visit to Nagpur for Solapur Municipal Officials .................. 58

8.3.12 Research project on biodiversity of Ekhrukh Lake, Solapur .............. 59

8.3.13 A Focus Group Discusses IAdapt Project Activities ......................... 59

8.3.14 State-Level Meeting Reviews of IAdapt Activities ............................. 59

8.3.15 Expert Visit for Pilot Project Identification ......................................... 59

8.3.16 MIKE training by IITM in Chennai ..................................................... 60

8.3.17 Meeting with commissioner for pilot projects in Solapur .................... 61

8.3.18 Discussions with Local Stakeholders in Ekrukh Micro catchments ... 61

8.3.19 Meetings with Rural Authorities ........................................................ 61

8.3.20 Meeting with District Authority in Solapur .......................................... 61

8.3.21 IAdapt project presentation to Jal Shakti Abhiyan Inspection Team in

Vijayawada ....................................................................................... 61

8.4 Compendium on financing options for recovery and reuse of

wastewater .......................................................................................... 62

9 Project Outputs .......................................................................... 66

9.1 IAdapt Framework .............................................................................. 66

9.2 Hydrological and climate modelling of the selected micro-catchments 67

9.2.1 Climate Change Assessment ........................................................... 67

9.2.2 Hydrological Modeling: ..................................................................... 68

9.2.3 Urban Heat Island Map ..................................................................... 68


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9.3 State of the Art Paper on IUWM tools ................................................. 68

9.4 Decision Support Tool......................................................................... 69

9.5 Catchment Management Plan ............................................................ 71

9.6 Finance Compendium ......................................................................... 72

9.7 Minor Outputs ..................................................................................... 72

10 Project Management .................................................................. 74

11 Challenge Management ............................................................. 75

11.1 Technical challenges .......................................................................... 75

11.2 Management challenges ..................................................................... 75

11.3 Political challenges ............................................................................. 76

12 Research Ethic ........................................................................... 77

13 Project Communications ........................................................... 77

13.1 Dissemination ..................................................................................... 77

13.2 Networking .......................................................................................... 79

14 Overall Assessment and Recommendations ........................... 80

List of Figures

Figure 1 Methodological Framework for DST ...................................................................... 40

Figure 2 WEAP Model for Water Balance in Vijayawada ..................................................... 42

Figure 3 WEAP Model for Domestic Water Demand, Vijayawada ....................................... 43

Figure 4 WEAP Model for Unmet Water Demand, Vijayawada ........................................... 43

Figure 5 WEAP Model for Water Demand after Investment Scenario .................................. 44

Figure 6 Water Demand According to Stakeholders ............................................................ 45

Figure 7 Water Demand Scenario before Investment Scenario ........................................... 46

Figure 8 Water Demand after Investment ............................................................................ 46

Figure 9 Methodology of Developing Solution Pathways ..................................................... 47

Figure 10 Methodological Framework for WEAP Solutions ................................................. 48

Figure 11 WEAP Impact Scenario – Canal Purification ....................................................... 49

Figure 12 Ground Water Recharge Structure in School Compound in Solapur ................... 52

Figure 13 School CampShala in Solapur............................................................................. 52

Figure 14 Design of Constructed Wetland at Ekrukh Lake .................................................. 54

Figure 15 Project Site at Ekrukh .......................................................................................... 54

Figure 16 WEAP Assessment Model .................................................................................. 70

Figure 17 Methodological Framework for WEAP Solutions ................................................. 70


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List of Tables

Table 1 Ranking Based on SWOT Analysis for Solapur Micro-Catchments ........................ 27

Table 2 Ranking Based on SWOT Analysis for Vijayawada Micro-catchments ................... 28

Table 3 Schedule of Interviews for IUWM Review ............................................................... 38

Table 4 List of Adaptation Solutions in Vijayawada ............................................................. 50

Table 5 Water Quality Assessment ..................................................................................... 54

Table 6 Proposed Business Models for Review .................................................................. 62

List of Annexures

Annexure 1 SWOT Analysis Report for Delineated Micro-catchments

Annexure 2 RURBAN Core Team and Stakeholder Team - Solapur

Annexure 3 RURBAN Core Team and Stakeholder Team - Vijayawada.

Annexure 4 Administrative Order – Institutionalising RURBAN Platform in Vijayawada by

District Magistrate and Collector Office

Annexure 5 Hydrological and Climate Modelling of Solapur and Vijayawada cities

Annexure 6 IAdapt Framework for Development of Catchment Management Plans

Annexure 7 Catchment Management Plan - Solapur

Annexure 8 Catchment Management Plan - Vijayawada

Annexure 9 Interview Guidance Questionnaire - IUWM Review

Annexure 10 Paper - IUWM Toolkit Review

Annexure 11 Decision Support Tool – Strategy Paper

Annexure 12 Implementation of DST in Vijayawada - Presentation

Annexure 13 Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Assessment Report

Annexure 14 Ecological Status and Rejuvenation Strategy of Ekrukh Lake – Plan of

Constructed Wetland

Annexure 15 Rural Exposure Visit - BibiDarfal and Wadala village

Annexure 16 MIKE Software Training and Exposure Visit to Vijayawada

Annexure 17 Report on IEC Activities in Solapur Micro-catchments

Annexure 18 Visit by Expert to Vijayawada Micro-catchment for Hands-on-Training

Annexure 19 Report on Partners Visit to Vijayawada

Annexure 20 Exposure Visit - Hyderabad

Annexure 21 Report on Training Program on Solid Waste Management and Rain Water

Harvesting in Solapur

Annexure 22 Report on Training Program on Acoustic Leak Detection System, in Solapur

Municipal Corporation

Annexure 23 Report on IEC Activities in Solapur City

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/1.SWOTAnalysis.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/2.%20CT_SHGroup_IAdapt_Solapur.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/3.%20CT_SHGroup_IAdapt_Vijayawada.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/4.%20Institutionalisation%20of%20a%20District%20RURBAN%20Platform%20-%20Krishna%20District.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/5.HydrologicalandClimateModelingReport.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/IAdapt_Framework.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/9.%20Interview%20Guidance%20Questions.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/10.IUWMToolkitReview.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/11.DSTstrategypaper.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/DST_Training.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/13.%20RWH%20Assessment%20Report.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/14.%20Site%20Visit_Report_Constructed%20Wetland.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/15.%20Rural%20exposure%20visit_Solapur.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/16.%20Training%20and%20Exposure%20Visit_2020.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/17.%20Rural%20IEC_Solapur.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/18.%20Expert%20Visit_Vijaywada.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/19.%20Partner%20Visit_Vijayawada.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/20.%20Exposure%20Visit_Hyderabad.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/21.%20TP%20SWM_RWH.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/22.%20TP%20Acoustic%20Leak%20Detection%20System.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/23.%20Urban%20IEC_Solapur.pdf


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Annexure 24 Exposure visit - Nagpur

Annexure 25 Minor Research Project - Biodiversity Study of Ekhrukh Lake, Solapur

Annexure 26 Report on Focus Group Discussion

Annexure 27 CMP Training Modules

Annexure 28 DST Training Modules

Annexure 29 Financial Compendium and Feasibility Analysis of Wastewater Reuse for

Industry and Agriculture in Solapur and Vijayawada

Annexure 30 Letter from Solapur Municipal Corporation

Annexure 31 Letter from Vijayawada Municipal Corporation

Annexure 32 FGD Report - Selection of Micro-catchments

Annexure 33 Quadrat Study Report

Annexure 34 Questionnaire for FGD

Annexure 35 Newspaper articles

Annexure 36 Project Brochure in English

Annexure 37 Project Brochure in Marathi

Annexure 38 Project Brochure in Telugu

Annexure 39 Pilot Project Brochure

Annexure 40 Brochure IADAPT Framework

Annexure 41 Brochure DST Framework

Annexure 42 Brochure IUWM Toolkit Review

Annexure 43 Brochure RURBAN Platform

Annexure 44 Newsletter 2016-2017

Annexure 45 Newsletter 2018-2020

Annexure 46 First Partner Meeting Report

Annexure 47 Second Partners Meeting Report

Annexure 48 Internediate Partners Meeting Report

Annexure 49. Third Partners Meeting Report

Annexure 50 Resilient Cities Asia Pacific Congress 2019 - Proceedings

Annexure 51 Session Description - Resilient Cities, Bonn 2019

Annexure 52 Report on International Conference under IAdapt Project

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/24.%20Exposure%20Visit%20Nagpur_Oct%202018.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/25.BiodiversityStudyEkrukhLake.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/26.%20Focus%20Group%20Discussion%20-%20Solapur.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/CMP_Training_Module.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/28.DST_TrainingModule.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/29.FinancialModelingCompendium.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/30.%20Letter_SMCcommissioner.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/31.%20Letter_VMCcommissioner.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/32.FGDReport.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/33.QuadratStudyReport.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/34.FinalQuestionnaireFGD.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/35.Newspaperarticlesfromprojectcities.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/IAdapt_Brochure.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/37.IAdaptBrochure_Marathi.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/38.IAdaptBrochure_Telugu.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/39.PilotProject.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/Iadapt_Framework_Single_Pages.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/Flyer_Design-Decision_Support_Tool_Revised.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/IUWM_Toolkit_Review.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/RURBAN_Platform_Web.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/Newsletter_2016_2017.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/44.Newsletter_2018-2020.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Events/49.ProceedingsRCAP2019.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Events/50.RC2019_SessionDescription_IDRC.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Events/51.IAdaptConferenceReport_20Nov2019.pdf


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Abbreviations

ACCCRN Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network

AdoptIUWM Adopting Integrated Urban Water Management in Indian Cities

AMRUT Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation

APFSD Asia Pacific Forum for Sustainable Development

ARTI Appropriate Rural Technology Institute

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BOT Build-Operate-Transfer

CDKN Climate and Development Knowledge Network

CEO Chief Executive Officer

CGM Chief General Manager

CMP Catchment Management Plan

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation

CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

DAY-NULM Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission

DST Decision Support Tool

EU European Union

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GCM General Circulation Models

GWP Global Water Partnership

GWP Global Water Partnership

HEC-HMS Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydraulic Modeling System

HH House Holds

HMWSSB Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board

IAdapt Integrated Rural Urban Water Management for Climate Based Adaptations in Indian

Cities

IAP ICLEI ACCCRN Process

IDRC International Development Research Centre

IEC Information, Education and Communication

IITM Indian Institute of Technology, Madras

IRAP Institute for Resource Analysis and Policy

IRAP Institute for Resource Analysis and Policy


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IUWM Integrated Urban Water Management

IWA International Water Association

IWMI International Water Management Institute

IWMP Integrated Watershed Management Program

IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

JSA Jal Shakti Abhiyan

Kmph Kilometres per hour

MBBR Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor

MCM Million Cubic Meter

MJP Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran

MLA Member of Legislative Assembly

MLD Millions of Liters Per Day

MP Member of Parliament

MSW Municipal Solid Waste

NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

NGO Non-Government Orgnization

NRW Non Revenue Water

NULM National Urban Livelihoods Mission

PHED Public Health Engineering Department

PPP Public Private Partnership

RCP Representative Concentration Pathways

RURBAN Rural-Urban

RWH Rain Water Harvesting

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

SCS-CN Soil Conservation Service Curve Number

SMC Solapur Municipal Corporation

STP Sewage Treatment Plant

SWITCH Sustainable Water Management Improves Tomorrow’s Cities Health

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats

TCPO Town and Country Planning

TMC Thousand Million Cubic

UASB Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

UASB Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

ULBs Urban Local Bodies


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UNESCAP UN Economic and Social Commission for the Asia and the Pacific

UWS Urban Water Supply

VMC Vijayawada Municipal Corporation

WAC World Aqua Congress

WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

WBM Water Balance Model

WEAP Water Evaluation and Planning

WRD Water Resources Department

WRF Water Research Foundation

WSSO Water and Sanitation Support Organisation

ZP Zilla Parishad

ZPS Zilla Parishad Solapur


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1 Executive Summary

The Integrated Rural Urban Water Management for Climate Based Adaptations in Indian Cities

or IAdapt Project has been designed to meet the requirement of cities to address their water

resource challenges by engaging with multiple levels of stakeholders and water users (rural

and urban) and developing climate adaptive catchment level action plans. The idea is to

enable cities to move from traditional approaches of water management (that plan, establish

and operate water supply, wastewater and storm water systems as separate entities) to an

‘Integrated Approach’ based on the principles of Integrated Water Resource Management

(IWRM) and Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM). The project was implemented in

two Indian cities - Solapur in Maharashtra, and Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh and their

surrounding catchments – which face issues related to droughts, floods and water conflicts.

1.1 Objective

The overall objective of the project was to institutionalize climate change adaptation in city and

catchment policy and planning by implementing climate proof integrated urban water

management (IUWM) /integrated water resource management (IWRM) approaches through

participatory planning, simple decision support tools, catchment level action plans, and multi-

pronged financing approaches. This was planned to be achieved by creating an enabling

ecosystem within cities to adopt and implement IUWM and IWRM approaches at catchment

level guided by simple and effective tools for the local authorities.

The specific objectives of the project include:

A. Establish multi-stakeholder platforms to bring together rural-urban/upstream-downstream

stakeholders to enable information exchange, share different priorities and needs, and

promote collaboration in planning for improved water management.

B. Improve city and catchment level water security by incorporating climate adaptation

measures in the existing IUWM framework, expanded to include the whole catchment

C. Build the capacity of stakeholders to apply IUWM principles, incorporate climate change

adaptation, implement both participatory and science-based decision making, and to

access climate and water based project financing

D. Produce a scientifically sound, participatory informed, Catchment Management Plan for

long term water security and management at catchment level incorporating the needs of

urban and rural stakeholders;

E. Create of a compendium on 'innovative' financing options for IUWM and IWRM, facilitated

through cross-learning; and,

F. Pilot at least two city-catchment level 'adaptation options' selected by the stakeholder

committee and communities, one in each of the two participating municipalities.

1.2 Activities

The project consisted of three major phases – preparatory phase, planning phase and

implementation phase. Each phase consisted of a number of smaller tasks and activities which

contributed to the achievement of the overall objective of participatory, climate adaptive and

integrated water management in the two project cities. The different phases of the project are

outlined below:


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1.2.1 Preparatory Phase

This is the initial phase of the project, where the project implementation area was selected

through a micro-catchment delineation process and engagement with the stakeholders in rural

and urban areas was initiated. The main activities include:

Analysis of topography and hydrological flow patterns through open source GIS softwares

Assessment of socio-economic and environmental parameters like climate, demography,

socio-economics, environmental and basic services of water, wastewater and other allied

sectors

focus group discussions, quadrat studies and key personnel interviews

SWOT Analysis of this information collected

Two micro-catchments were selected - one in each city-region of Solapur and Vijayawada

Introduction of project to the municipal corporations, district collectorate, village

panchayats (local authorities) to bring different stakeholders on board

A multi-stakeholder Core Team (at the rural and urban levels) and a RURBAN (Rural –

Urban) Platform was developed including members of the rural and urban local authorities,

civil society, institutes, private sector and other stakeholders to discuss catchment level

issues of water resource management.

1.2.2 Planning Phase

This was the second phase of the project that consisted of development of the IAdapt

Framework for developing catchment management plans. The main activities include:

Development of IAdapt Framework as a step by step guidance framework to help cities

engage with their rural counterparts and formulate catchment management plans for their

shared water resources considering both current and future water availability scenarios

vis-à-vis climate change.

Hydrological and climate modelling for the cities to assess the climate risks with reference

to water resources. This information was used in the IAdapt Framework to identify

interventions in the catchment management plan that could minimise such risks.

Development of a Decision Support Tool (DST) to support the selection of interventions

for implementation that best demonstrate integrated water management in the catchment

in the context of a changing climate.

Development of a compendium of financial models, specifically with reference to waste

water management for the two project cities to support integrated water management.

1.2.3 Implementation Phase

This is the final phase of the project, which consisted of identifying and implementing pilot

projects in the project cities that demonstrate the value of integrated water management and

participatory decision making. The main activities are:

- Selection and finalisation of pilot projects to be implemented in Solapur in rural and

urban areas in consultation with RURBAN platform stakeholders and core team

members in Solapur city and project villages.

- For Solapur, two small pilot projects were selected - bioremediation based constructed

wetland plant for waste water treatment flowing into Ekhrukh Lake and roof top

rainwater harvesting for a municipal school complex in the city.


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- In Vijayawada, the DST was field tested on the 24x7 water supply scheme proposed

by the district collectorate and an assessment was made on the efficacy of the project

to promote integrated water management.

- Trainings and capacity building of officials in the city, villages and district authorities.

- Peer learning through site visits and exchange visits

1.3 Outcomes and outputs

The major outcomes of the project are:

1. Development and trial of RURBAN Platform - this is a group of stakeholders from rural and

urban areas developed as a means of engagement among these stakeholders to plan for

shared natural resources.

2. Development of capacity of local authorities to collaboratively and scientifically plan for

water resources - using the IAdapt Framework (a step by step guidance toolkit for local

authorities to develop climate adaptive catchment management plan), climate and

hydrological modeling studies, the Decision Support Tool (a tool to help local authorities

prioritise water management interventions to promote integrated management), local

government officials from rural, urban and district levels have been trained on developing

catchment level water management plans in a collaborative manner considering climate

change impacts on water resources.

3. Capacity building of local stakeholders - 2 site visits, 2 exchange visits to nearby cities and

villages and 4 training workshops have been conducted under the project for local

stakeholders (including communities, institutions, students, NGOs, etc) and urban and

rural local authority officials. This has increased their understanding of integrated water

management, its linkages with climate change and the dependencies of water on other

sectors such as waste water, solid waste, storm water, health, agriculture among others.

4. Demonstrated integrated water management - through pilot interventions in the project

cities, integrated water management systems have been showcased. In Solapur,

management at the demand and supply side have been addressed through rain water

harvesting and constructed wetland systems developed under the project in urban and

rural areas respectively. In Vijayawada, integration has been tested through the Decision

Support Tool which was implemented on a live project of 24/7 water supply scheme.

The major outputs of the project include:

1. IAdapt Framework Toolkit - a step by step guidance toolkit that will help local authorities

to develop scientifically informed, collaborative catchment management plans for water

resources.

2. Climate and Hydrological Modeling Report - city specific hydrological and climate modeling

reporting has been prepared to understand the city specific climate risks. This information

was used to prepare the catchment management plans for the 2 city regions.

3. Decision Support Tool - a tool to help local authorities to identify climate resilience

interventions that support integrated water management.

4. Catchment Management Plans for Solapur and Vijayawada - 2 catchment management

plans have been prepared using the IAdapt Framework, the Decision Support Tool and

Climate Modeling Report under the project.


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5. Financial Compendium - a financial compendium has been prepared for the two cities in

the context of reuse and recycling of treated waste water under the project.

6. Review of IUWM Toolkits - a detailed assessment of existing IUWM toolkits have been

conducted under the project to understand the relevance and gaps of different models.

7. Training Manual - a training manual has been developed on the Catchment Management

Planning process based on the IAdapt Framework specifically for officials of local

authorities.

8. Small research project - A research project was supported under the project, led by Dr. M

N Jagtap, from Research Centre and Post Graduate Department of Botany, D.B.F.

Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur in which 2 research students carried out

a study on local biodiversity of Ekhrukh Lake of Solapur, that lies within the selected micro-

catchment.

9. Pilot projects – 2 pilot projects in Solapur and 1 project in Vijayawada to field test the

concepts of integrated water management.

In addition, the project and its outcomes has been disseminated through various channels

such as a dedicated website, newsletters, brochures, and through national and international

conferences, such as the ICLEI World Congress 2018, Resilient Cities Bonn 2019, Resilient

Cities Asia Pacific 2019. A one-day International Conference on Integrated Rural Urban Water

Management was organised in New Delhi on 20 November 2019. In this dissemination

workshop, the outcomes and outputs of the project were presented to a number of cities and

practitioners coming from different parts of India, Nepal and Bangladesh.


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2 Introduction

Cities in South Asia face extreme water insecurity due to a changing climate and rapid

urbanization, resulting in flooding, water shortages and drought, within city boundaries and in

their surrounding catchments. This creates a range of short-term and long-term consequences

on human health, physical assets, economic development, and social systems and cities need

to start taking action on them. However, cities are not closed systems and in most cases, city-

centric responses alone are inadequate to meet such challenges.

The IAdapt Project has been designed to address the requirement of cities to manage their

water resource challenges by engaging with multiple levels of stakeholders and water users

(rural and urban) and developing climate adaptive catchment level action plans. The idea is to

enable cities to move from traditional approaches of water management (that plan, establish

and operate water supply, wastewater and storm water systems as separate entities) to an

‘Integrated Approach’ based on the principles of IWRM and IUWM. The project was

implemented in two Indian cities - Solapur in Maharashtra, and Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh

and their surrounding catchments – which face issues related to droughts, floods and water

conflicts.

The project consisted of three major phases – preparatory phase, planning phase and

implementation phase. In the Preparatory Phase, the project implementation area was

selected through a micro-catchment delineation process and engagement with the

stakeholders in rural and urban areas was initiated. The Planning Phase consisted of

development of the IAdapt Framework as a step by step guidance framework that will help

cities engage with their rural counterparts and formulate catchment management plans for

their shared water resources considering both current and future water availability scenarios

vis-à-vis climate change. It was used by the Core Team and RURBAN Platform members to

develop the Catchment Management Plan for managing their water resources, supported by

the Decision Support Tool (DST) and hydrological and climate modelling study. A compendium

of financial models was also developed for the cities. The final Implementation Phase of the

project consisted of identifying and implementing pilot projects in the project cities that

demonstrate the value of integrated water management and participatory decision making.

The pilot projects to be implemented in Solapur in rural and urban areas have been selected

through a consultation with the RURBAN platform stakeholders in Solapur and finalised in

consultation with the core team members in Solapur city and in the villages with the village

panchayat officials. For Solapur, two small pilot projects were selected. In rural areas, the pilot

focused on reduction of pollution load in one of the important water sources for the city - the

Ekhrukh Lake – using bioremediation techniques with the help of a constructed wetland. In

urban areas, the pilot project focused on the reduction of demand of fresh water by using rain

water harvesting technologies to recharge ground water in 3 municipal schools of the city. In

Vijayawada, the DST was tested on a live project of 24x7 water supply scheme that was

proposed by the district collectorate and an assessment was made on the efficacy of the

project to promote integrated water management.


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3 Research Problem

The project was aimed at using integrated water resource management options in a micro-

catchment of two cities – Solapur and Vijayawada – so as to help the cities adapt to climate

change and manage their water resources sustainably, while sharing it with neighbouring peri-

urban and rural areas. There was no change in the research problem over the period of the

project.

The key research questions which the project addressed are:

A. How can the adaptive capacities of cities be enhanced by adopting an IUWM based

approach at the city level and extending it to catchment level?

This question looks at both governance mechanisms and technical approaches that could

support cities in engaging with different stakeholders and water users and move from a city

centric approach of managing water supply and waste water disposal to a catchment based

approach of water resource management.

In order to address this question, the project developed the IAdapt Framework for preparation

of Catchment Management Plans for water resource management. This framework gives

detailed guidelines on how local authorities at rural and urban levels that share water

resources can work collaboratively and in a technically sound manner to form catchment level

plans. In order to identify the climate risks to water resources in the project cities, a detailed

city level climate projection study was conducted, that also looked at urban heat island effect

and its impacts on water resources. The IAdapt Framework is supported by a Decision Support

Tool (DST) that helps the local authorities to select resilient interventions for water

management that support integrated management looking at catchment level benefits.

B. Which levers and incentives are most effective for enabling participation by key

stakeholders (grass root organizations, NGO’s, local body heads etc) in sustaining

continuous dialogue on water resource management and adopting an IUWM based

approach?

This question explored the various means of enabling participation of different stakeholders

effectively in common platforms. These enablers included such soft skills such as conceptual

clarity of the need for resource management, ability to engage successfully with stakeholders

as well as financial resources to be able to participate in common meetings. Language of

communication is a major barrier to effective participation.

To address this question, a RURBAN Platform was established in each project city, which

brought together rural and urban stakeholders to discuss issues of common concern regarding

water security, quality, quantity, availability and use. It was ensured that the discussions in

this platform were in the local language, so that everyone could understand and participate

effectively. Technical trainings were provided in local language so that basic concepts of water

resource management can be explained to everyone and stakeholders can discuss their

issues and concerns freely. The critical factor to bring together stakeholders was to ensure

that all stakeholders get an opportunity to speak and feel included in the final decisions that

are taken so that inclusive and participatory actions can be taken.


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C. What are financial mechanisms that could promote and adequately compensate

stewardship of watershed services in catchment areas of cities, to support the

successful implementation of an IUWM approach?

The project helped identify a range of prioritised interventions that support integrated water

resource management in the catchment. Implementation of these interventions requires time

and money, apart from technical skills and socio-economic ownership. Successful IUWM

approaches in the city region was found to be based on not only environmental and socio-

economic factors, but also on political priorities that shape the budget allocation to a large

extent.

A detailed financial assessment was conducted in the context of reuse of waste water in the

two cities to identify means of using recycled water for industrial and domestic purposes.

Public private partnership models have been considered in this assessment. It is envisaged

that reusing and recycling water would be beneficial for both maintenance of quality and

quantity of available water resources, while at the same time ensure that all stakeholders have

an incentive in protecting water resources.


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4 Synthesis of Research Results and Development

Outcomes

The overall objective of the project is to “institutionalize climate change adaptation in city and

catchment policy and planning, by implementing climate-proof Integrated Urban Water

Management (IUWM) and Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) approaches

through participatory planning, simple decision support tools, catchment level action plans and

multipronged financing approaches.” The project has successfully achieved this

institutionalisation of participatory, climate adaptive and integrated catchment level water

resource planning through the establishment and engagement of the RURBAN platform in

developing the Catchment Management Plan. Climate models developed for the project cities

were used to identify climate risks to the cities and chalk out action plans with climate resilient

interventions of water resource management. Financial models have been developed for the

two cities, focusing on the options for wastewater reuse and recycling that supports integrated

water management. The project has been able to identify a methodological approach to

develop climate responsive water management at the catchment level through a participatory

process.

The specific objectives of the project were achieved through the various activities carried out

as part of the project. These achievements are outlined below:

Objective 1: Establish multi-stakeholder platforms to bring together rural-

urban/upstream-downstream stakeholders to enable information exchange, share

different priorities and needs, and promote collaboration in planning for improved

water management.

The project has successfully identified members of a RURBAN platform and a multi-

stakeholder Core Team for urban and rural areas for the two project cities, as an institutional

mechanism to facilitate participatory planning of water resources.

The major outcome of the project is the development and trial of the concept of rural and urban

engagement to plan for shared resources. The RURBAN platform helps to bring together rural

and urban stakeholders for participatory decision making to support resource management

and was a unique outcome of the project. The project has successfully demonstrated that

using the RURBAN Platform catchment management plans for shared water resources could

be developed in a manner that takes into account the needs of all users while minimising the

risks to any one particular community. The RURBAN platform has been appreciated by the

district authorities in Solapur and Vijayawada. Urban local authorities, officials from the district

collectorate and rural local authorities together participated in the RURBAN meetings and

consultations in the project, actively giving suggestions and providing inputs. Many of the

meetings in the project cities were also hosted by the district authorities. The Vijayawada

District Collector has passed a government order formalising the RURBAN Committee that

will make all future decision making participatory in nature.

The RURBAN Platform stakeholders and Core Team groups have been consulted regularly

throughout the project, both in formal workshops and also through one on one meetings to

finalise the Catchment Management Plan in Solapur and Vijayawada.


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Identifying the successful pioneering of micro-planning in integrated water resources

management initiative, an administrative order was issued by the Vijayawada District Collector

directing setting up and institutionalising the District RURBAN Steering Committee. The

members for the same have been identified and communicated to be an active member of

such a first-of-its-kind committee.

Main activities:

Identification of RURBAN Platform members in consultation with district authorities and

municipal corporations

Conducting RURBAN meetings regularly throughout the project

Institutionalising RURBAN Platform through government orders

Outcome: The activities helped to try out a RURBAN Platform in two cities in India and

develop institutionalised mechanisms of engagement of rural and urban stakeholders in a

common platform to discuss issues that affect both of them.

Outputs:

2 RURBAN Platforms created in 2 project cities

3 RURBAN Platform meetings conducted in each project city

Objective 2: Improve city and catchment level water security by incorporating climate

adaptation measures in the existing IUWM framework, expanded to include the whole

catchment

An IAdapt Framework has been developed as a workable model which helps to integrate

climate risks to water management principles at a catchment level. The tool was developed

combining the concepts of the city level AdoptIUWM toolkit (for city level IUWM planning) and

the ICLEI ACCCRN (Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network) Process toolkit (for

climate resilient planning). Hydrological modelling of the micro-catchments was conducted to

assess run off and climate impacts on available water resources. Climate modelling of the

micro-catchments was conducted to predict climate scenarios, which was used to develop

relevant climate adaptive strategies that can reduce risks to the water resources. The report

on ‘Status of Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) Toolkits - A Critical Review’ was

developed and considered in fine-tuning the IAdapt Framework.

The IAdapt Framework was implemented in the two project micro catchments selected in

Solapur and Vijayawada. The tools helped to conduct climate change and socio economic

vulnerability assessment, carry out a water balance assessment, identify fragile systems

linked to water resources and identify resilient strategies promoting climate adaptive and

integrated water resource management approaches. The prioritised strategies and pilot

interventions were identified to develop an integrated catchment management plan. For both

Solapur and Vijayawada, the climate resilient interventions on water resource management

has been identified in consultation with the urban and rural stakeholders.

The Catchment Management Plan (CMP) of Solapur has been ratified by the Mayor of Solapur

Municipal Corporation and the CEO of the Zilla Parishad.


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Activities:

Develop IAdapt Framework

Carry out Shared Learning Dialogues (SLDs) with RURBAN Platform members to prepare

catchment management plan for water resources

Outcome: The activities helped to develop a CMP for the 2 cities that looks at collaborative

water resource management considering the impacts of climate change on shared resources

and considering rural and urban stakeholder interests.

Outputs:

IAdapt Framework

Objective 3: Build the capacity of stakeholders to apply IUWM principles, incorporate

climate change adaptation, implement both participatory and science-based decision

making, and to access climate and water based project financing

Stakeholder meetings, consultations and site visits were held in rural and urban areas in both

the micro catchments (Solapur and Vijayawada) to strengthen the collaborative efforts and

partnership among rural-urban stakeholders for integrated water resource management

initiatives.

Four trainings have been conducted for urban and rural stakeholders in Solapur and

Vijayawada. Different aspects of water resource management and conservation have been

considered in the trainings, including watershed management, good practices of water

management, rain water harvesting, acoustic leak detection, and solid waste management.

IEC activities were carried out in schools of Solapur to spread information on water

management and conservation.

Exposure visits have been organised for stakeholders from Vijayawada and Solapur to other

cities. Sites to be visited were selected on the basis of identified needs of the participating

local authorities. It helped the officials to learn from actual practice and live examples and was

appreciated more than classroom style trainings and workshops. In Solapur, an exposure visit

to BibiDarfal and Wadala villages was conducted by the administrative and elected

representatives from rural areas (TaleHipparga, Ekrukh and Haglur villages in Solapur micro

catchment) and the Agriculture Officer for Integrated Watershed Management Program

(IWMP) from the District Collectorate in Solapur to understand the approaches to implement

community-led participatory water management project for the improvement of water situation

in the rural areas. An exposure visit was conducted for urban and rural catchment managers

of Vijayawada to Hyderabad, while Solapur urban catchment managers visited the city of

Nagpur. The visits introduced them to good practices in urban water management.

The capacity building activities of the project had a lasting impact on the urban and rural

beneficiaries of the project.

The RURBAN Platform meetings organised throughout the project (3 in each project city over

the period of the project) provided opportunity to discuss with stakeholders and build their


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capacity on integrated water management practices. Participation of different institutions,

NGOs and practitioners led to rich discussions. Training manuals have been developed on

the IAdapt Framework and Decision Support Tool and city level trainings were organised for

technical staff from municipal corporation and Zilla Parishad to train them on the development

of catchment level water management plans. The DST and financial modelling was also

presented in these trainings and officials were engaged through exercises and working groups

to improve clarity of understanding.

Activities:

Training and capacity building of local stakeholders and government officials through

workshops, exchange visits, etc - 4 training workshops, 1 exchange visit to Vijayawada

from Solapur, 3 site visits to Nagpur, Hyderabad, Wadala village

Capacity building workshops for local stakeholders such as women and children - 3

workshops organised

National Conference on IAdapt was organised to disseminate information about project

Preparation of training module on Catchment Management Plans using IAdapt Framework

and Decision Support Tool

Outcome: The activities helped to generate awareness among the local government officials

and other stakeholders regarding water management and collaborative planning processes.

Outputs:

12 capacity building events organised in the 2 project cities, apart from a number of one

on one interactions with local officials

3 training workshops for Solapur and Vijayawada district and local government officials on

catchment management planning using IAdapt Framework

Training module on Catchment Management Plan using IAdapt Framework and Decision

Support Tool developed

Objective 4: Produce a scientifically sound, participatory informed, Catchment

Management Plan for long term water security and management at catchment level

incorporating the needs of urban and rural stakeholders;

Based on the results of IAdapt framework and implementation of decision support tool an

integrated catchment management plan has been developed through the project for the cities

of Solapur and Vijayawada. The document considers the climate modelling information of the

two cities developed by IIT Madras to identify climate risks and the framework tools were used

to conduct a participatory vulnerability assessment, water balancing and risk assessment to

finally identify the climate adaptive interventions for integrated water resource management.

The draft Catchment Management Plans were vetted by the local RURBAN stakeholders and

ratified by them.

Activities:


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Using the IAdapt Framework to identify climate risks, fragile systems, carry out water

balance assessment, conduct vulnerability assessment, conduct risk assessment and

identify resilient strategies

Climate projections developed at city level to understand climate risks

Prepare Catchment Management Plan (CMP) for Solapur and Vijayawada

Ratification of CMP

Preparation of Decision Support Tool (DST)

Outcome: The acitivities helped to develop two scientifically sound, participatory CMPs for

the 2 project cities

Outputs:

2 CMPs

Hydrological and Climate Modeling report for Solapur and Vijayawada

Decision Support Tool

Objective 5: Create of a compendium on 'innovative' financing options for IUWM and

IWRM, facilitated through cross-learning; and,

The compendium of financing options with a focus on waste water management has been

developed by IWMI. Detailed discussions were conducted with the city officials to shortlist

waste water management as a common concern in the two cities. Innovative financing options

for waste water management have been identified for Solapur and Vijayawada. A financial

modelling was conducted to provide a compendium of financial provisions for the local

governments and carry out a financial feasibility of wastewater reuse for industry and

agriculture.

Activities:

Collection of data on waste water treatment and reuse and potential for recycling

Desktop research

Preparation of financial model on waste water reuse in Solapur and Vijayawada

Outcomes: The activities helped to understand the current potential for recycling and reuse

of waste water and therefore realistically provide solutions for better integrated water

management in the 2 project cities.

Outputs:

Financial Modeling study for Solapur and Vijayawada


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Objective 6: Pilot at least two city-catchment level 'adaptation options' selected by the

stakeholder committee and communities, one in each of the two participating

municipalities.

The pilot projects in Solapur have been discussed in local stakeholder meetings and RURBAN

Platform meetings regarding adaptation options that would be suitable to implement.

On the basis of discussions with the RURBAN platform and Core Teams, several options for

pilot implementation were shortlisted for Solapur. These included acoustic leak detection in

the city to reduce leakage losses in the water supply system, bioremediation technologies for

lake rejuvenation and waste water management, and rain water harvesting for ground water

recharge. Finally a two pronged approach was selected. In the rural area, a constructed

wetland was proposed to treat the waste water flowing in the Ekhrukh Lake – one of the water

sources for the city, while in the urban area ground water recharge using rain water harvesting

has been proposed to reduce water demand in the city.

In Vijayawada, the DST was tested on a live project that was proposed by the district

collectorate and an assessment was made on the efficacy of the project to promote integrated

water management. The DST tool has been field tested in Vijayawada with reference to the

24x7 water supply scheme that has been proposed in the city.

Synthesize the main research results during the project, highlighting the progress made by

the project. This should be done by listing each specific objective as it is written in the Grant

Agreement, highlighting the progress for each one

Activities:

Discussion with RURBAN Platform members to identify potential pilot interventions

2 pilot projects selected to implement in Solapur

Testing of DST in Vijayawada on a live project as pilot project

Outcomes: Pilot projects helped to showcase integration of water management by looking at

two aspects - addressing water availability to reduce demand and improve water quality to

augment water resource availability.

Outputs:

Rainwater harvesting project in a municipal school complex in Solapur

Constructed wetland system in a village in Solapur catchment

Testing of DST in Vijayawada

Unexpected, surprising or interesting innovative results:

Zilla Parishad (ZP) Solapur emerged as a strong stakeholder in Solapur whereas the District

Collector of Vijayawada took the lead in institutionalising the RURBAN Platform in that city.

The involvement and interest in the overall project and RURBAN platform strengthened the

engagement activities in the city and rural areas. Officials from the Zilla Parishad, Solapur and

Collector’s Office, Vijayawada participated and collaborated for a training programme on


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catchment management plan, decision support tool and financial models. At the final

conference of the project organised in November 2019 in Delhi, representatives from the ZP

Solapur participated in person, while the Collector from Vijayawada participated virtually.

It was however, noticed that the decision making using the RURBAN platform faced a lot of

barriers particularly because of jurisdictional boundaries. As a result, the project had to

develop 2 separate pilot projects for the urban and rural areas in such a way that it contributes

to preservation of a common water resource.

Impact of research results on specific communities or populations in the targeted

country(ies) at the end of the project:

The IAdapt Framework, the Decision Support Tool and the Catchment Management Plans,

along with the supporting documentation on local climate projections (prepared by IIT Madras)

and financial modeling of wastewater treatment systems (prepared by IWMI) has been shared

with the two project cities and the respective district authorities. The project has led to the

development of a catchment management plan for the project cities that will enhance water

security for the city-regions and improve water availability for the residents in general.

The primary impact of the project on the communities has been through the training and

capacity building of local communities that has provided information regarding water

conservation, water pollution, sanitation, and other related issues with water management.

Communities were also benefited through the pilot interventions in the village and in the school

complex in Solapur. The constructed wetland system benefited about 40 households directly,

while generally improving the cleanliness of the village Tale Hipparga where it has been

developed. The Rain Water Harvesting system in the municipal school complex in Solapur

also benefited all the students (more than 300) in the school and is expected to improve the

public health generally in the region due to access to clean water.

Potential uptake of project results within 3 years of the end of the project:

The District Collector of Vijayawada has issued a government order to institutionalise the

RURBAN Platform in Vijayawada to replicate the model of cooperation in other mandals. The

Zilla Parishad and Municipal Corporation of Solapur have expressed interest in the financial

modeling and in implementing the Catchment Management Plan in the region. The Zilla

Parishad has expressed interest in replicating the pilot intervention of the constructed wetland

system in other villages under Namami Chandrabhaga program of the State, of including the

climate modelling results in developing local plans at village level, and in developing integrated

catchment management plans for other micro catchments within North Solapur based on

IAdapt framework. The District Water and Sanitation Mission Cell officials are in the process

of preparing the proposal for yearly activities and their budget estimates. ICLEI South Asia is

following up so that they can be involved in the process for technical inputs as well as

implementation of IEC activities once the budget is sanctioned. The project has also been

discussed with Mr. Sanjay Kundu, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Water Resources of the

Government of India.


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5 Research Methodology

The project consisted of three main phases as mentioned above - Preparatory Phase where

the project implementation area was selected through a micro-catchment delineation process

and engagement with the stakeholders in rural and urban areas was initiated; Planning Phase

that consisted of development of the IAdapt Framework for developing catchment

management plans and the Decision Support Tool and the Implementation Phase which

consisted of identifying and implementing pilot projects in the project cities that demonstrate

the value of integrated water management and participatory decision making. Each phase

consisted of a number of smaller tasks and activities which contributed to the achievement of

the overall objective of participatory, climate adaptive and integrated water management in

the two project cities.

6 Preparatory Phase

In the Preparatory Phase, the project implementation area was selected through a micro-

catchment delineation process and engagement with the stakeholders in rural and urban areas

was initiated.

Two micro-catchments were selected in each city-region in Solapur and Vijayawada, on the

basis of topography and hydrological flow patterns analysed through open source GIS

softwares, coupled with an assessment of socio-economic and environmental parameters in

the areas. Focus group discussions, quadrat studies and key personnel interviews, was

supplemented with data collected on various parameters like climate, demography, socio-

economics, environmental and basic services of water, waste water and other allied sectors

to select the micro-catchments. The prioritised micro-catchment among the delineated micro-

catchment areas in Solapur and Vijayawada where the project activities will be implemented

has been identified through a SWOT Analysis.

Discussions with the municipal corporations, district collectorate, village panchayats (local

authorities) helped to introduce the project and its objectives, and bring different stakeholders

on board to carry out the different activities of the project. A multi-stakeholder Core Team (at

the rural and urban levels) was formulated to carry out the project activities and promote

collaborative action. A RURBAN (Rural – Urban) Platform was developed including members

of the rural and urban local authorities, civil society, institutes, private sector and other

stakeholders to discuss catchment level issues of water resource management. It included

members from the urban local government, the district government and the state governments

to promote collaborative action and planning for improved water management through greater

exchange of information. To promote RURBAN interactions, Shared Learning Dialogues and

consultation meetings were conducted in both urban and rural areas within the micro

catchments in Solapur and Vijayawada.

6.1 Activity 1: Selection of micro-catchment for both cities

In this activity, the most suitable micro-catchment among delineated micro-catchment areas

in Solapur and Vijayawada were selected to conduct the project activities.


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In the first semester of the project, a framework was developed to identify vulnerable micro-

catchments by collecting socio-economic, cultural and environmental information from the

villages in the micro-catchments using FGDs, quadrat studies, and key personnel interviews.

Information and data was collected for all the delineated micro-catchments in Solapur and

Vijayawada regarding the local profile, demography, land tenure and land use, livelihood

patterns, socio-economic conditions, environmental aspects, basic services, and climatic and

socio-environmental changes over the years. Community perceptions and requirements for

micro-catchment conservation, community attitude to such work (willingness to participate,

capacity to participate etc) were also assessed. Information on water management and

governance issues, watershed services and ecosystem services, vulnerable population and

exposure to natural calamities was also analysed.

Based on the information collected, a SWOT Analysis on ranking method was conducted in

all the micro-catchments. The SWOT Analysis conducted for all the delineated micro-

catchment areas for both the cities is attached in Annexure 1. The strengths, weaknesses,

opportunities and threats are identified for each delineated catchment area. Each micro-

catchment is provided a score on the basis of SWOT parameters for example a catchment

area is given a positive score based on the number of strengths and opportunities; similarly a

catchment is given a negative score if the number of threats and weakness are high. The

catchment areas were finally ranked based on the overall negative and positive scoring. The

micro-catchment with the highest score was selected for the implementation of the project.

6.1.1 SWOT Analysis of micro-catchments in Solapur and Vijayawada

The SWOT Analysis of four micro-catchments identified in and around Solapur revealed that

micro-catchment S3 is the most suitable one for implementing the project with the highest

scoring.

The micro-catchment S1 has four villages; two of the villages are on the periphery of the city

and are highly affected by urbanisation and industrial activities while the other two are outside

the city boundary. Untreated sewage discharged by Degaon stream is the major issue in this

micro-catchment. The groundwater and underground drainage is used to irrigate sugarcane

crops. Community has undertaken water conservation works like stream (nallah) widening,

ground water recharge pits under various government funded schemes. The micro-catchment

is ranked 3rd based on SWOT. The micro-catchment S2 has a prominent lake in the region

used for drinking water, irrigation and industrial uses for villages like Hotgi-Sawathed, Yatnal,

Kumbhari. But due to high levels of pollution in lake the related livelihoods have diminished

over the past few years. The micro-catchment ranked 4th. The micro-catchment S3 includes

Ekrukh Lake, a major water body in the area. Solapur Municipal Corporation and 10 more

villages are sharing this water resource. Sewage discharge and use of fertilizer in the nearby

villages is affecting the quality of water in Ekrukh Lake and is the major concern. Besides that

due to inadequate rainfall, the capacity of the lake has reached nearly half of its original. This

Micro-catchment ranked 1st in the SWOT Analysis. Micro-catchment S4 covers 3 villages

(Pakani, Shivani, Tirhe). It includes a water treatment plant (80 MLD) of Solapur Municipal

Corporation on Ujjani water supply scheme. Sinna River in this micro-catchment, used to be

a perennial river but construction of a dam, industrial development and wastewater discharge

has transformed it to a seasonal water source. Increased industrial and infrastructural

development in this catchment along with climate change adverse impacts will put additional

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/1.SWOTAnalysis.pdf


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stress on the water resource in future. The micro catchment is ranked 2nd based on SWOT

Analysis.

The micro catchment S3 has been selected as the potential area for the project

implementation in Solapur.

Table 1 Ranking Based on SWOT Analysis for Solapur Micro-Catchments

Ranking Based on SWOT Analysis for Solapur Micro-catchments

Micro-

catchment Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats

Positive

Score

Negative

Score

Total

sore Rank

Micro-

catchment S1 4 -5 1 -2 5 -7 -2 3

Micro-

catchment S2 3 -5 2 -4 5 -9 -4 4

Micro-

catchment S3 9 -4 2 -1 11 -5 6 1

Micro-

catchment S4 3 -3 2 -1 5 -4 1 2

In Vijayawada, out of seven micro-catchments delineated, SWOT Analysis was conducted

only in four, since the remaining three are located within the city boundary and do not support

the rural –urban characteristics that is an essential component for the project. The SWOT

Analysis revealed that micro-catchment V3 is most suitable for the implementation of the

project.

The Micro-catchment V1 suffers from poor drinking water quality that compels households to

purchase drinking water from RO plants. There is limited drinking water supply in few areas of

the micro-catchment including hilly areas. Pattiseema project is being implemented in this

region to meet the water demand for irrigation. This micro-catchment ranked 2nd on the SWOT

Analysis. The micro-catchment V2 faces shortage of surface water for irrigation leading to

overexploitation of ground water by farmers. There is a proposal to lay new water supply lines

reducing loss in transmission in some urban areas of the micro-catchment. Also a barrage is

being proposed near Vijayawada to allow for more storage (prevent discharge of surplus water

from Prakasham barrage to the sea) and to prevent salinity creep. This micro-catchment also

ranked 2nd. Micro-catchment V3 covers peri-urban areas of Vijayawada therefore agriculture

is practiced by a few households living in the urban areas due to their proximity to peri-urban

agricultural lands and irrigation canals. There are 4 Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in the rural

and urban areas of the micro-catchment. Flooding of waste water is perceived to be polluting

the ground water on which households depend for their domestic and drinking water use. The

micro-catchment ranked 1st. The micro-catchment V4 has 2 Sewage Treatment Plants (STP)

in the industrial estate of the city and agriculture is the dominant occupation, with many

practicing fishing as another means of livelihood. During rains, there is an occurrence of

flooding of the canals causing skin diseases and other health concerns when residents come

in contact with the polluted water hence an underground sewage system is proposed. The

micro catchment ranked 3rd in the overall scoring.

The micro catchment V3 has been selected for the implementation of the project activities in

Vijayawada.


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Table 2 Ranking Based on SWOT Analysis for Vijayawada Micro-catchments

Ranking Based on SWOT Analysis for Vijayawada Micro-catchments

Micro-

catchment Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats

Positive

Score

Negative

Score

Total

sore Rank

Micro-

catchment V1 2 -7 4 -3 6 -10 -4 2

Micro-

catchment V2 4 -9 5 -4 9 -13 -4 2

Micro-

catchment V3 6 -9 6 -4 12 -13 -1 1

Micro-

catchment V4 4 -7 3 -5 7 -12 -5 3

6.2 Activity 2: Constitution of RURBAN platform and multi-

stakeholder Core Team (at the rural and urban levels)

An assessment of the existing scenario to understand the preferences and constraints of the

various stakeholders (upstream users & downs stream users- farmers, industrial users,

commercial and residential etc) was undertaken to help design a multi-stakeholder Core Team

for the two project cities and a multi-stakeholder RURBAN platform in the two project areas.

This enabled a participatory approach of the planning processes that will allow upstream and

downstream users as well as different policy level representatives to collaborate with each

other.

The core team formulated in both the cities (Solapur and Vijayawada) under the project

included Mayors, Commissioners, Public Health and Engineering Department, village level

authorities (Sarpanch from gram panchayats), representation from the district level catchment

managers like water resources department, agriculture department, ground water boards,

major industrial groups, NGOs and local institutes). The main responsibilities of the core teams

were as follows:

Support the IADAPT Process by providing information and participating in discussions in

the region

Secure the participation of multiple contacts across the city government in the programme

Participating in workshops and consultations at different stages of the project to gather

relevant information from them and incorporate their suggestions and inputs

Coordinate and collaborate with all relevant departments and other stakeholders

Support internal institutional capacity building to effectively fulfil the long-term resilience

requirements

A nodal person (names are mentioned in the list of Core Team members in Annexure 2 and

3) is also identified at the district collectorate office and at the Municipal Corporation level as

the focal points for communication. These officers are responsible to initiate the process in the

catchment areas. The main responsibilities of the Project nodal officers are to ensure smooth

implementation of the tasks of the core team under IAdapt Framework. The main

responsibilities are:

Support the project team to organise meetings of the Core Team and RURBAN Platform


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Support the project team to facilitate communication and consultation with the stakeholder

group

Facilitate data collection from various departments and other sources

The RURBAN platform consisted of representatives from the decision makers and leaders

such as Mayor/Commissioners of the municipal corporations, District Collectors, state

government agencies such as from the Pollution Control Board and Ground Water Boards,

state government departments such as Urban Development and Water Resources

Departments, as well as politically influential individuals such as MLAs and MPs.

The multi-stakeholder RURBAN platform was designed to bring together rural and urban

stakeholders, to enable greater exchange of information, promote collaborative actions, and

formulate and design plans for improved water management in the micro-catchment.

Members of a RURBAN Platform were identified to ensure the implementation of an integrated

governance mechanism. The Platform was responsible for interactions and discussions on

integrated water management strategies and actions.

The main responsibilities of the RURBAN platform included:

Provide guidance to actions identified and planned at the micro-catchment level through

the IAdapt Framework

Essential support to implement water sector related actions at different levels (e.g.

community, city level)

Solapur Municipal Commissioner has provided an official letter regarding the constitution of

the RURBAN platform for the project. The list of Core Team and Stakeholder Group members

are attached in Annexure 2 for Solapur and Annexure 3 for Vijayawada.

6.2.1 RURBAN platform interactions

Several interactions were conducted to strengthen the interaction with the rural and urban

stakeholders in the RURBAN Platforms, such as Shared Learning Dialogues, meetings and

training workshops. Details of some of the meetings are listed below:

6.2.2 RURBAN Meetings in Solapur

The first RURBAN Shared Learning Dialogue in Solapur was conducted on 15 May 2018. The

meeting was chaired by the Commissioner, Solapur Municipal Corporation (SMC) and was

attended by officials from Public Health Engineering Department, Town Planning Department,

City Health Department, Municipal City Engineer, Development Officers of Ekrukh, Haglur and

Tale Hipparga villages and elected public representatives of two villages. Officials from Water

Resources Department, Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP) (Rural Water Supply) and

Agriculture Department along with NGOs working in the selected micro-catchment were also

present. The RURBAN stakeholders were introduced to the IAdapt project, the IAdapt

Framework and the results of baseline assessments, water balance analysis and hydrological

and climate modelling results were shared with them. During the meeting the IAdapt

Framework tools were implemented in consultation with the local stakeholders to conduct

climate vulnerability assessment and identify climate risks for the fragile systems of water,

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/2.%20CT_SHGroup_IAdapt_Solapur.pdf

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waste water, solid waste, agriculture and food systems, storm water and health. The report on

the RURBAN Shared Learning Dialogue is attached in Annexure 4.

The resilience interventions selected through the IAdapt Framework has been discussed with

the Core Team and Stakeholder Group of the RURBAN platform.

A RURBAN meeting was also organised in 2 March 2019. In this meeting, the draft CMP

outcomes were discussed with the RURBAN stakeholder members, and members helped to

finalise the list of resilience interventions for water management that is part of the CMP. It also

helped to identify pilot interventions to be implemented in rural and urban areas under the

project. The report of the meeting is attached in Annexure 5. IIT Madras has attended IAdapt

RURBAN meeting held on 2nd March 2019 in Solapur, where IAdapt framework, Decision

support tool, and draft catchment management plan were discussed with Solapur Municipal

Corporation.

The 3rd and final RURBAN meeting was organised in Solapur on 6th March, 2020. The

meeting was chaired by Smt. Shrikanchana Yannam, Mayor, Solapur Municipal Corporation

(SMC),Sri Prakash T. Vaichal, CEO, Solapur Zilla Parishad and Sri Deepak Taware,

Commissioner Solapur Municipal Corporation. The meeting was attended by 25 participants

including engineers from PHED SMC, Ground Water Board Solapur, Agriculture department,

Environmental engineers Zilla Parishad Solapur, Gram sevak Talehippargah village and

others institutions and NGOs.

The project activities, outcomes and results of each project activities were shared with the

stakeholders and final CMP was presented to Solapur Municipal corporation and Zilla

Parishad Solapur. The pilot projects were handed over to local authorities and a monitoring

framework was discussed.

6.2.3 RURBAN Meetings in Vijayawada

The first RURBAN Platform meeting was successfully conducted in Vijayawada under the

chairmanship of the Krishna District Collector at his camp office on 22 May 2018. The multi-

stakeholder RURBAN platform meeting had around 35 participants which included catchment

managers from both urban and rural regions and representatives of water users. Representing

the rural catchment managers, the CEO of Zilla Parishad, Mandal level officers, senior officials

from the Department of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Department of Panchayat Raj,

Department of Irrigation, Department of Rural Water Supply, Department of Rural Water

Supply, Department of Industries and Department of Development Planning participated.

Representing the urban catchment managers, the Additional commissioner from Vijayawada

Municipal Corporation, water works engineers, community development officer, projects

implementation engineer participated. There was also participation from the water users’

association and industry users’ association. During the meeting, stakeholders were apprised

of the project activities and how the IAdapt project hopes to bring in participatory water

resource management through the RURBAN platform. Appreciating the project, the District

Collector and the Additional Commissioner (on behalf of the Commissioner) representing the

rural and urban catchment managers respectively has assured support to the project.

In Vijayawada, the DST framework, the CMP framework, CMP potential interventions were

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In-depth stakeholder consultations and group discussions were conducted with the Core team

to get their feedback on the CMP interventions, their prioritisations and DST outputs.

Additionally, Athena used this semester to conduct a research on opportunities and barriers

of the RURBAN platform in Vijayawada based on which we were able to identify local context

specific recommendations to overcome some of the barriers so as to achieve sustainability of

the RURBAN platform beyond the project period. IIT Madras has also attended a meeting

which was held in Vijayawada, in which IAdapt framework were discussed with dist. Collector,

PWD official, and other govt. Officials of Vijayawada.

The 2nd RURBAN Platform meeting was held on 13th September 2019, in the District

Collector Camp office under the chairpersonship of the District Magistrate and Collector. The

meeting had around 25 RURBAN catchment managers as participants. Key agenda points

followed for the meeting were:

The overview of project outputs and key outcomes

Presentation of Catchment Management Plan, Decision Support Tool, Compendium of

financing sources and Capacity building

Encouragement of the RURBAN platform to be formed and institutionalised by the

decision-making authority

Pilot project feasibility and implementation

Post this meeting, the RURBAN Platform was institutionalised in Vijayawada through an

administrative order from the District Magistrate and Collector. Issued on 10th October 2019,

the letter clearly outlines the members of the platform along with their expected roles. The

letter is attached as Annexure 4.

The 3rd RURBAN Platform meeting was held on 25th October 2019 where the DST pilot and

its outcomes were discussed. Chaired by the District Magistrate, the meeting was attended by

the identified RURBAN Platform members to ensure ownership. The details of this meeting

discussion have been elaborated in the sections to come.

The 4th RURBAN Platform meeting was held on 13th February 2020, to discuss the project

outcomes, terms of reference for the RURBAN members and way forward. Attended by the

working group, the meeting was conducted under the chairpersonship of the CEO, Zilla

Panchayat. The agenda followed for the meeting was:

● The overview of project outputs and key outcomes

● Way forward for the catchment managers to hold RURBAN meetings, to use the CMP

and to operate the DST

● Encouragement of the RURBAN platform members to meet with the higher officials to

discuss replicating the model at other districts of the state.

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7 Planning Phase

The Planning Phase consisted of development of the IAdapt Framework as a step by step

guidance framework that will help cities engage with their rural counterparts and formulate

catchment management plans for their shared water resources considering both current and

future water availability scenarios vis-à-vis climate change. It was used by the Core Team and

RURBAN Platform members to develop the Catchment Management Plan for managing their

water resources.

A Decision Support Tool (DST) was developed in this phase to support the selection of

interventions for implementation that best demonstrate integrated water management in the

catchment in the context of a changing climate. It helps to understand the impacts of climate

change on water systems and to develop appropriate adaptive measures in response.

Hydrological and climate modelling was conducted for the cities to assess the climate risks for

the two cities with reference to water resources. The climate projections that have been

identified for the cities have been used in the CMP for assessing the climate risks to the fragile

systems and determine the vulnerability of the micro-catchment. This information was used

in the IAdapt Framework to identify interventions in the catchment management plan that could

minimise such risks.

Finally, a compendium of financial models were developed, specifically with reference to waste

water management for the two project cities to support integrated water management. The

business models that are pertinent to the water recovery and reuse, either in industry or in

agriculture have been selected for elaboration by IWMI in consultation with Athena and ICLEI

South Asia. Although initial planning for this compendium was begun in the planning phase, it

was completed only by then end of the implementation phase, when the priorities of the cities

regarding waste water reuse and recycling was identified clearly.

7.1 Activity 3: Hydrological and climate modelling of selected

micro-catchments

A hydrological modelling was conducted for each selected micro-catchment areas in Solapur

and Vijayawada to assess the potential impacts of climate change on water resources,

uncertainty in future availability of water and the linkages therein.

Hydrological models were applied to simulate the impact of a changing climate on the water

cycle as well as to project future hydrological regimes. Information on climatological variables

(e.g., temperature, precipitation or evapotranspiration) and on their distribution in space and

time were collected and analysed. Hydrological rainfall-runoff models by using fine-scale

climate parameters (e.g., temperature and precipitation) were used.

The hydrological and climate modelling report for Solapur and Vijayawada includes the

following:

Climate change assessment

Projection of three climate variable viz. precipitation, minimum temperature, and maximum

temperature, for the next 60 years were made using 7 GCM models. This includes a projection


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for all four RCP scenarios namely, RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5. The severity of

climate change on both cities was also analysed. The report predicts the increase in the

frequency of floods and droughts, impact on the magnitude of peak rainfall, increase in

minimum and maximum temperature.

Hydrological modelling

Rainfall-runoff modelling for both the cities based on the present climate condition was

performed using the empirical method, SCS-CN method, and HEC-HMS.

Urban heat Island effect

Urban heat island effect is another additional factor for climate change especially in cities. UHI

effect on both cities was made based on the projected climate variable were made, and the

critical zone in the region was identified. This can be further used for city planning and

expansion.

The final report is attached in Annexure 5.

7.2 Activity 4: Development of IAdapt Framework for Catchment

Management Plan Preparation

An integrated framework for preparation of Catchment Management Plans - the IAdapt

Framework - has been developed by using tools and methods from various toolkits on

integrated water management and climate change vulnerability assessment like Integrated

Urban Water Management (IUWM) toolkit, IAP toolkit and TEEB methodology. The framework

was used to develop the Catchment Management Plan for the selected micro-catchments in

the project cities. The framework is attached as Annexure 6.

The IAdapt framework was used to collect information on the selected micro-catchment in

Solapur and Vijayawada to develop the Catchment Management Plan. The Framework helped

to prepare a profile of the micro-catchment, conduct climate change and socio economic

vulnerability assessment, carry out a water balancing assessment and use this information to

develop a Catchment Management Plan for the micro-catchment in each project city. Baseline

assessment is conducted to get generic information from the villages and urban areas in the

micro-catchments. The climate scenarios and projections helped to get an idea of the

challenges faced by the cities in terms of climate change. Present water scenario and future

demand in the selected micro-catchment areas in Solapur and Vijayawada were also analysed

based on the framework.

Basic institutional information regarding the micro-catchment area, demography, ecosystem

services, agricultural resources, water resources, land use, basic service provision and

governance was collected. Climate change exposure and vulnerability was assessed using

secondary information based on the IAdapt Framework.

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/5.HydrologicalandClimateModelingReport.pdf

http://iuwm.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/guidance-for-cities/

http://iuwm.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/guidance-for-cities/

http://southasia.iclei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/SouthAsia/documents/ICLEI_ACCCRN_Workbook_WORKBOOK.pdf

http://www.teebweb.org/

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7.2.1 Implementation of IAdapt Framework in Solapur

The selected micro-catchment S3 covers four villages (Ekrukh, Hipparga, Haglur Tartgaon)

and Solapur city area. The total area covered by the four villages is approximately 4182.35

hectares whereas the city covers an area of about 178.57 km². The micro-catchment has

approximately 1745 households (rural) and 188503 HH (Urban). The total rural population in

the micro-catchment is approximately 8830 whereas the urban population is about 951,1181.

There are 3 major water bodies within the micro-catchment

Tale Hipparga Lake - approximate catchment area of 411.81 Sq.Km

Siddheshwar Lake - 36 acre of lake area located in the middle of the city

Ekrukh Lake - water source for all the villages located within the micro-catchment and the

city, located 6km to the north of the city with storage capacity of 61.1 Mm3.

In 1879, the water works of settling tanks at Bhavanipeth was constructed of capacity 27.5

MLD which supplied drinking water to citizens.

The catchment area is prone to floods as it falls in Bhima Basin area. Two climate induced

extreme events (floods in the year 2005 and 20132) were recoding in the last decade. The

region is also exposed to droughts usually caused by insufficient or erratic precipitation over

an extended period of time, resulting in water shortage.

The IAdapt Framework was implemented in three villages and in the urban areas within the

selected micro-catchment in Solapur. The tools within the Framework were used to assess

climate scenarios and regional climate projections. Regional and city level studies on past

trends and climate projections were referred in order to identify climate risks for the selected

micro-catchment. The analysis defines two potential climate risks: increased temperature and

irregular, high intensity rainfall in the region. In order to assess the future vulnerabilities of the

micro-catchment, it is important to understand the projected climatic trends for the region. The

detailed assessments from the ‘Climate Change and India: A 4x4 Assessment’ prepared by

the Government of India3 has been referred to for the information on the climatic trends

projected for the Western Ghats region for the period 2030. The Government of Maharashtra

has undertaken studies to assess the climate change vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies

for Maharashtra4. This study focuses on monsoonal changes for the region of Maharashtra

and predicts rise in the regional temperature as well as precipitation. This was compared to

the climate modeling study by IIT Madras and the potential climate risks were identified.

The toolkit helped to assess the present and future status of water (water balance), identify

the focus sectors and issues, assess the fragile systems , and conduct a risk assessment of

climate fragility and vulnerability of different sectors and actors. Vulnerability maps were

1 Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India

2 District disaster management plan, Solapur 2017-18

3Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment. 2010. Climate Change and India: A 4X4 Assessment - A

sectoral and regional analysis for 2030s. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of

India.http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/c/a/GOM_brochure_for_web.pdf 4 The Met Office Hadley Centre, TERI and Government of Maharashtra. 2012. Climate change in Maharashtra- A

pioneering adaptation strategy. Met Office, The Energy and Resources Institute and The Government of

Maharashtra. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/c/a/GOM_brochure_for_web.pdf

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prepared to pictorially identify fragile areas. Vulnerable populations within the micro

catchments have been identified.

A list of climate adaptive water resource management interventions for Solapur were

discussed and finalised with the RURBAN Platform members. The team visited the city of

Solapur and met with the rural and urban stakeholders to discuss with them the interventions

and prioritise and localise the solutions. These solutions can be run through the DST

Framework that has been developed under the project (see later) to shortlist them for

implementation for the urban and rural local bodies. On the basis of these discussions, a draft

Catchment Management Plan has been developed for Solapur and its selected catchment.

The draft Catchment Management Plan (CMP) was presented to the RURBAN Platform

stakeholder group through a RURBAN Meeting. The list of interventions that have been

identified in the CMP has been presented to RURBAN Platform and in consultation with the

stakeholders, 2 pilot projects were shortlisted for implementation. The final CMP was handed

over to Solapur Municipal Corporation and Solapur Zilla Parishad Office and ratified by them

during the 3rd RURBAN meeting organised in Solapur on 6th of March, 2020.The CMP for

Solapur is attached in Annexure 7 and provides information on all the tools used.

A training module was developed as an instructional guide to develop and replicate the

catchment management planning to other micro catchments. A training program was also

organised for RURBAN core team to understand the process and methodology to develop

CMP and action plan for the rural and urban areas within the catchment.

7.2.2 Implementation of IAdapt Framework in Vijayawada

The selected micro-catchment V3 in Vijayawada covers 12 villages (Ambapuram,

Chegireddipadu, Done Atkuru, Haveli Mutyalampadu, Jakkulenekkelam, Narasayagudem,

Nunna, Phiryadi Nainavaram, Ramachandrapuram, Surampalle, Vedurupavuluru, Velageru)

and Vijayawada city area. The total area covered by the 12 villages is approximately 16451.3

hectares whereas the city covers an area of about 61.88 km². The micro-catchment has

approximately 12081 households (rural) and 231759 HH (Urban). The total rural population in

the micro-catchment is approximately 42246 whereas the urban population is about 263,9985.

Ground water, Budameru river and agricultural canals carrying Krishna’s fresh water are the

primary water sources within the micro-catchment.

Based on an analysis of historical data, Vijayawada witnessed several storms ranging from

Tropical Depressions (31 – 61 km/hr) to very strong storms (88-117 km/hr). In the 137-year

period between 1877 and 2013, 33 cyclonic disturbances passed within 150 km of Vijayawada

City, an average of one cyclone in five years. However, most of the cyclones have weak

effects. Exceptions to this rule are found in the May 1990 super cyclone with winds up to 117

kmph and the November 1977 cyclone with winds up to 183 kmph. Besides the overflowing of

banks of Krishna River, Vijayawada city also experiences floods (mainly water logging) due to

flows from Budameru river. The low-lying areas along the river in the city experience the water

logging particularly during retreating monsoon (due to the depressions and cyclones), when

reservoirs are almost at the full capacity. Our baselines assessment indicated that wards

around Budameru River (drain) area are having a high incidence of water borne diseases

5 Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India

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(typhoid, jaundice and diarrhea). The quality of water supply in coastal regions is at risk from

rising sea level and changes in precipitation. Rising sea level and the occurrence of drought

can increase the salinity of both surface water and ground water through salt water intrusion.

Regional, state and city level studies on past trends and climate projections were referred in

order to identify climate risks for the selected micro-catchment. The analysis defines two

potential climate risks of increased temperature and high intensity rainfall, extreme events of

cyclones, heat waves and sea level rise in the region. To assess the future vulnerabilities of

the micro-catchment, it is important to understand the projected climatic trends for the region.

The detailed assessments from the ‘Climate Change and India: A 4x4 Assessment’ prepared

by the Government of India6 has been referred to for the information on the climatic trends

projected for the Western Ghats region for the period 2030. The Ministry of Environment and

Forests, Government of India has undertaken a study to assess the climate change

vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies for Andhra Pradesh.7

Initially the watershed analysis was conducted on a smaller study area boundary and hence

the pilot micro catchment included only 12 villages. However, later as the impact of the

irrigation canals were identified on the city and its rural micro-catchment, it was decided to

increase the study area boundary accommodating the path of the irrigation canals. The

watershed analysis was re-done on the revised study area boundary. The selected micro-

catchment V3 has now been revised to cover 35 villages across Vijayawada Rural Mandal

and Gannavaram Mandal (Ajjampudi, Allapuram, Bahubalendrunigudem, Buddavaram,

Buthumillipadu, Chikkavaram, China Avutapalle, Gannavaram, Gollanapalle,

Gopavarapugudem, Jakkulanekkalam, Kesarapalle, Kondapavuluru, Kothagudem,

Madalavarigudem, Mustabada, Purushothapattanam, Savarigudem, Surampalle, Tempalle,

Veerapanenigudem, K.Tadepalli, Jakkampudi, Paidurupadu, Rayanapadu, Gudavalli,

Gollapudi, Ambapuram, P.Nainavaram, Pathapadu, Nunna, Enikepadu, Nidamnuru,

Ramavarapadu, Prasadampadu) and 20 wards in Vijayawada city area. The total area covered

by the villages is approximately 260 sq.km whereas the city covers an area of about 26 sq.km.

The micro-catchment has approximately 59,091 households (rural) and 305,621 HH (Urban).

The total rural population in the micro-catchment is approximately 230,902 whereas the urban

population is about 1,039,5188.

Ground water, Budameru rivulet, rural water storage tanks and the three agricultural canals

carrying Krishna’s fresh water are the primary water sources within the micro-catchment.

The micro-catchment receives rainfall mostly in the months of June to October which

constitutes around 82% of the total rainfall, with Vijayawada city receiving an annual average

rainfall of 982 cm. The city of Vijayawada, due to its geographical position, high rainfall

variability and topography is prone to flooding. Historically, unprecedented rainfall at the end

of the monsoon season has caused flooding in the outskirts of the city predominantly due to

increased man-made activities such as encroachment. The Krishna river enters the city from

the north leading into Budameru canal, whose networks are used to discharge excess/flood

6Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment. 2010. Climate Change and India: A 4X4 Assessment - A

sectoral and regional analysis for 2030s. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of

India.http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/c/a/GOM_brochure_for_web.pdf 7 EPTRI 2012 State Action Plan for Climate Change for Andhra Pradesh. MoEF, GoI 8 Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India

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waters. The carrying capacity of Budameru canal has also reduced due to silting of drains,

developments and encroachments over the years. Due to various flood control measures in

upstream areas, overall flood risk for the city of Vijayawada has been reduced over the years.

From historical flood data, it can be observed that flood occurrence has been on the fall in

Vijayawada. Even the flood that occurred in 2009 might be attributed to the cumulative effect

of above average rainfall over the previous 6 years leading to exceeding the storage capacity

of the aquifer. The depletion of ground water table is also a major concern in the micro-

catchment due to the increased industrial activities and over exploitation of groundwater in the

area. Vijayawada Urban has ground water table at a depth of 9 m which is very less when

compared to the water table depth of 21.6 m and 11.8 m at Vijayawada Rural mandal and

Gannavaram mandal respectively.

As per Vijayawada Municipal Corporation and Rural Water Supply and Sewerage, Krishna, it

can be observed that the urban micro-catchment has 62.7% coverage of water supply

distribution network with 85% households having access to piped water supply while

approximately 35% households have access to piped water supply in the rural micro

catchment. As on date, 36% of the households are connected to sewage distribution networks

in the urban micro-catchment. Out of the 150 MLD wastewater generated in the city per day,

120 MLD is treated while the rest is let out into the agricultural canals. Slums pockets are seen

to have poor sewerage facilities and water supply facilities.

Consultations were arranged with the state, district, local body catchment managers and user

groups of select villages and urban area of the pilot micro-catchment in Vijayawada to

implement the IAdapt framework. The aim was to conduct an assessment of the present and

future status of water (water balance) and identify the focus sectors and issues. Data on the

micro-catchment was collected and water balancing conducted in the area. The fragility

assessment, climate fragility assessment and climate risks were evaluated for the identified

focus sectors and its issues. Vulnerability assessment was also conducted on the climate

fragility statements. After which, potential interventions and solutions were identified to

address the risks and issues in discussion with the catchment managers and stakeholders.

The list of potential interventions was prioritised based on their contributions to climate

resilience using a set of resilience indicators and their contribution to integrated water

management through a set of integration indicators. Apart from this, the interventions were

also checked for their feasibility and expected impact. The CMP of Vijayawada is attached as

Annexure 8 and provides information on all the tools used.

7.3 Activity 5: State of the Art Paper on IUWM tools

Though of great relevance, implementation of IUWM especially in developing countries have

shown some important shortfalls. In order to facilitate the adoption and implementation of

IUWM, five toolkits have been developed in recent times by various organizations. They aim

not only at guiding the implementing of the IUWM approach but also at assisting stakeholders

in tackling the complexity of managing the urban water systems in a systematic, sustainable

and inclusive manner. This report presents and compares these toolkits and how they can or

they have been used to implement IUWM in several cities in the past. It highlights the benefits

and gaps associated with each toolkit and informs practitioners in selecting and using the most

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appropriate toolkit for each case. In this review, the state of different IUWM toolkits developed

by five different organizations/ consortiums are being discussed.

1. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the

Water Research Foundation (WRF)

2. Global Water Partnership

3. EU funded SWITCH project

4. ICLEI South Asia

5. Institute for Resource Analysis and Policy (IRAP)

The paper presents an evaluation of the concept of integrated urban water management and

their applications. The IWMI team through the review developed a draft manuscript titled

"Status of Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) Toolkits - A Critical Review". In this

paper, the relevance and gaps in the IUWM toolkits have been discussed. This draft was done

by reviewing available existing literature and the manuals of the toolkits. However, there was

need to fill a few gaps, such as on the applicability of the toolkits and on the case studies

presented in the earlier draft report. Indeed, the information related to these was not available

in the published outputs. In order to make the report more exhaustive and comprehensive, it

was enriched through interviews with key resource personnel, who have knowledge and hands

on experience in IUWM and in implementing the toolkits.

A structured questionnaire was used for Skype interviews held for gathering and validating

key information related to the development of the state of the art review. The questionnaire is

attached as Annexure 9. Following interviews were carried out using the questionnaire:

Table 3 Schedule of Interviews for IUWM Review

Name Organization Date of Interview

Mr. Luke McPhail Water-Tech Australia 30 April 2018

Dr. Dinesh Kumar Executive Director-IRAP 04 May 2018

Ms. Suneetha Dasappa Kacker Independent Consultant 15 May 2018

Prof. C.J. (Kees) van Leeuwen KWR Watercycle Research Institute 28 May 2018

Ms. Geeta Sandal ICLEI 15 June 2018

This draft has undergone a major review to address some remarks from previous reviewers

with whom it had been shared. The revised output is now available in Annexure 10.

Another round of internal peer review process is ongoing. As part of IWMI’s policies, papers

intended for publication must pass an internal review and validation process. Once this

process is completed, the paper will be submitted for publication to one of these two Journals.

Urban Water Journal:

https://www.tandfonline.com/action/authorSubmission?show=instructions&journalCode=

nurw20#about

Water Resources Management : https://www.springer.com/journal/11269

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/9.%20Interview%20Guidance%20Questions.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/10.IUWMToolkitReview.pdf

https://www.tandfonline.com/action/authorSubmission?show=instructions&journalCode=nurw20#about

https://www.tandfonline.com/action/authorSubmission?show=instructions&journalCode=nurw20#about

https://www.springer.com/journal/11269/

https://www.springer.com/journal/11269


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7.4 Activity 6: Decision Support Tool Framework

Supporting the IAdapt framework which is enabling the RURBAN stakeholders to transition

away from traditional approaches of water management to an integrated approach through

scientific decision-making process, the Decision Support Tool (DST) framework was

developed. Since the IAdapt framework evaluates the critical areas for interventions across

stakeholders and also designs interventions/projects through an assessment of economic,

social, environmental and financial benefits, the DST found its niche in reviewing proposed

interventions/projects to introduce adaptation/augmentations for greater sustainability.

Most interventions or projects in the urban and rural space originate from either local bodies

or State departments with very little direct linkage with proposed interventions of the CMP.

Hence, it becomes important to ensure that an intervention in the catchment area passes

through an assessment to evaluate its effects on the RURBAN stakeholders and to originate

a set of modifications/adaptations to make the proposed intervention more aligned to the CMP.

This climate based tool highlights the deficiencies of proposed water resource projects in

current conditions and future change pressures (climate induced or others) and present

potential adaptation options and strategies to optimise the performance of the project such

that they support integrated water management.

The DST is as action oriented as possible to ensure direct relevance and utility to the users.

It is embedded in the RURBAN platform to support participatory planning. The DST will

converge with the IAdapt framework where it will go beyond the CMP formulation by ensuring

that all proposed interventions in the future are assessed from the lens of integrated water

management before adoption and implementation.

The DST is being anchored around the Water Balance Model (WBM) which is run through the

Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model developed by the Stockholm Environment

Institute’s U.S. Centre. WEAP was selected as the water balance model within the DST

application because of its unique approach for conducting integrated water resources planning

assessments across both municipal and agricultural system with a transparent structure which

facilitates the engagement of diverse stakeholders. The WEAP model includes a database

which maintains water demand and supply information to drive mass balance model on a link

node architecture.

The model will take demand and supply-side inputs and project the overall water balance for

the current scenario which will reflect the allocation of the available grades of water (supply)

among the various users (demand). The model is also capable of projecting the allocation over

time and across scenarios. With a base year at 2011, future scenarios for 2041 will be

developed taking inputs from the Hydrological and Climate model developed by IIT Madras as

well as taking into consideration user demand scenarios.


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Figure 1 Methodological Framework for DST

The DST will assess the projected impact of any proposed intervention on quantity of water

supplied, quality of supply, sustainability and the impacts of the project on the RURBAN

stakeholders and suggest potential modifications/augmentations to the proposed interventions

to mitigate negative impacts if any. A look up module to map user level implications from the

WBM to a set of potential solutions or actions points will be developed. These mitigation

measures need to be curated and proposed for integration into the interventions themselves.

This will be done through a look up module, which will compile all potential responses to a

variety of projects, along with rules for selection of the most appropriate subset for a given

WBM output based on the combination of technical, financial and sustainability linked factors.

A strategy paper on the Decision Support Tool is attached as Annexure 11.

8 Implementation Phase

The final Implementation Phase of the project consisted of identifying and implementing pilot

projects in the project cities that demonstrate the value of integrated water management and

participatory decision making.

The pilot projects to be implemented in Solapur in rural and urban areas have been selected

through a consultation with the RURBAN platform stakeholders in Solapur and finalised in

consultation with the core team members in Solapur city and in the villages with the village

panchayat officials. For Solapur, two small pilot projects were selected. In rural areas, the pilot

focused on reduction of pollution in one of the important water sources for the city - the

Ekhrukh Lake – using bioremediation techniques with the help of a constructed wetland. In

urban areas, the pilot project focused on the reduction of demand of fresh water by using rain

water harvesting technologies to recharge ground water in a premices having 3 municipal

schools of the city. In Vijayawada, the DST was tested on a live project of 24x7 water supply

scheme that was proposed by the district collectorate and an assessment was made on the

efficacy of the project to promote integrated water management.

Trainings and capacity building initiatives were undertaken to transfer the knowledge

developed through the project to the officials in the city and district authorities. Peer learning

was promoted through site visits and exchange visits that encouraged learning by seeing. Both

rural and urban local authority officials took part in such peer exchanges.

Current Scenario of

water balance model

Proposed intervention identified by

RURBAN stakeholder

Intervention proposed provides inputs to rerun the

model

Model rerun on 'Post

Intervention Scenario'

Impact of Intervention

for each member identified

Mitigation and

Adaptation measures

recommended

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8.1 Activity 7: Pilot project implementation: Vijayawada

As a pilot, the DST tool tested and illustrated a proposed project in Vijayawada to review and

exhibit the dynamic modelling involved through a consultative process involving the RURBAN

Platform.

The project selected for the DST tool was the Canal Purification Project. The objective of the

project was to clean up the three canals of Vijayawada city by regulating or treating sullage

outlets into the canals. The expected outcomes were pollution abatement, reduced load on

groundwater and sludge use for manure in agriculture.

First, the directly and indirectly impacted stakeholders were mapped. For each of the directly

impacted stakeholders, the scenario was tested using the WEAP module, where simulations

for the scenario up to the horizon year were projected and shared with the RURBAN members.

The Adaptation module was then utilised to understand the various triggers and the plausible

solutions which could be adopted to enhance efficient water management amongst the

identified stakeholders. The analysis revealed that the project would negatively impact all

stakeholders and suggested for revisions with suitable recommendations. These were

amenable with the decision makers.

This showed that the developed tool can measure the impact on a real time basis and help

take mitigative measures to reduce the risks associated with climate change and water stress.

The successful illustration of the DST has paved way for conversations to adopt the use of the

tool in the water infrastructure projects in Vijayawada, mandatorily. The presentation

containing DST pilot with the illustration is attached as Annexure 12.

The water balance model has been developed for Vijayawada’s study area using Water

Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) System. WEAP was used for the micro-catchment which

included 3 mandals, Vijayawada urban, Vijayawada rural and Gannavaram. Depicted below

is the WEAP configuration for the study area. Demand nodes (indicated in red) include urban

and rural household water demand, livestock water demand, agriculture water demand and

industry water demand. Supply nodes (indicated in green) and their transmission links to the

demand nodes include river head flow, barrage diversion, ground water withdrawal, rural water

supply and irrigation tank. Existing sewerage treatment plants have also been mapped.

2011 being the current scenario, there are multiple analysis such as demand analysis, supply

analysis, water quality analysis one can conduct using this model. As an initiation, unmet

demand analysis was conducted for 2041 which is the projection year as indicated in the figure

below. The major drivers of water demand in the catchment are population (household use)

and agriculture, with livestock, industries and commercial institutions adding to the demand.

The water demand in the catchment is predominantly met through 4 water sources –

Prakasam barrage, canals, groundwater, and irrigation tanks. The water from Krishna river is

diverted to Vijayawada city through Prakasam barrage, which is the primary source of water

in the city. The water demand for agriculture is predominantly met through canals flowing from

the Krishna river and irrigation tanks. The remaining water demand for both the population

and agriculture is met through groundwater abstraction. In WEAP, the demand and supply

nodes are plotted in the catchment and are connected using transmission links which specify

the flow from the supply source to the demand node. Currently there is an unmet demand of

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82.8 MCM in the catchment which is expected to increase to 142.5 MCM by 2041, considering

the current population growth rate.

Figure 2 WEAP Model for Water Balance in Vijayawada

Similarly, the water balance in the catchment can be calculated for a wide variety of scenarios

where the demand or supply are affected by different policies/programs implemented in the

catchment. For example, Vijayawada city is implementing a 24x7 water supply project where

one of the major components is the reduction of transmission losses in the city from 40% to

8% in the coming 3 years. Through the WEAP model it can be understood that the reduction

in losses can lead to a reduction in unmet demand to 130.9 MCM in 2041. Similarly, the

population explosion in Vijayawada due to the development of the capital region of Amaravati

is expected to lead to an increase in in pressure over the existing water sources, and thereby

lead to an increase in unmet demand. Using WEAP it can be observed that the unmet demand

in the catchment increases significantly to 274.9 MCM by 2041. By using the WEAP model to

understand the water balance in the catchment, different water policies and water

management programs can be designed or modified to account for negative externalities.


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Figure 3 WEAP Model for Domestic Water Demand, Vijayawada

Many scenarios were simulated to understand the associated impacts. The water quality of

different supply sources, the amount of pollution generated at different demand nodes, and

various water quality parameters associated with wastewater treatment plants can be

analyzed. For instance, if the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering

Organisation (CPHEEO) standards for water quality are strictly followed across all demand

sites, then the unmet demand is predicted to further escalate, as depicted below.

Figure 4 WEAP Model for Unmet Water Demand, Vijayawada

The demand in 2019 in the business as usual scenario is shown as nearly 30 million cubic

meter which increases to 90 million cubic meter if the water quality is required to be adhered


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to the CPHEEO standards. The significant difference of 60 million cubic meter is indicative of

the need to address this issue, in order to assure a good quality of water supply to all the

demand sites.

Yet another investment scenario of treated waste water being reused by agriculture demand

nodes has been simulated in this example. It is clear that there is substantial reduction in the

unmet demand if this is implemented.

Figure 5 WEAP Model for Water Demand after Investment Scenario

This affirms that this intervention greatly benefits the study area and hence can be placed as

a priority. Various such analyses can be done based on the data input and stakeholder

consultation for all the possible scenarios. These scenarios can be further compared in order

to understand which program benefits the users and the environment the most, and policy

decisions can be based on these results. The results can be imported as excel files, and

independent analysis can be done on the data output generated by WEAP.

The final water accounts were calibrated to understand the unmet water demand faced by

each stakeholder consumption distribution. The total unmet water demand for the catchment

was 23 Million Cubic Meter (MCM). It was recognised that Vijayawada Urban Population faced

the larger threat of unmet water demand of about 10 MCM accounting to about 44% of the

total unmet demand, followed by Thermal Power Plant which faced the shortage of about 4.7

MCM accounting to about 20% of the unmet water demand. The share of unmet demand faced

by the stakeholders are depicted in the chart below.


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Figure 6 Water Demand According to Stakeholders

Additionally, assumptions input in the WEAP model underwent some modifications.

The parameters used to assess water permissible water quality for stakeholders’ use were

revised. The association of temperature changes along with water quality changes was more

intricately assessed. This paved way for more precise results in the scenario, amenable with

the stakeholders and decision makers.

One of the scenarios was to assess the demand and supply gap with demand side quality

restrictions, here the CPHEEO restrictions applicable to India.

Currently, the quality of water available in Vijayawada does not meet the national standards

(as per the water samples tested for quality parameters). In an investment scenario where,

necessary infrastructure is put in place to supply water quality of accepted standards, the total

quantity of safe water drastically reduces. This is depicted in the graph displayed on WEAP

module. In the year 2019, the increase in unmet water demand was 7 times higher than the

business as usual scenario.


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Figure 7 Water Demand Scenario before Investment Scenario

Yet another example to understand water balance on wastewater reuse scenario is attached

below. It was assumed that if the necessary infrastructure construction and policy required to

mandate wastewater reuse in industries and agriculture is put in place in 2019, it would take

two more years (i.e., until 2021) for a stable trend of wastewater reuse to occur in Vijayawada.

Hence, the graph depicted shows a sharp decline in the unmet water demand since it is being

distributed amongst the stakeholders and subsequently reduces freshwater demand.

Figure 8 Water Demand after Investment

Similar scenarios can be simulated for various given conditions to assess the unmet water

demand for any stakeholder at a given time until the horizon year (i.e., until 2041).


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8.1.1 Adaptation module for Vijayawada for DST framework

The adaptation module consists of a multi-level list of potential intervention options that can

be used to evaluate the adherence to IWRM concepts and suggest possible interventions in

context of the quantity/ quality/ risk outcomes for impacted stakeholders in an investment

scenario. Once the WEAP model output is derived, the adaptation module helps in arriving at

intervention options for mitigating the negative externalities in the proposed investment

scenario. These shortlisted interventions are presented to the RURBAN platform for

participatory consultative decision making and prioritized. Post this, the final set of

interventions are implemented after the review by all the members of the platform.

A detailed illustration of the methodology of developing solution pathways in consultation with

RURBAN platform is indicated below,

Figure 9 Methodology of Developing Solution Pathways

The adaptation shortlisting as indicated above also takes into consideration the variation in

the level of cost and effort required to implement an adaptation which will be ranked by the

adaption module of the DST. This will ensure that the most cost-effective alternatives for a

particular WEAP scenario is shortlisted. Additionally, the shortlisting will also take into

consideration stakeholder specific elements. These go into identifying most suitable

alternatives (e.g. infrastructure retrofitting and capacity utilization are usually preferable

alternatives to development of greenfield infrastructure, but these presume availability of

infrastructure; project governance changes are usually easier to implement compared to

sectoral governance improvement, but these require the proposed project to be in a certain

stage of planning etc.). These inputs will be taken from each of the RURBAN stakeholders, at

least those who are impacted by the project (positively or negatively) as per the WEAP model

through a simple to administer questionnaire, or alternatively through secondary data since

most of this information is usually in public domain. Based on this, a shortlist will be placed in

front of the RURBAN platform. The logic for the shortlisting is provided in the subsequent table.

Once the shortlisted intervention possibilities are identified, they are laid out to specific invitees

from the RURBAN platform who are impacted (positively or negatively) through the

intervention. These stakeholders can then consultatively identify most appropriate


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interventions based on a combination of implementation costs and benefits. To support them

in doing so, some key elements of such a cost-benefit assessment approach will be laid out

including factors such as

Financial costs and resource availability taking into consideration lifecycle costs of the

intervention alternatives and sources of meeting such funding (internal and potential

external sources) in light of the financial capacity of stakeholders

Technical capability

People and process maturity

Gestation time vs. intervention timelines

If in course of the consultations, the benefits of the interventions are felt to outweigh the costs,

appropriate representations may be made to higher levels of decision making (State and

Central) to provide resources and support for the interventions.

The stakeholder wise impact from WEAP, leading to the preliminary adaptation option list has

been summarized in the previous sections. The next step was a round of consultations with

the RURBAN stakeholders to finalize the adaptation set.

Figure 10 Methodological Framework for WEAP Solutions

In these consultations, the following inputs from the RURBAN stakeholders, especially the

subset of nine stakeholders who stand to be impacted by the proposed project according to

the WEAP model will be sought

Infrastructure capacity and utilization,

Availability of technical, financial and managerial resources to implement the

recommended adaptations,

Ongoing/ planned interventions which could aid or hamper the proposed adaptations

Estimated time to implement the proposed adaptations

Room in the project (from VMC) to include project specific adaptations

Both the WEAP and Adaptation modules were made use of while illustrating the DST on the

proposed project on canal purification. Since the primary impact was to take place in

1. Stakeholder wise impact from Water Balance Model

Water Balance Model run for base case and for the proposed project

scenario

Differences in Quantity, Quality and Risk to each stakeholder between

the two captured

2. Preliminary Identification

of Adaptation Options

Adaptation module has a longlist of

potential adaptations for various WEAP outputs

From this list, technically most

suitable options are shortlisted and presented to RURBAN platform

3. Consultations to Finalize

Adaptations

A framework (e.g. capacity, finances etc.) is provided to

facilitate consultative decision making by RURBAN

RURBAN stakeholders sit together and identify selected adaptations

based on the framework


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agricultural water use, directly impacted stakeholders were identified to be Vijayawada Rural

agriculture, Vijayawada Rural livestock, Gannavaram agriculture, Gannavaram livestock,

Vijayawada Urban agriculture. The scenario of impact on each of these stakeholders was

simulated to understand fluctuations in unmet water demand.

Keeping the assumptions and desired water quality standards prescribed in the DPR, the

following scenarios were arrived at:

Figure 11 WEAP Impact Scenario – Canal Purification

Post this, there was a discussion held with the impacted stakeholders to go about the

Adaptation module. It triggered the following questions to be raised with the stakeholders:


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Infrastructure Is the proposed capacity sufficient to cater to the current demand?

Demand

Management

Does this project significantly alter the behavior of users for water

resource dependency?

(will users move from groundwater to canals, if the project offers that

opportunity?)

Project

Governance

Is transmission infrastructure to the demand points considered?

Is there a necessity for downstream- investment?

Quantity/Quality

considerations

Is the size significant enough to impact the quantity and quality of water?

After thorough discussions, final set of adaptations which were technically relevant were

arrived at.

Table 4 List of Adaptation Solutions in Vijayawada

The result was amenable with the stakeholders. The DST process was appreciated by the

decision makers since it enabled a bottom-up approach for better water management and

initiated dialogue.

8.2 Activity 8: Pilot project implementation in Solapur

In Solapur, two pilot implementation projects were selected to be implemented – one in the

urban area and one in the rural area. The projects were selected such that the ultimate goal

of integrated water management can be supported. Therefore, the urban project focused on

reducing fresh water consumption by harvesting and using rainwater while the rural project

focused on improving quality of water in the micro-catchment by treating sullage water flowing

into the water source that is common for both rural and urban areas. Both these pilot

interventions thus work towards building water security in the Ekrukh micro catchment and

were selected for implementation based on discussions with the RURBAN Platform members.


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Pilot project 1: Assessment of rooftop rainwater harvesting potential for 25 buildings

in Solapur and demonstration at 1 location

Aim: To assess the potential of roof top rain water harvesting for ground water recharge for

25 SMC buildings and implementation at one location

Issue: Solapur city is located in a drought prone zone of Maharashtra. Urbanization, reduced

rainfall and NRW losses has put a lot of stress on existing water resources and therefore it is

necessary to consider alternate sources through rainwater harvesting (RWH). Uncontrolled

abstraction of groundwater has resulted in decline of ground water table in Solapur. As a

priority, government buildings should be considered for RWH and demonstration to citizens

for promoting this.

Approach and technology: A Rain water harvesting survey report was developed by Enviraj

Consulting Pvt. Ltd to evaluate RWH potential of 27 public buildings in Solapur (including 11

schools, 8 hospitals and 8 shopping complexes). A field survey was carried out to collect the

relevant data on the annual water demand of the selected buildings, physical measurement of

rooftop area and review of existing RWH structure (if any). The total roof top rainwater

harvesting potential of these buildings is estimated to be more than 6600 cu.m. annually. The

report was submitted to Solapur Municipal Corporation on 4th December, 2019 for approval.

Based on the report, most potential sites for the pilot intervention were selected in Solapur

city. The report is attached as Annexure 13.

Through this project, rooftops of three schools in a single complex of camp area were selected

to collect rain water for ground water recharge after filtration.

For ground water recharge using rain water from roof tops, a collection and filtration system

along with a recharge shaft is placed at the school. The filtration tank consists of 3

compartments include provision for 1st flush, actual filtration with gravel, charcoal, sand and

storage for recharge which is connected to a 150 ft deep recharge shaft. The system needs a

physical check for vandalism daily, while the filtration unit needs to be cleaned every year. All

leakages should be repaired and roof tops cleaned before the monsoons every year and the

first flush should be washed out.

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Figure 12 Ground Water Recharge Structure in School Compound in Solapur

Results and discussion: Average water demand of the three schools is about 1200 l/d

(437.66 m3/year) each. The total roof top area covered through this system is about 19,800

sq. ft having potential of recharging ground water of 675 m3/year. This will be about 58% of

the total annual water demand of the selected schools. However, it is to be noted that the total

roof tops of these three schools has potential of recharging groundwater to the extent of about

70.66% of the total annual water demand (if the entire roof top is used) which can benefit

about 250-300 students.

This project will also be used to conduct awareness activities and promote RWH for ground

water recharge. As the system is located in school/govt. building it must be properly protected

from vandalism. In order to support the Jalshakti mission of the Government of India such

models could be replicated based on detailed assessment.

Figure 13 School CampShala in Solapur


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Pilot project 2: Low cost wastewater treatment plant – Constructed Wetland at

Talehipparga village

Aim: To develop a replicable pilot scale low cost sewage treatment plant for the treatment of

Wastewater entering into the Ekrukh (Hipparga) Lake from village Tale Hipparga at Solapur

Issue: Initial analysis of water scenario of Ekrukh lake micro-catchment highlighted that

almost all the villages including 3 project villages are discharging their untreated sewage

(mostly gray water and sometimes overflow of septic tanks) in the neighboring water resource

– Ekrukh lake. Multiple wastewater streams are seen flowing from these villages and polluting

the lake water. The lake water is being used for drinking purpose by some parts of the Solapur

Municipal Corporation and some villages through adjoining bore wells or open wells as well

as in irrigation schemes. Lack of funds, technical manpower and infrastructure at village level

make it difficult to have sophisticated STPs.

Approach and technology: In order to treat sewage from the villages and reduce the

pollution of the lake water, a low cost, low maintenance and replicable wastewater treatment

plant has been installed in Tale Hipparga village. Due to close proximity of the water resource,

availability of land and considering local ecosystem it was proposed to install a bioremediation

based constructed wetland system in which local plant species would be used to consume

nutrients from the wastewater. The treated wastewater could be used for irrigation or

discharged in the lake. A report on the rejuvenation strategy of Ekhrukh Lake is attached as

Annexure 14.

The constructed wetland system consists of a screen chamber, a settling chamber, an

oxidation pond, a tank for gabion structure, a constructed wetland tank, furrows for constructed

wetland, a cascade for aeration and a clean water tank. The implemented system has capacity

of treating waste water of 18 m3/day considering about 200-225 population and 50-70 livestock

which discharges their wastewater in the selected stream.

There needs to be a daily physical check for vandalism and cleaning of screens and channel.

Once a week, the settling unit and water tank needs to be cleaned. De-sludging oxidation

pond and extra growth of plants should be cut every 3 months. Water quality should be

analysed once a year to confirm working proper functioning of the plant. Treated water can be

used for irrigation.

Results and discussion: The constructed wetland system provides a good alternative as a

low cost treatment for remote areas. The initial analysis of influent and effluent water samples

showed the efficiency of more than 90% and is expected to stabilize at 70-80% if maintained

properly.

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Figure 14 Design of Constructed Wetland at Ekrukh Lake

It was also observed that the influent BOD load varies a lot from 250 to 680 mg/lit because of

the cattle dung, overflow of septic tanks and flushing of already settled sludge from the open

areas. It is advised to reuse this water only after disinfection.

Table 5 Water Quality Assessment

Parameters (28 Jan. 2020) Inlet (mg/l) Outlet (mg/lit)

BOD 686 27.4

COD 1709 75

Oil and Grease 22 9.50

Suspended solids 4153 48

Ammonia nitrogen as N 84.4 42.3

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as N 270 108

Free Ammonia as NH3 103 51.5

Figure 15 Project Site at Ekrukh


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8.3 Activity 9: Capacity building of stakeholders on various

aspects of IUWM, climate change, scientific decision making

Various capacity building activities were organized in both the project cities to enhance

technical, social and economical capabilities of local stakeholders to contribute collaboratively

and plan scientifically for efficient and sustained use of water resources.

8.3.1 Exposure visit

An exposure visit was conducted on 6th June 2018 for the administrative and elected

representatives of TaleHipparga, Ekrukh and Haglur villages and the Agriculture Officer for

Integrated Watershed Management Program from the District Collectorate. The participants

visited BibiDarfal and Wadala village to understand the contribution of people’s participation

for rural water conservation projects. Lokmangal Foundation - a local NGO, conducted

awareness campaigns and provided financial support to villagers for water conservation

activities. Nallah (storm water stream) widening, desiltation, plantation, compartment bunding,

weir construction, ground water recharge were some of the projects explained by Mr. Vishal

Deshmukh, the expert who was involved in most of the works supported by Pani Foundation,

non-government organization. He had motivated villages for shramdan (voluntary physical

labour contribution). Wadala village conducted sanitation and water conservation projects

through participatory involvement in planning and implementation, developing a Wadala

pattern for water conservation works. Mr. Baliram Sathe, a leader of Wadala village, motivated

each and every house for their involvement and participation in water conservation activities

consistently over time. Villagers also constructed soak pits for gray water aiming for gutter free

village. A report on the rural exposure visit is attached as Annexure 15.

An exposure visit by Solapur government officials to Vijayawada was organised on 7th

February 2020. Four officials from Solapur travelled to Vijayawada to understand the water

management initiatives. The exchange facilitated cross learnings among the officials. The

participants visited the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) centre first. Here,

a detailed presentation and tour of the place was given to understand the water intake,

distribution, quality check of the entire system. Various equipments used to monitor the same

were exhibited and explained by the SCADA implementing agency, for better comprehension.

The team then visited Prakasam Barrage to see the Krishna river intake well and distribution

system. Post this, a special interaction with the CEO, Zilla Parishad was arranged for, where

there were discussions towards possible collaborations between Solapur and Vijayawada.

The group from Solapur had a round table meeting with their counterparts in Vijayawada

where the city’s work and ongoing projects were discussed. This was attended by Additional

Commissioner of Vijayawada Municipal Corporation, accompanied by the Chief Engineer. The

visit facilitated a good dialogue on how both the catchments could learn from each other. As

a part of the final agenda, the team visited the Head Water Works to have a look at the water

treatment and distribution. Report of the exposure visit are attached as Annexure 16.

8.3.2 Site visits

A site visit was conducted on 6th April 2018 by the official from Public Health and Engineering

Department, Solapur Municipal Corporation and Principal of Agricultural Institute, Solapur to

Ekrukh micro-catchment to understand the issues and possible climate based adaptations in

the selected micro-catchment area of Ekrukh (Hipparga) lake. The team of 2 officials,

supported by ICLEI South Asia, visited Ekrukh lake, Haglur and Tale Hipparga villages and

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/15.%20Rural%20exposure%20visit_Solapur.pdf

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interacted with political heads of the villages and farmers to know about existing water levels,

quality of water, water supply schemes, sanitation and farming practices.

8.3.3 Awareness and information, education and communication (IEC)

activities

In Solapur community engagement meetings and workshops were conducted to encourage

local communities to understand water cycle and principles of integrated water management

on the 12th, 14th and 16th of July, 2018. Discussions were held with local communities to make

them understand urban and rural ecosystem based services and water interactions.

Activities on WASH were conducted with 2 secondary schools with about 70 students from

within the micro catchment in Solapur on 12th July 2018. Activities like inter school drawing

competition on water management, showcasing movies on personal hygiene and water

management, quiz on best practices and WASH training programs were conducted in three

villages within the micro catchment with about 130 students from 3 schools on 14th July 2018.

Plantation activity was also carried out with the help of these schools and students.

Discussions with about 20 women stakeholders were conducted in the villages on 16th July

2018 to understand water management practices and local issues. Women were apprised on

simple strategies to conserve water and reuse waste water.

Meetings were also conducted with local youth groups to encourage involvement in awareness

activities on WASH and water management in their villages. A report on the IEC activities in

the rural areas is attached as Annexure 17.

8.3.4 Visit by expert to Vijayawada micro-catchment for hands-on-training

A hands-on-training session on Integrated Water Resources Management was conducted for

rural stakeholders in Gannavaram mandal of the pilot micro-catchment on 11th July 2018. The

primary objective of the session was to be a forum for knowledge sharing. The catchment

managers shared their issues and challenges with the experts allowing them to curate the

session to fit their requirements. The session was attended by approximately 30 people which

included Gannavaram Mandal Parishad President, the Mandal Parishad Development Officer,

the ex-Chairman of the Zila Parishad, Sarpanches and Panchayat Secretaries of the villages,

representatives of Water User Associations, farmers and residents of the villages. The report

on the visit along with participant signed list and newspaper clippings in the regional language

which were published announcing the session is attached in Annexure 18.

8.3.5 Exposure and exchange visits of researchers and officials

IITM Coordinator has undertaken a visit to IWA at Netherland and discussed on urban water

management issues.

A workshop on Urban Water Management was organised by IITM on 2nd April 2018. Dr. Kala

Vairavamoorthy, Executive Director, IWA delivered lectures in this workshop. A total of 90

participants from the nearby institutions, officials dealing urban engineering, urban

governance, urban planning and non-government organizations participated in the workshop.

8.3.6 All partner visit to Vijayawada project city

A field visit to Vijayawada project city was organized for all the project partners on 9th October

2018. The objective of the field visit was to get the project partners familiarized with the

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catchment area in Vijayawada. As part of the field visit, the partners first went to the village of

Jekkulanekkulam, a village in the Vijayawada micro-catchment, where they interacted with the

village Sarpanch and a few local farmers about the water situation in the village. The partners

then proceeded from Jekkulanekkulam to the Sewerage Treatment Plant in Ajith Singh Nagar

where the Assistant Engineer briefed the partners regarding the working of the STP. The next

destination of the field visit was the Head Water Works of Vijayawada Municipal Corporation

at V.D. Puram. The Assistant Engineer at Head Water Works gave the partners a tour of the

water treatment, SCADA monitoring, and water quality testing facilities at the site and

explained in detail the supply and distribution system for the entire city. A report of the visit is

attached in Annexure 19.

8.3.7 Exposure Visit on Integrated Water Management practices for Vijayawada

catchment managers

An exposure visit to Hyderabad was conducted on 21st January 2019, for catchment

managers of Vijayawada micro-catchment. The objective of the visit was to introduce the

stakeholders to the best practices in urban water management in Hyderabad, with the

Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB) recently being

awarded the ISO certification for best practices in urban water management. The exposure

visit was attended by 2 officials from Vijayawada Municipal Corporation, and 1 official from the

Water Resources Department. The exposure visit included a visit to the Amberpet Sewage

Treatment Plant (STP), the lake restoration site at Durgam Cheruvu, and included a discussion

with the Chief General Manager, Revenue regarding metering in Hyderabad. A visit report is

attached in Annexure 20.

8.3.8 Training Workshop on Solid Waste Management and Rain Water

Harvesting Techniques in Solapur

ICLEI South Asia organized two training workshops on Solid Waste Management and Rain

Water Harvesting Techniques in the Ekrukh micro catchment, Solapur on 27th September

2018.

The first training workshop was conducted in Solapur city with the support of Deendayal

Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) Department Solapur

Municipal Corporation. The workshop was chaired by Mr Trimbak Dhengale-Patil, Deputy

Commissioner, SMC and Ms Vishali Awad, Technical Expert, NULM, SMC. The technical

training was conducted by Mr Mahesh Sudhakar Siddheshwar, President, Appropriate Rural

Technology Institute (ARTI), Pune to build capacity of the local women from economically

weaker section of the society and Self Help Groups member under NULM in SMC. The training

was attended by more than 70 women from local self- help groups, municipal sanitary workers

and officials working under NULM department, SMC along with ICLEI SA Team.

The second training workshop was conducted in Haglur Village and was attended by 50

women from three villages (Ekrukh, Haglur and Hippragh). The technical training was

conducted by Mr Mahesh Sudhakar Siddheshwar, President, Appropriate Rural Technology

Institute (ARTI), Pune and aimed at building awareness and capacity of the rural women and

Self Help Groups member of Mahila Bachat Gat.

The details of the trainings are given in Annexure 21.

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8.3.9 Training Program on Acoustic Leak Detection System, in Solapur

Municipal Corporation

ICLEI South Asia with the support of Solapur Municipal Corporation organised a Training

Workshop on Acoustic Leak Detection System in Solapur City on 25th September 2018. The

technical training was conducted by Mr Ashu Prajapati, Assistant Manager, TAISEI Technical

Services Pvt. Ltd from Hyderabad and was chaired by Head of PHE Department, Solapur

Municipal Corporation and Additional Director, Town and Country Planning (TCPO), Solapur

Municipal Corporation. More than 40 Municipal engineers and 20 Zonal heads for water work

attended the training program. Onsite training for municipal engineers was also conducted at

sites selected under Smart City Mission for Area Based Development Work in the city.

Details of the training programme are given in Annexure 22.

8.3.10 Awareness and Information, Education and Communication (IEC)

Activities with Schools in Solapur City

Awareness generation is considered through intensive IEC activities using electronic media

print, trainings, outdoor through interpersonal communication etc. An inter-school drawing

competition was organised by ICLEI SA with the support of Solapur Municipal Corporation at

Solapur Municipal Corporation School Camp on 26th of July, 2018 under the IAdapt project.

The aim was to generate awareness among school children, teachers and municipal education

department staff on integrated water management approaches.

Mr Santosh Bulbule, Municipal Corporation BITS Supervisor, Solapur, chaired the training

program along with Mr Bhawan Munde, Principal, Municipal School Camp, Mr Shahbaz

Akashi, Municipal Corporation School No 9, Mr Fayad Sheikh from Municipal Corporation

School Boys Camp Solapur and ICLEI team. More than 117 students (class 8 to 10) from 20

Municipal Corporation Schools in Solapur and 2 private schools from the city participated in

this competition.

The details of the programme are given in Annexure 23.

8.3.11 Exposure Visit to Nagpur for Solapur Municipal Officials

An exposure visit to Nagpur was organised on 22nd to 24th October 2018 by ICLEI-South

Asia under the IAdapt project for municipal officials of Solapur. Main objectives of the visit

were:

To showcase the best practices in sustainable water management

To interact with the officials of other local government involved in water management

To know about the technological progress in the field of water and waste water

management from National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)

For this exposure visit, Solapur Municipal Corporation (SMC) nominated three officials of

Public Health and Engineering Department looking after water and waste water management

in the city who are involved in day to day operation of water management as well as new

projects proposed under Smart Cities Mission and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban

Transformation (AMRUT) mission. Nagpur has already implemented few projects similar to

the projects proposed by Solapur for sustainable water management. Hence the learning for

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this exposure visit would be used to implement projects in pipeline with better understanding

and improved planning. The details of the visit is attached in Annexure 24.

8.3.12 Research project on biodiversity of Ekhrukh Lake, Solapur

A small research project is being supported under the project under Dr. M N Jagtap, from

Research Centre and Post Graduate Department of Botany, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts

and Science, Solapur. Under the project, 2 research students, under Dr.Jagtap are carrying

out a study on biodiversity of Ekrukh (Hipparga) Lake of Solapur that lies within our selected

micro-catchment. The main objectives of the project are to evaluate the physico-chemical

status of different types of agriculture soils and water of Ekrukh lake, study the floral

biodiversity, isolate toxic cyanobacteria and phytoplanktons and develop awareness among

the villagers regarding water management.

Three quarterly reports have been submitted on the project by the research team. The final

report is attached as Annexure 25.

8.3.13 A Focus Group Discusses IAdapt Project Activities

A focus group discussion was organised on 11th of February 2019 at the office of the CEO,

Zilla Parishad, Solapur. The discussions centred on the activities that were undertaken to

implement IAdapt tools, the updates on programmes that were being implemented and

proposed at the district level. Mr. Vijay Londhe, Deputy CEO, Zilla Parishad, Solapur, presided

over the meeting, which was attended by officials and 11 engineers from the District Water

and Sanitation Mission Cell. During the discussion updates were shared by ICLEI SA and the

engineers on current programs and initiatives. The CEO appreciated the tasks undertaken at

Solapur and provided his support for future activities. The details of the meeting is attached

as Annexure 26.

8.3.14 State-Level Meeting Reviews of IAdapt Activities

Representatives of ICLEI South Asia met officials of the Water and Sanitation Support

Organisation (WSSO) of Maharashtra at a meeting on the 8th of February 2019 in Navi

Mumbai. The Director of WSSO chaired the meeting, which involved a state-level review.

Updates on the project activities conducted in Solapur, including micro catchment selection,

identification of the RURBAN platform, climate risks to the water resources of the region and

vulnerable systems and areas, besides prioritised projects, capacity building and awareness

activities were among the topics discussed at the meeting. Valuable suggestions from the

department were incorporated in the project activities.

8.3.15 Expert Visit for Pilot Project Identification

A field visit to Solapur micro catchment was conducted on 26-27 February 2019 by experts

from University of Delhi. Professor C. R. Babu, Professor Emeritus, Centre for Environmental

Management of Degraded Ecosystems, University of Delhi, & Ex-Pro-Vice-Chancellor

and Dr Vijay Kumar, Assistant Professor, Shivaji College, University of Delhi along with project

team from ICLEI South Asia Visited Ekrukh lake, Tale Hippargha and Haglur villages. The visit

aimed at identification of pilot Projects in the micro-catchment with the aim to reduce pollution

in Ekrukh Lake.

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Training Workshop on DST, CMP and Financial compendium for Solapur and

Vijayawada

ICLEI South Asia with the support of Zilla Parishad Solapur (ZP Solapur) organised a Training

Workshop on catchment management planning, decision support tool and financial modelling

in Solapur City on 19 th and 20th of December 2019. The training workshop was chaired by

Sri PrakashT.Waychal, CEO, Zilla Parishad, District Collector Office, Solapur, Mr Vijaya

Londe, Deputy CEO Zilla Parishad, District Collector Office and Mr Ajay Singh.V.Pawar,

Municipal Chief Advisor and Deputy Commissioner, Solapur Municipal Corporation. The

training was attended by 30 participants including engineers from the Water and Sanitation

Department, Zilla Parishad Solapur (ZPS), Environmental Engineers from ZPS, Municipal

Engineers from Public Health and Engineering Department SMC, Planning Department, SMC,

Accounting Department (ZPS), Gram Sevak Tale Hippargah Village and Students from

Dayanand College Solapur. Teams from ICLEI South Asia, Athena Infonormics and

International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Sri Lanka presented the methodologies and

tools developed under the IAdapt Project including the Catchment Management Plan

preparation using the IAdapt Framework, the Decision Support Tool and the Financial

Compendium.

Training modules have been prepared for the IAdapt Framework to prepare Catchment

Management Plans and was used to deliver the training by ICLEI South Asia. The training was

in the form of a powerpoint presentation supplemented by case studies and exercises. The

Athena team discussed the Decision support tool with example from Vijayawada. The IWMI

team explained the financial options – like Municipal Bonds, mechanisms of Viability Gap

funding as well as utilizing private funds through PPP structuring of service delivery. During

this training, the financial model was elaborated with all the assumptions of performing the

financial model, which might be utilized later by the municipal corporation. The CMP Training

Module and DST Training Module are attached as Annexure 27 and Annexure 28 respectively.

The Training program received a positive response from the participants. Mr Ajay

Singh.V.Pawar requested all the participants to include IUWM approaches in their day to day

planning and explained the need for such approaches in drought prone regions like Solapur.

He appreciated ICLEI efforts on data collection and developing the catchment management

plan and requested to share the financial models in detail with the commissioner and other

municipal heads. Mr Londe , Deputy CEO, ZPS suggested to up scale the pilot interventions

to other villages under ongoing programs like Water Safety and Security Plans and Swatch

Bharat Mission-Rural.

The training programme in Vijayawada included 11 members from the Working Group of the

RURBAN Platform, who were presented with the overview of project outputs and key

outcomes. The meeting was chaired by the District Collector. They were explained about the

operation of the DST through training modules. The RURBAN platform members encouraged

project staff to meet with the higher officials to discuss replicating the model at other districts

of the state.

8.3.16 MIKE training by IITM in Chennai

A hands-on training on MIKE software was organised by IIT-Madras on 5th and 6th February

2020 for 7 officials from the project cities. The participants were from the working group

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officials from Vijayawada and Solapur. The participants were exposed to hydrological and

climate modelling through the MIKE software.

The 2-day training entailed a thorough understanding of the theory behind hydrological

modelling. The participants were then given access to the demo version of the software to

operate themselves. The workshop covered aspects starting right from the basics to the

various applications of the software. A brief report on the training is attached as part of

Annexure 16.

8.3.17 Meeting with commissioner for pilot projects in Solapur

A meeting with the Commissioner, Solapur Municipal Corporation was conducted on 29th of

June, 2019. The aim was to select the potential project to be implemented in the Solapur City.

In consultation with the Deputy Municipal Commissioner, City Engineers and the nodal officer

a pilot project on “Rainwater Harvesting in Solapur” was selected. Solapur Municipal

Commissioner deputed PHE engineer to support ICLEI SA team to implement the pilot project

in the City. A concept note is submitted to the Solapur Municipal Corporation on the pilot

activities and methodology.

8.3.18 Discussions with Local Stakeholders in Ekrukh Micro catchments

Discussions were held with local authorities in Ekrukh Micro catchment to select one pilot

project to be implemented in Tale Hipparga village in Solapur micro catchment during the

month of July, 2019. Discussions were conducted with the village panchayats including

Sarpanch and Gramsevak community members and a pilot project on constructed wetland

was selected for the implementation. A meeting was also conducted with the Irrigation

Department to provide the updates on the project activities especially on pilot interventions

8.3.19 Meetings with Rural Authorities

Discussions were held with local authorities in Tale Hipparga, Haglur and Ekrukh villages

during the month of July, 2019 to select a pilot project and pilot site for implementation in the

Ekrukh Micro Catchment. Based on the discussions, Tale Hipparga village in Solapur Micro

Catchment was selected for the pilot implementation. Discussions were conducted with the

selected village panchayat including Sarpanch and Gramsevak along with local residents. The

pilot project on “Constructed Wetland for Waste Water Treatment” is selected for the

implementation after the discussions.

8.3.20 Meeting with District Authority in Solapur

A meeting was also conducted with the Irrigation Department at district level updates the

project activities especially on pilot interventions selected in rural and urban areas.

8.3.21 IAdapt project presentation to Jal Shakti Abhiyan Inspection Team in

Vijayawada

The Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) Inspection Team visited the Krishna District for preparation of

its periodic report. The final discussion before finalising the report was organised in the District

Collector Camp office on 6th November 2019. It was chaired by the District Magistrate and


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Collector. The participants included the department representatives from agriculture,

industries, irrigation, water resources etc.

In order to showcase Vijayawada’s work on integrated water management to the Inspection

Team, the District Collector specially invited the team from Athena Infonomics to present the

IAdapt project to the gathering. Project objectives, activities so far, future activities planned,

and expected outcomes were presented. This was highly received by the JSA team and

appreciated the co-ordination and efforts. It was decided that the excerpts of the project would

be specially mentioned in the final report to be prepared by the JSA team.

8.4 Compendium on financing options for recovery and reuse of

wastewater

IWMI undertook the following activities, which led to the development of financing options for

the two different cities.

1. Pre-select the business models that are pertinent to water recovery and reuse, either in

industry or in agriculture. This has been done in consultation within the local partners.

The following business models were proposed within the partners’ group for a review

Table 6 Proposed Business Models for Review

Business

Models

Brief Description of the

model

Tackling climate change

and drive towards city

resilience (looking

through the lens of IUWM/

IWRM)

Applicability –

parameters to be

considered during the

planning/ implementation

Wastewater-related business models

Cost

recovery

and use of

treated

wastewater

for

agriculture /

industry

This business model is formed

by the operation of a public

entity or a public-private

partnership to recover the cost

of wastewater treatment. Cost

recovery is realized through

two different revenue streams:

compost sales, and a cost-

saving mechanism using the

treatment processes to capture

biogas and converting it to

electricity that is subsequently

used to (partially) power the

plant. A third possible revenue

stream is through earning

carbon credits by the amount of

the biogas generated in the

treatment plant.

Improvement of the

environmental discharge

and emissions

Reuse of the treated

wastewater for irrigation and

groundwater recharge to

mitigate droughts impacts

Nutrient recovery and reuse

Ensure agricultural

productivity in arid/semi-arid

areas leading to food

security and livelihood in

peri-urban/rural areas

Enhance soil health and

livelihoods

Existence (or plan) of

sewer networks and

wastewater treatment

plants/ natural wastewater

treatment solutions (like

lakes), in the city periphery.

Existence of canal

networks; groundwater

recharge is ensured

through water conveyance

in the unlined canal

systems

Strong carbon credit market

for the exchange of credits

which provides a revenue

stream

Use of

wastewater

for

aquaculture

This business model is

primarily formed as an informal

arrangement (although there

can exist formal procedures)

Food security in both urban

and peri-urban areas

Creation of livelihoods

Existence natural

wastewater treatment

solutions (like lakes), and


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Business

Models


model



resilience (looking


IWRM)

Applicability –

parameters to be



where wastewater from the city

are collected in natural systems

and in the process of treatment

aquaculture is being introduced

which provides livelihoods and

meet the demand for food.

Improvement of

environmental discharges

sewer/canal system in the

city periphery.

Existence of a market

demand for the end product

Treatment

and reuse

of fecal

sludge

This business model acts as a

complement to the main

wastewater treatment model. It

is mainly designed as a

solution to cater to the onsite

sanitation facilities (for part of

the cities without sewer

networks) and operated either

by the private parties / PPPs

through Fecal Sludge

Treatment Plants.

Improvement of the

environmental discharge

and emissions


Enhancing of soil health

Willingness of the urban

local bodies to regulate the

sector (willingness to

provide land and agree to

the treatment of fecal

sludge).

National legislation /

policies to enhance the

sanitation service chain (for

conveyance, treatment and

reuse)

Business models on nutrient recovery

Compost

from

municipal

solid waste

This business model can

operate at two different scales

within the cities – (i) centralized

compost plant; and (ii)

decentralized compost plants.

Centralized compost plants are

more applicable where within

the existing landfills/dumpsites

there is availability of land or

willingness of the local urban

body to provide land in the

vicinity of the landfill/dumpsites.

Decentralized models originate

from private initiates catering

toward limits (within the cities)

and take a more clustered

approach for door-to-door

waste collection, segregation

and composting. In cases of

waste collection, recycling of

waste is another revenue

stream for such businesses.

The organic waste collected

can also be co-composted with

dewatered fecal sludge.


Improvement in

environmental

discharge/emissions.

Especially for conveyance

and treatment of wastewater

in sewered networks.

Creation of livelihoods

Possibility of earning carbon

credits through offsetting

impacts of methane

emission in case of open

dumpsites

Enhancing circularity in the

economy (through recycling

– although this might be very

specific for decentralized

composting)

The main criteria towards

development of compost

plant sis segregation of

waste at the unit level –

household/businesses. This

determines the quality of

the compost.

Behavioral change aspect

at the unit level to be taken

care

National/sub-national (state

level)

legislations/policies/standar

ds to promote use of

compost/co-compost (if

compost of fecal sludge is

used for co-composting)

Competition faced by the

inorganic fertilizers (since

there are subsidies and

productivity are high

applying inorganic

fertilizers)

Compost

from

livestock

This is an alternate model for

rural areas with high livestock

waste presently untapped. This

model can operate both at the


Improvement in

environmental

discharge/emissions.

Competition with the

compost derived from

urban waste


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Business

Models


model



resilience (looking


IWRM)

Applicability –

parameters to be



waste and

agrowaste

household and the community

level using livestock and agro-

waste.

Competition faced by the

inorganic fertilizers (since

there are subsidies and

productivity are high

applying inorganic

fertilizers)

Business models on energy recovery

Power/Gas

from

manure

Currently cattle dung and a

portion of agricultural waste is

used as cooking fuel. This

model serves as an alternate to

the indoor air pollution caused

by unclean cooking fuel. The

main input to this model is the

use of livestock

waste/agrowaste in household

level bio-digester.

Energy recovery and reuse

Reduced carbon emissions

and environmental

discharge through

contaminated run-off to the

nearby streams.

Existence of national

policies for financing such

interventions at the

household level.

Willingness to substitute

cooking fuels at household

level

Power from

municipal

solid waste

The business model is initiated

by a standalone private

enterprise or a public-private

partnership (PPP) where a

private entity partners with the

municipality to manage the

solid waste generated by the

city. This might include two

different technology – (i)

collect, segregate and process

organic component of MSW to

generate electricity and

compost (ii) segregate the

entire waste leaving out

recyclables and generate

electricity. The process of

generating electricity from

MSW can be done through

either incineration to produce

heat and steam, gasification or

anaerobic digestion. Electricity

and compost can be sold to

households, business or local

electricity authority. The key

stakeholders in the business

value chain are the waste

suppliers, either household or

the municipality; regulators-

government; investors –

municipality or private

Eligibility to earn carbon

credits

Energy recovery and reuse

as an alternative source and

therefore less dependence

on water-energy nexus

Creation of livelihood

Segregation of waste is

required and hence

behavioral commitment is a

necessity

Existence of national

policies for financing such

interventions or promoting

tariffs for feed in to grid

which helps the business to

maintain O&M.

Land provision by the local

body.

High electricity charge


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Business

Models


model



resilience (looking


IWRM)

Applicability –

parameters to be



enterprise; technology supplier

and plant operator – private

enterprise and end users of the

product–household and

businesses or municipality.

The consensus was reached to focus primarily on the wastewater models in the project cities

(Solapur and Vijayawada). Based on the discussions within the working group, the Model 1

was found to fit within the IUWM and IWRM framework to address water scarcity (in Solapur)

and water logging/flooding (in Vijayawada).

2. The second step was to assess the feasibility of selected business models through the

collection of financial data relevant for the model in order to generate different scenarios

based on the financing mechanisms and opportunities of cost recovery.

IWMI identified the data requirement for such modelling and appointed a consultant to help

IWMI in collection of the data for the two cities.

In India, 38,254 million litres per day (MLD) of sewage is generated considering both Class-I

and Class-II towns. Of this volume, 11,787 MLD is treated and the rest flows into surface water

bodies in and around cities. Many cities are situated in water-scarce zones where industrial

and agricultural demand for water is being met using freshwater. In recent years, governments

at different levels, private players, donors and expert groups have explored alternative water

supply arrangement for industry and agriculture sectors, in order to meet their water demand

from recycled wastewater. Most of the wastewater is treated up to secondary level as Urban

Local Bodies (ULBs) are not obliged go beyond it. Municipal wastewater treated up to

secondary level cannot be utilized for industrial use and it is also not suitable for agricultural

purpose in most cases. Therefore, the possibility of generating revenue out of secondary

treated wastewater is limited and the burden of treating wastewater is left with financially

distressed ULBs. The government is trying to manage financial distress and increase

efficiency introducing options like Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). We argue that

wastewater reuse via PPPs need to generate both sufficient water quality and adequate

revenue stream through proper tariffs to make it sustainable.

In Solapur and Vijayawada city, there is both industrial and agricultural demand for water and

wastewater is till date treated at the secondary level only. Financial feasibility analysis was

used to explore whether upgrading existing secondary treatment plants to tertiary level is

financially feasible and which tariffs applicable to industry and agriculture sector should be set

to make the model more sustainable in the long run. Within the financial models, different PPP

mechanisms have been proposed that can be utilised for reclaiming wastewater from cities for

industries and agriculture. The financial compendium is attached as Annexure 29.

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9 Project Outputs

The primary project outputs include:

9.1 IAdapt Framework

To help formulate catchment management plans (CMP), the project has developed the IAdapt

Framework Toolkit. The IAdapt Framework is based on the ICLEI Asian Cities Climate Change

Resilience Network (ACCCRN) Process or IAP toolkit, the Adopting Integrated Urban Water

Management toolkit (AdoptIUWM toolkit) and The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity

(TEEB) methodology for ecosystem assessment.

The Framework is designed to assist rural and urban local governments to come together and

formulate catchment level water management plans guided by the principles of integrated

water resource management. It promotes an integrated approach to ensuring water security,

by looking at the interactions and interdependencies among water, wastewater and storm

water with other sectors such as health, agriculture, solid waste, industry, etc. It brings

together different administrative, planning and regulatory systems by creating a RURBAN

platform that includes both rural and urban stakeholders at various levels such as local

authorities as well as civil society.

The IAdapt Framework consists of five phases and will assist in developing the Catchment

Management Plan for selected catchments in the city-regions. The five phases are:

Phase 1: Engagement Phase

This phase includes formation of the core team and the RURBAN platform and engagements

with both entities.

Phase 2: Baseline Assessment

This phase involves collection of socio-economic, environmental and governance data at the

catchment level.

Phase 3: Climate Vulnerability of Water Resources

This phase includes climate scenario assessment, scoring of water resource integration,

systems assessment and risk assessment, besides vulnerability assessment. It will help to

select the particular sector/ issue for developing integrated solutions for water management.

Phase 4: Solutions Assessment

This phase includes selection of resilience interventions and their prioritisation.

Phase 5: Development of Catchment Management Plan (CMP)

This phase describes the structure of the Catchment Management Plan.

The IAdapt Framework is available online and is attached as Annexure 6 as mentioned above.


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9.2 Hydrological and climate modelling of the selected micro-

catchments

The hydrological and climate modelling has been prepared for both the cities.

Based on our study area catchment delineation and landuse classification, in Solapur city the

total area is 164.64 km2, of which, agricultural area is 60.22% , residential is 37.63% and

remaining 2.15% come under other categories. In Vijayawada city total area consider as 62.55

km2, of which agricultural area is 15.99%, residential is 72.25% and remaining 11.76% come

under other categories. Built-up area is higher in Vijayawada city than in Solapur. The study

area mostly contains loam type soil in Solapur and Clay loam type soil in Vijayawada.

The mean annual runoff for Vijayawada city is found to be 1.44 TMC with a standard deviation

of 0.58 TMC, against an annual average rainfall of 2 TMC. Thus on an annual basis about

72% of rainfall is converted to runoff from the basin.

The mean annual runoff for Sholapur city is found to be 420.7 mm with standard deviation of

180.04 using Inglis formula and 341.44 mm with standard deviation of 130.30 using Indian

Irrigation department formula, against means annual rainfall of 732.5 mm. Thus, the results

show that on an annual basic about 57% of rainfall run as runoff using Inglis formula (46% for

Irrigation Department).

The climate model from the study reveals that:

i. For rainfall and temperature, the trend is statistically are significant for both the cities. The

annual average rainfall and the maximum temperature are increasing while the mean

monthly minimum temperature is falling for Solapur. However, mean annual rainfall for

Vijayawada is increasing.

ii. From the detailed RCPs analysis under different condition, it is well established that the

temperature for both cities is likely to increase. There will be an increase of 0.9 -1.20C in

the first 30 years and then by about 1.5 to 30C depending upon the course of pathways it

takes.

iii. It is found that there is most likely to be a shift in the rainfall pattern in the cities. On

average, non-monsoon rainfall will increase by 10-15 % while the monsoon rainfall will

decrease by 10% which finally results in more frequent floods and droughts with a higher

magnitude. Moderate to severe droughts will be more frequent for both the cities.

iv. For Solapur, on an annual basis about 67% of rainfall goes as runoff from the basin and

for Vijayawada, it is 72% of total rainfall.

v. As for most of the cases, the rise in temperature is significantly increasing for almost all

region under all RCPs scenarios; urban heat island is also bound to increase.

9.2.1 Climate Change Assessment

The annual average rainfall for Solapur city is 800 mm. It receives most of the rainfall during

the monsoon period, i.e. from June to October. The maximum temperature 410C during


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summer while in rest of the time it is around 30-350C. Annual rainfall and monthly maximum

temperature show an increasing trend while the monthly minimum temperature is showing a

slightly negative trend. Statistically, all the trends are significant. The rainfall is decreasing at

a rate of about 0.02 mm/year and monthly maximum temperature at a rate of -0.0010C/year.

The minimum temperature is decreasing at a rate of 0.00060C/year.

The annual average rainfall for Vijayawada city is around 900 mm. The monthly rainfall

variation shows a high variation of rainfall from June to September. An increasing trend was

observed for annual rainfall (+0.02 mm/month. It has witnessed a few moderate droughts and

a few flood events in the past.

9.2.2 Hydrological Modeling:

HEC-HMS model is used for simulation of runoff for the Vijayawada basin for Krishna

watershed, which uses SCS-CN Method to calculate runoff generation from a catchment. The

mean annual runoff for Vijayawada city is found to be 1243.95 TMC with a standard deviation

of 10.08 TMC, against an annual average rainfall of 42.89 TMC. Thus on an annual basic

about 72% of rainfall is converted to runoff from the basin.

For Solapur city, the simulation of runoff for Krishna watershed, which uses SCS-CN Method

to calculate runoff generation from a catchment. The mean annual runoff for Solapur city is

found to be 696 TMC with a standard deviation of 5.87 TMC, against an annual average rainfall

of 19.89 TMC. Thus, the results show that on an annual basic about 67% of rainfall goes as

runoff from the basin.

9.2.3 Urban Heat Island Map

Solapur has 72% of residential land while 12% are water body and 16% with vegetation. Based

on the present temperature variation, 38% of the area shows a strong heat island effect.

Though the effect is very weak in about 51 % of the area.

Vijayawada has 61% of residential land, 29% water body and 10% with vegetation. Presently,

46% of land has very strong heat island effect and almost 37 % of the land with very weak

heat island effect.

The report is attached in Annexure 5 as mentioned above.

9.3 State of the Art Paper on IUWM tools

The State of the Art Paper on IUWM tools provides through an assessment of relevant

available tools the benefits as well as the limitations and barriers to implementing each.

Various IUWM models have been reviewed and a synthesis report has been prepared on the

current state of these toolkits. The main toolkits that have been referred to include:

● Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Toolkit

developed by The Water Research Foundation and CSIRO to assist cities and towns

through the challenges of transitioning from a traditional urban water management

approach to a one that promotes integration of all the UWS components

● The Global Water Partnership (GWP) IUWM toolkit developed to support the paradigm

shift from theoretical to on ground Implementation of IUWM, with the main objective to


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enhance awareness of decision-makers on the approach of IUWM and to provide the

necessary tools for developing and implementing IUWM strategies on the ground

● Sustainable Water Management Improves Tomorrow’s Cities Health (SWITCH) IUWM

Toolkit intended to improve the scientific basis and shared knowledge to ensure that

future water systems are robust, flexible and adaptable

● Adopting Integrated Urban Water Management in Indian Cities (AdoptIUWM) Toolkit

that gives a step by step guide for integrated management of urban water sectors

(water supply, wastewater and stormwater) in Indian cities, through the adoption of a

sustainable and holistic water management approach, ensuring equitable allocation of

water resources

● The Institute for Resource Analysis and Policy (IRAP) toolkit developed for the use of

policy makers and managers involved in urban water management programmes.

From the assessment, it is seen that climate change is considered to a small or large extent

by all the tools except the IRAP toolkit. However, the consideration of climate impacts is not

integrated clearly in the tools, and it is more a guiding principle. Stakeholder engagement is a

consistent feature in all the tools. The SWITCH and AdoptIUWM toolkits are specifically

targeted towards local governments for application and use.

The five IUWM toolkits have been compared using various criteria such as the method of

integration for institutions and stakeholders, the adaptability and user-friendliness or their

capacity to analyze the economic performance of IUWM interventions. The report assesses

how climate change adaptation is promoted by each toolkit or also how spatial delineation and

water balancing are to be achieved. Finally, case studies are reported on the use of selected

IUWM toolkits in cities. The report is attached as Annexure 10 as mentioned above.

9.4 Decision Support Tool

The Decision Support Tool or DST model consists of the following components,

a. Water Evaluation and Planning Tool (WEAP)

b. Adaptation Module

The Decision Support Tool architecture as approved by the Core Committee of the Vijayawada

RURBAN platform is summarised below.


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Figure 16 WEAP Assessment Model

The climate-based decision support tool will primarily act as a collaborative platform that

allows all relevant stakeholders to understand the impacts of climate change on their water

system and to develop appropriate adaptive measures in response. The DST will use local

data to simulate different flow streams and articulate the relationship between various

components of the urban-rural water system to present a range of structural and non-structural

adaptation pathways and measure corresponding costs. The actual choice of solutions will be

derived through a consultative process to ensure high levels of ownership towards the

proposed solutions across stakeholder groups. The consultative process is illustrated below

Figure 17 Methodological Framework for WEAP Solutions

The proposed project data points will then be added to the existing water balance model and

the impacts it has on meeting the water demand, water quality will be analysed after which

mitigation measures will be curated and proposed for integration into the interventions

themselves. This will be done through a lookup module, which will compile all potential

responses to a variety of projects, along with rules for selection of the most appropriate subset

for a model output, based on a combination of suitability factors.

1. Stakeholder wise impact from Water Balance Model

Water Balance Model run for base case and for the proposed project

scenario

Differences in Quantity, Quality and

Risk to each stakeholder between the two captured

2. Preliminary Identification of Adaptation Options

Adaptation module has a longlist of

potential adaptations for various WEAP outputs

From this list, technically most suitable options are shortlisted and presented

to RURBAN platform

3. Consultations to Finalize Adaptations

A framework (e.g. capacity, finances

etc.) is provided to facilitate consultative decision making by

RURBAN

RURBAN stakeholders sit together and identify the selected adaptations based

on the framework


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To disseminate the approach and methodology on the development of the DST framework, a

strategy paper on the DST framework was prepared and is attached in Annexure 11 as

mentioned above.

9.5 Catchment Management Plan

For Solapur and Vijayawada, the IAdapt Framework was used to prepare a Catchment

Management Plan for the selected micro-catchment under the project. The RURBAN was

actively involved in preparation of this document through consultative workshops, meetings

and trainings.

Baseline information was collected on the profile of the city and the selected micro-catchment

area in the two cities, their water scenario, climate vulnerability, ecosystem services status,

service levels regarding water, waste water and allied sectors, present institutional systems.

Climate scenario assessments in the two cities reveal risks of increased temperatures and

erratic rainfall, with increased extremes of rainfall. The water balance tool has been used to

assess existing and future demand-supply gap in both rural and urban areas in Solapur, while

the WEAP model was used in Vijayawada to assess the demand and supply gap for the

selected micro-catchment.

An assessment was conducted based on IUWM principles to understand the present level of

integration among different sources of water in the micro catchment. IUWM integration

indicators were considered to assess the integration level in water supply, sewerage,

stormwater management, solid waste management; health and agriculture. Both cities have

average integration score, which shows that they have scope of improvement in integrating

water management.

Based on the IAdapt Framework, climate vulnerability of the sectors were analysed. In

Solapur, vulnerability assessment for the six systems viz. water supply, sewerage, stormwater

management, solid waste management; health and agriculture was carried out in the context

of climate change. In Vijayawada, vulnerability assessment for the four systems viz. water

supply, water pollution, urban flooding, river flooding was carried out. Vulnerability maps were

developed for the two identifying critical areas and vulnerable actors. Based on these

assessments, resilience interventions were selected for integrated water management in the

two cities.

The catchment management plan for Solapur and Vijayawada is attached in Annexure 7 and

Annexure 8 respectively as mentioned above.

A training manual has been developed to enable the adoption of a sustainable and holistic

water management approach, at catchment level ensuring equitable allocation of water

resources. It describes the IAdapt methodology and tools to promote integrated urban water

management and integrated water resource management to close the water cycle loop at

catchment level and make climate informed decision to be efficient and sustainable. A manual

has also been developed for the Decision Support Tool to enable cities to select resilient

interventions that support integration of water sectors. The manuals are attached in Annexure

27 and 28 as mentioned above.


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9.6 Finance Compendium

The financial compendium was prepared by IWMI which pre-selected business models for

water recovery and reuse, either in industry or in agriculture and assessed the feasibility of

these models using financial data to generate different scenarios of cost recovery.

The financial compendium for Solapur and Vijayawada city shows different PPP

mechanisms for reclaiming wastewater from cities for industries and agriculture. The report

is attached as Annexure 29 as mentioned above.

The report presents the financial feasibility of the treating wastewater from two cities (Solapur

and Vijayawada) and reuse in agriculture and industry. The financial exercise was performed

after consultations with the relevant stakeholders in relation to Integrated Water Management

at a city level. The financial model developed for two cities with different tertiary level of

treatment is considered to be operational in Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)-type Public private

partnership (PPP) with user fees being collected as a cost recovery mechanism for the private

entity. In Solapur, where secondary treatment facility already exists, the study indicates that

with a low initial adoption of reclaimed wastewater in the industries, the local government need

to charge Rs.25.85 /m3, and Rs. 33.60 /m3 for sand-filter and reverse osmosis tertiary

treatment systems. Similarly, in Vijayawada, with 10 percent adoption rate, if we choose sand

filtration as the tertiary technique then industry has to pay Rs.24.80/m3 and Rs. 31.60 for sand

filtration and reverse osmosis process respectively with UASB technology at the secondary

level. The cost of treated water will be slightly higher in case of MBBR technology which are

26.10 and 32.95 for sand filtration and reverse osmosis respectively. In both of these cities,

financial analysis reveals that increase in adoption rate would reduce the tariff rates for the

industries making the projects financially more feasible and bankable.

9.7 Minor Outputs

Some of the minor outputs of the project include:

Official letters: Official letters have been obtained from the Solapur Municipal Commissioner

and Vijayawada Municipal Commissioner regarding participation in the project. The

Vijayawada District collector has also passed a government order for the constitution and use

of RURBAN Platform in other projects. The letters are annexed in Annexure 30 and Annexure

31.

FGD reports: A number of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were held with urban and rural

stakeholders prior to the selection of the micro-catchment in the 2 project cities. A short report

on the FGDs is attached as Annexure 32.

Quadrat Study Report: A quadrat analysis was conducted for studying the biodiversity of

selected villages of the micro-catchments prior to the selection of project micro-catchment. A

short report on the quadrat study is attached as Annexure 33.

Questionnaires for FGD, SWOT: For the selection of the micro-catchment, a questionnaire

survey was conducted in a number of rural and urban areas. These questionnaires were in

Marathi and Telugu – the local languages of the project cities, to enable people to understand

the questions and respond better. These are attached as Annexure 34.

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/30.%20Letter_SMCcommissioner.pdf



http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/32.FGDReport.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/33.QuadratStudyReport.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Activities/34.FinalQuestionnaireFGD.pdf


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Newspaper articles: Newspaper articles have been printed in regional language on the

project activities in Vijayawada and Solapur. Some of them are attached in Annexure 35.

Project Brochure: A brochure with basic information on the project has been prepared

communication and dissemination to general public. It provides details of the project including

the objectives, methodology, project sites, and expected impacts. The same is attached as

Annexure 36.

Project Brochure in regional languages: Project brochures in the regional languages

(Marathi and Telugu) are developed to strengthen the interactions with the regional and local

stakeholders and to improve the outreach of the project activities. These brochures are

attached as Annexure 37 and Annexure 38.

Pilot Project Brochures: Short brochures have been prepared on the pilot demonstration

projects for Solapur – one on the constructed wetland and one on the rain water harvesting

system. They are attached in Annexure 39.

Brochures on IAdapt Framework, DST, IUWM Toolkit Review and RURBAN Platform:

For dissemination purposes, brochures have been prepared for IAdapt Framework, Decision

Support Tool, IUWM Toolkit Review and RURBAN Platform. It was observed that the

stakeholders found it easier to comprehend if there was a quick reference of the process of

the project components. They are attached in Annexure 40, Annexure 41, Annexure 42 and

Annexure 43.

Project Website: A project web site has been developed to improve communication and

visibility of the project as well as to disseminate important information about the project

activities. It is linked to the portal urbanwatermanagementindia.org that has other related

projects on IUWM and IWRM. It provides information about the project, implementing and

supporting partners, main activities, tools and resources developed under the project or used

in the project as well as main events that showcase the projects. The website is regularly

updated to reach out to the potential target groups like national, state and local government

agencies, institutes, practitioners to collaborate and to provide a clear vision about the project

activities and update latest events on the project.

Newsletter: Two project newsletters have been developed to report the activities conducted

in the project and shared with stakeholders. These newsletters are attached as Annexure 44

and Annexure 45.

Report on Biodiversity in Ekrukh Lake Solapur: A small research project was supported

under the project, led by Dr. M N Jagtap, from Research Centre and Post Graduate

Department of Botany, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur. Under the

project, 2 research students under Dr. Jagtap carried out a study on local biodiversity of

Ekhrukh Lake of Solapur, that lies within our selected micro-catchment. The report evaluates

the physico-chemical status of different types of agriculture soils and water of Ekrukh Lake.

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/35.Newspaperarticlesfromprojectcities.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/IAdapt_Brochure.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/37.IAdaptBrochure_Marathi.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/38.IAdaptBrochure_Telugu.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/39.PilotProject.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/Iadapt_Framework_Single_Pages.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/Flyer_Design-Decision_Support_Tool_Revised.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/IUWM_Toolkit_Review.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/RURBAN_Platform_Web.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/Newsletter_2016_2017.pdf

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/Publications/44.Newsletter_2018-2020.pdf


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10 Project Management

The project is being led by ICLEI South Asia, with Athena Infonomics, IIT Madras and IWMI

as the partners. Each partner has specific roles and these are coordinated and monitored by

ICLEI South Asia.

For the city of Solapur, ICLEI South Asia is the responsible agency from the implementing

team of the project. Regular visits are conducted to the city and the staff based in the city is in

touch with officials from the city as well as from the villages of the selected micro-catchment.

Similar approach has been taken in Vijayawada by Athena, who is the responsible agency in

the city.

Any issues arising from these visits and interactions are discussed among the partners to

come to a solution. The First Partner Meeting identified the responsible individual from each

partner and ICLEI South Asia keeps regular communication through telephone calls and

emails with these responsible individuals to clarify administrative and technical issues of the

project. The First Partner Meeting report is attached as Annexure 46.

The Second Annual Partners Meeting for the IAdapt Project was conducted on 16-17 April

2018 at New Delhi. The meeting was attended by representatives of the different project

partners, including ICLEI South Asia, Athena Infonomics, IIT Madras, in person with

representatives from IWMI, joining in online. Partners discussed project milestones and

achievements of previous year. A visit by IWMI team members to ICLEI SA office in New Delhi

was also made in May to discuss the on-going activities and to plan for the future initiatives.

The report on the Second Annual Partners Meeting is attached as Annexure 47. A detailed

work plan was prepared for next year activities and is part of this report.

A partners’ meeting was organised on 8th October 2018 at Chennai. The primary intention of

the meeting was to discuss and finalise the Decision Support Tool framework. The meeting

was attended by representatives of the different project partners, including ICLEI South Asia,

Athena Infonomics, IIT Madras and IWMI. Other partners also shared their updates in their

semester activities. The minutes of the meeting is attached as Annexure 48.

The Third Annual partners meeting for the IAdapt project was conducted on 14 – 15 March

2019 at Chennai. This meeting primarily discussed the work plan for the remaining period of

the project. Publications that could be developed under the project was also discussed and

finalised. The meeting was attended by project partners, including ICLEI South Asia, Athena

Infonomics, IIT Madras. IWMI could not attend because of unavoidable circumstances and

was consulted through Skype later on. The minutes of the meeting are attached in Annexure

49.

Apart from partner meetings, the partners also regularly met through telephone calls and in

person as and when required. Regular meetings with all the partners were conducted to get

project updates and to discuss dissemination and training activities planned under the

projects. A team from Athena visited ICLEI South Asia office on 30th September 2019 to

share project achievements in Vijayawada and discuss planned activities for conducting

National level workshop. Partners also regularly visited project cities to carry out project

activities and apprise and update local officials regarding the progress of the project.


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A meeting was conducted with Mr Anindya Chatterjee at IDRC office in New Delhi on 10th of

December 2019. The meeting was attend by Mr Marco Rondon, Senior Program Specialist

Agriculture and Environment and ICLEI team along with partners from Athena. The purpose

of this meeting was to present the project outcomes and share learnings from project cities.

11 Challenge Management

The challenges that were faced in the project and their mitigation strategies include:

11.1 Technical challenges

There was limited amount of data available regarding the water resources, particularly for

ground water abstraction and recharge. Although the project implementing team endeavoured

to access such data from different government departments, there was a delay in such

procurement that impacted project deliverables, particularly in assessing the water balance

and formulating the catchment management plan.

There is also limited information available regarding exact amount of water that is used in the

city and in the rural areas in the absence of metered usage.

In either case, where exact data was not available, proxy data was utilised (such as using a

percentage of water abstracted as water used, etc).

Station wise data on rainfall, temperature and ground water levels are required for climate

change modelling and mapping. Groundwater Survey and Development Agency (GSDA) of

Pune, Indian Metrological Department was contacted for the same. The data procurement

from government sources is time consuming due to long procedures and rigid structure. For

some of the data procurement, memberships are required, for example GSDA only shares

data if the organisations and institutes are their members. To procure data from these

authorities procedures to obtain membership was initiated.

For executing the WEAP modelling for DST, multiple data points are required such as loss

from the system, flow volume, diversion, withdrawal, recharge, etc which is not readily

available. In the absence of the same, assumptions were made based on consultations with

officials from the government.

The climate data procurement from Indian Meteorology Department for the climate modeling

activity has taken an inordinately long time. This was not expected and the work plan has had

to be modified to adjust to this gap. It was decided by the partners that the climate modeling

will be conducted as the data is procured, but the CMP and other activities will be prepared

based on secondary information on climate risks to the project areas. However, catchment

level projections are not available. As such, regional level projections and state or district level

projections would be extrapolated for use in the project.

11.2 Management challenges

In India, there are jurisdictional limits for the municipal commissioners of the cities, and they

are by law not allowed to intervene in the rural areas surrounding the cities, which comes

under the jurisdiction of the district collector. This resulted in some friction, however, the


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stakeholder engagement processes through shared learning dialogues provided a common

platform for both parties to come together and arrive at a consensus. Meetings that have been

conducted through the project with the officials indicate that both departments (district collector

office and Municipal Corporation) can be brought together.

Stakeholder engagement of women was a major issue in the villages, where women

traditionally are not outspoken. However, the implementing team included women who were

also going to the field and they could talk to the women more comfortably than their male

counterparts. There was also a lady Sarpanch (Village Head) in one of the villages in Solapur

micro-catchment, whose involvement was expected to bring about better participation from

women in the area. In spite of this, women’s representation at village level was lacking. The

only women officer (Gram Sevak) in Solapur was transferred in the initial stages of the project.

To mitigate this, during the implementation of the project, special efforts were made to involve

women stakeholders by conducting various group discussions and meetings. Trainings on

WASH was conducted to build awareness among women stakeholders and improve their

participation in the project activities. Women’s Self-Help Groups were involved and provided

trainings on solid waste management in the Ekrukh village area.

11.3 Political challenges

Political challenges included the change of power and shifting of bureaucrats in the cities and

district collector’s office in the middle of the project. In Solapur, 3 municipal commissioners

changed and 3 mayors acted during the duration of the project. Regular communication and

meetings by the field level staff facilitated a smooth transition. Introducing a local staff at the

city level facilitated the continuity of the project activities. This also helped to give prior

information of such expected changes.

Vijayawada having to function as an interim capital city in the recently split state of Andhra

Pradesh is overwhelmed with the responsibilities and hence find very little time to spend on

the project which caused delays in the deliverables. In Vijayawada, transfers of government

officials in the rural areas created challenges in bringing them on board and apprising them of

the project activities.

Since the Indian General elections happened in May 2019, the model code of conduct

released prior to the elections imposed restrictions on the activities envisaged to be conducted

with the city and district government officials. The work progress was adversely affected and

delayed substantially because of national elections and the code of conduct that was

implemented in the cities for the elections. However, a revised work plan was prepared

keeping this in mind and the project was conducted as per that plan.


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12 Research Ethic

Ethics Review of the proposal by the llT Madras Institutional Ethics Committee was performed

during the previous semester. There is no issue relating to the research ethic. See Interim

Technical Report semester (August 2017) for more details.

The primary recommendation of the Ethics Review Committee was that all written materials

such as questionnaires or surveys should be in local language. This is followed in the project,

since local stakeholders do not understand English.

The project brochures have been developed in regional languages like Marathi and Telugu to

improve communication and engagement with local stakeholders.

13 Project Communications

13.1 Dissemination

The project has been presented in various regional and international fora. This will be stressed

upon once the city level project activities are begun, as these can then be presented as case

studies in international conferences. Some of the events in which the project was discussed

include:

The Asia Pacific Forum for Sustainable Development (APFSD) 2017 – The APFSD was

organised by UN Economic and Social Commission for the Asia and the Pacific

(UNESCAP) in Bangkok from March 29 to March 31, 2017. In the event, ICLEI had

organised a Mayor’s Panel and the IAdapt Project was also discussed in the event.

XI World Aqua Congress 2017: The 11th World Aqua Congress (XI WAC-2017) was

organized with an objective to bring best of the solutions from around the world on a single

platform, and present them to Indian government, policy makers and industry. ICLEI South

Asia presented its initiatives under EU funded project on AdoptIUWM and IDRC funded

IAdapt project in Technical Session 6 of the event.

India Water Week 2017: ICLEI South Asia presented the IAdapt project under Technology

solutions for the water-energy nexus session in India water week held on Wednesday,

October 11, 2017.

Moscow Urban Forum 2017 – The Forum was organised on 6-12 July 2017 in Moscow. In

the event, ICLEI presented the work done by ICLEI on healthy natural ecosystems with

local authorities and the IAdapt project was also presented as part of the presentation.

The Resilient Cities 2017, Bonn – The RC Bonn 2017 was organised in Bonn by ICLEI on

4-6 May 2017. This is a global platform which brings together practitioners and researchers

to discuss urban resilience. A panel discussion was organised in cooperation with IDRC

on Innovative strategies for water management in fast-growing cities, where the IAdapt

project was also discussed.

Disaster Day Event – The event was organised by UN on October 13, 2017 in New Delhi.

A presentation was made on resilience and cities by ICLEI in the event and the IAdapt

project was also mentioned in the event.

https://www.unescap.org/events/apfsd4

https://www.worldaquacongress.org/XI_GalleryImages.aspx?GId=54

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/events-news.html




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Smart Cities Expo 2017 – The event was organised in 10-12 May 2017 in New Delhi. The

project was presented on 11 May under the Water Theme – Reviving water resources and

management session.

ICLEI World Congress, 2018: The project was presented in ICLEI World Congress 2018

hosted by the Ville de Montréal, Canada, in a session on Cities-research: Building up

science in cities to drive action on the SDGs, and in another session on Gender, urban

development and adaptation to climate change, organized by IDRC.

Smart City Expo 2018: ICLEI South Asia presented the project as a case study for

innovative method of addressing water issues in a session focused on Smart Solutions for

Wastewater Management in Liveable Cities at the Smart City Expo 2018.

Resilient Cities Asia Pacific Congress 2019: The Resilient Cities Asia-Pacific (RCAP) 2019

Congress was organised by ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability and hosted by

South Delhi Municipal Corporation on 15-17 April in New Delhi, India. A session was

organised in this conference on Climate Adaptive Water Management to present the

outcomes and results of the project. It showcased collaborative adaptive measures for

sustainable water resource management and innovative financial solutions for water

management through examples from the South Asian region.

All partners participated and presented different sections of the project activities and

outputs. ICLEI South Asia presented on the RURBAN Platform, Athena Infonomics

presented the DST model, IIT Madras presented the hydrological and climate modelling

process, while IWMI presented innovative financing opportunities for resource recovery

and reuse. The session also included a panel discussion with eminent speakers from India,

Nepal and Philippines. The conference report is attached in Annexure 50. The

presentations are available online at http://resilientcitiesasiapacific.iclei.org/rcap-

2019/presentations.html

Resilient Cities Conference 2019, Bonn Germany: The RURBAN platform concept was

also presented in the Resilient Cities Bonn Conference held on 26 – 28 June, 2019 in

Bonn, Germany. The RURBAN platform was introduced as a mechanism of Climate

Adaptive Water Management through Rural-Urban Cooperation. The session description

is attached in Annexure 51. In both the sessions, the RURBAN mechanism was

appreciated by the audience.

The project objectives and outputs were presented to the Jal Shakti Abhiyan Inspection

Team in Vijayawada on 6th November 2019. The presentation was well received by the

audience.

A presentation on ‘Governance and Decision support framework for water management

through climate adaptation: Experiences from Vijayawada’ was presented during ‘Urban

Thinker’s Campus- Making Chennai Water Positive’ conference on 8th November 2019.

There were participants from across the country who highly appreciated the concept of

RURBAN Platform and asked for quick guidelines of how this could be replicated in other

geographies.

International Conference under IAdapt in Delhi: An international conference was organized

on 20th November 2019 in New Delhi to share project outcomes and learnings from two

project cities – Solapur in Maharashtra and Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh and showcase

success achieved under the project. The conference was attended by more than 100

participants, representing government authorities (cities, province and national),

https://smartnet.niua.org/content/7eeb0573-2b92-45f2-8650-d22a386f2b38


https://worldcongress2018.iclei.org/


https://www.smartcitiesindia.com/Post-Show-Report.aspx

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Events/49.ProceedingsRCAP2019.pdf

http://resilientcitiesasiapacific.iclei.org/rcap-2019/presentations.html

http://resilientcitiesasiapacific.iclei.org/rcap-2019/presentations.html

https://resilientcities2019.iclei.org/

http://iadapt.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/images/Events/50.RC2019_SessionDescription_IDRC.pdf


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institutions, organisations and practitioner from India, Nepal and Bangladesh. The report

of the conference is attached as Annexure 52.

A meeting was conducted with Mr Rajiv Ranjan Mishra, Director General, National Ganga

Mission for Clean Ganga, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga

Rejuvenation, Government of India to discuss the project outcomes and activities.

IAdapt project presentation to the Secretariat Office, Government of Andhra Pradesh: In

order to stir attention amongst the higher rungs of administration, it was decided to present

the project outputs to the State Government officials. The Secretariat office in the

Government of Andhra Pradesh was contacted for the same. Individual presentations were

made to the Principal Secretaries of Water Resources Department (WRD), Panchayat Raj

& Rural Development (PR&RD) Department and Municipal Administration and Urban

Development (MAUD) Department. Additionally, the Special Chief Secretary to Chief

Minister was also presented with the project objectives and outcomes. There was positive

feedback from all the officials. The Principal Secretary for the WRD suggested the same

model to be replicated in the water drought district Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh. Plausible

avenues of initiating a strict water use policy for the entire state was discussed.

The idea of RURBAN Platform was presented as an innovative idea in the INK@WASH

(Innovation and New Knowledge in Water Sanitation and Hygiene) in Hyderabad in

January 2020. It was selected as one among the top 50 innovations from the 300+ entries

from across the country. A poster on the same was also exhibited in the gallery for the

participants’ reference.

IAdapt at COP25: ICLEI South Asia, presented IAdapt methodology and outcomes at COP

25 on 5th December, 2019. The focus was to showcase clear interconnection between the

water sector, economy and climate change and need for RURBAN approaches for water

management.

13.2 Networking

The project has presented certain opportunities of networking through meetings and

conferences.

Brown bag Meetings organised by IDRC in New Delhi – A brown bag meeting was

organised by IDRC in New Delhi, on 27th April 2017 and 25th January 2018 in IDRC office.

Both these events were attended by ICLEI South Asia and the project was presented in

detail. The events brought about opportunities of collaboration with other IDRC partners

as well.

Resilient Cities Asia Pacific Forum 2017 – The Asia Pacific Forum for Urban Resilience

and Adaptation 2017 was organised in Ho Chi Minh City by ICLEI, where the mayors from

the two project cities participated. The event provided opportunities to them to share about

the project in different sessions.

ICLEI South Asia is partnering with CDKN on Knowledge accelerator for climate

compatible development Project that will be implemented in Africa, Latin America and

Asia. This project will focus on knowledge synthesis and strategic outreach and

engagement. Through the CDKN Knowledge Accelerator project, it has been suggested

to develop a policy brief on the RURBAN platform used in the IAdapt project for

dissemination in the Asian region.

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Dr. Melanie Robertson, Senior Project Officer from IDRC conducted a site visit to the

project city of Solapur from 3 – 6 February 2018. During her visit, she interacted with the

villages in the selected micro-catchment of Solapur as well as the Mayor and City Engineer

(Nodal Officer for the project) from the Solapur Municipal Corporation. Site visits were

conducted to the Ekhrukh Lake that is a potential site for intervention through the pilot

project under IAdapt, as well as previous pilot project site of ICLEI South Asia in Solapur

city.

Representatives from Athena Infonomics attended the Consultation workshop on water

and urban initiative conducted by IIT Madras and United Nations University - Institute for

Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS) and the hands-on training program on the

developed models for Flood Inundation, Flood modelling and Damage Assessment. At this

workshop, keeping in context the IAdapt framework of prioritising climate adaptive

interventions for Integrated water management, we learnt scientific tools which can

estimate the future state of water environment. These tools were taken up for the Decision

Support Tool formulation in the project.

14 Overall Assessment and Recommendations

The project was very well monitored by IDRC team. The good part was the flexibility allowed

in the project work plan to adjust according to needs arising as per the project progress. This

is very well appreciated and reflects IDRC’s understanding that ground realities can be starkly

different to planned paperwork. However, it was felt that if there was greater participation from

IDRC representatives during national conferences, it would support the uptake of the project

results at the national government level.

ANNEXURES



Report on Partners’ Meeting

21-22 April 2017, Chennai

Proposal Code: Proposal # A-69683


Submitted by: ICLEI South Asia

Project Consortium: ICLEI South Asia (Lead Member) Athena Infonomics LLC International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT M)

Report on Partners Meeting – Iadapt Project

1

Contents

OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 2

DAY 1 ................................................................................................................................... 2

DAY 2 ................................................................................................................................... 3

NEXT STEPS FOR THE PROJECT ............................................................................................ 5


2

REPORT ON FIRST PARTNER MEETING

The First Partner Meeting on Integrated Rural Urban Water Management for Climate Based Adaptations in Indian Cities (IAdapt) Project was organised in Chennai on 21-22 April 2017. The project is aimed at using integrated water resource management options in a micro catchment of 2 cities – Solapur and Vijayawada – so as to help the cities adapt to climate change and manage their water resources sustainably, while sharing it with neighbouring peri-urban and rural areas. The Partner Meeting was attended by representatives of all partners - ICLEI South Asia, Athena Infonomics, International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IITM). The meeting was organised in the conference hall of IIT Madras.

OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the meeting were:

- Interact with all partners face to face regarding project aims and activities - Discuss all project activities, outcomes, and responsibilities of each partner - Finalise detailed workplan for the project, timelines, reporting templates - Discuss and finalise communication methodology among partners for project

coordination and management - Discuss on Advisory Committee for the IAdapt Project

DAY 1 On the first day of the meeting, ICLEI South Asia gave a detailed presentation of the project, including its work packages, milestones and how the activities are planned to be conducted in the project. IWMI presented on Integrated Water Resource Management and discussed how it could be integrated in the project activities. Athena presented on the Decision Support Tools that have been developed by them and discussed on the need for the DST in the project scope. IITM presented on the climate forecasting activity already conducted for Solapur and Vijayawada and the remaining activities for mapping the two cities’ catchment areas.

The main points of discussion in the meeting were:

ICLEI South Asia – Presentation on IAdapt Project

- Need to specify milestones that are broadly suggested in the project proposal. This may be done as the project progresses and in discussion with all partners.

- Need to delineate catchments and microcatchments so as to define the scope of the project. The area of urban, peri-urban and rural regions included in the project need to be specified.

- Need to define the uncertainties of climate change that will be looked at through the project. This may be limited to changes in temperature and rainfall.

- Need to define participants of RURBAN platform, their roles and responsibilities.


3

- Pilot projects will be identified, designed, and implemented in the project. Money will be released if a tender document can be shown as a milestone.

IWMI – Presentation on Integrated Water Resource Management

- IWRM gives water balance that helps to understand linkages of water flows between different systems.

- Different approaches to address water requirements with costs can be discussed and different business models can be developed as per requirements.

- Criteria for selection of microcatchments must include o concepts of IUWM – number of systems/sectors that can be taken up o participation of stakeholders o cognitive ability of leaders o leadership and political interests/economics o technical feasibility requirements.

Athena – Presentation on DST

- Need to define the stages at which DST is required. - Need to identify target of DST - Need to understand existing decision process to be able to incorporate DST

appropriately

IITM – Presentation on Hydrological and Climate Modelling

- GCM modelling methods will be used - Mapping of catchment areas for Solapur and Vijayawada have been done partly - Mass balance and rainfall impact needs to be considered and superimposed on present

water situation - Interventions need to be proposed based on local needs – eg cropping patterns can be

modified.

DAY 2 The second day of the meeting dealt with the administrative and management details of the project. During the discussion, the following issues were discussed:

- Discussion on work plan and selection of micro-catchment area of the city - Advisory Group and Steering Committee - Ethics Review - Communication between partners - Templates for reporting and reporting procedure

The main outcomes of the second day are:

Discussion on work plan and selection of micro-catchment area of the city

- IWMI to design the criteria to delineate the micro-catchment areas for the two cities, so that the areas include urban, peri-urban and rural areas based on IWRM principles.


4

- IWMI to ask ICLEI and Athena to provide baseline information regarding the cities (eg, political and topographical maps, baseline data on water sources and supply systems, data on sewerage and drainage, etc).

- ICLEI and Athena to provide data to IWMI as required, helping IWMI design the first draft of the criteria by May 15.

- Finalised outlines of the micro-catchments of the cities will be developed by May 30.

Advisory Group and Steering Committee

- The Advisory Group should consist of 3-5 people. To be able to coordinate with the Advisory Group smoothly and effectively, it should not consist of more than 5 members.

- Members of the Advisory Group will be chosen from: o Stakeholders from the city o Ministry of Water Resources – possibly at Scientist level. o Ministry of Urban Development o Member of RURBAN Mission of Government of India o Eminent personalities like M S Swaminathan, who is already part of the IWMI

Board. - The primary role of the Advisory Group would be

o To provide intellectual inputs and review reports o To provide direction on how to improve the work that is already outlined in the

project. - ICLEI South Asia will come out with the draft list of members of the Advisory Group and

their roles and responsibilities for approval from the project partners. - The Steering Committee will consist of representatives of the project partners:

o Mr. Emani Kumar from ICLEI South Asia o Mr. Vijay Bhalaki from Athena Infonomics o Dr. Kala Vairavamoorthy from IWMI o Dr. S Mohan from IITM

- Apart from this, there would be responsible persons from each partner who would interact for the day to day activities of the project.

o Ms. Bedoshruti Sadhukhan will be the lead coordinator from ICLEI South Asia. o Mr. Ankit Chetri from Athena Infonomics o Dr. S Mohan from IITM o Representative from IWMI is to be named later.

Communication between partners

- The Steering Committee will meet online once a month, to discuss the progress of the project. Ms. Bedoshruti Sadhukhan will report to the Committee during this meeting. The frequency of the meeting can be modified later as project progresses.

- The responsible staff from each partner will meet through skype every 3rd Tuesday of each month at 3 pm. ICLEI South Asia will call for the Skype meeting and circulate an agenda in advance.

- ICLEI South Asia will make a group email id and add all emails to this, for ease of communication.


5

- Athena will prepare a folder to share documents with all partners that will be accessible to all partners.

- A website and brochure will be created as part of the project.

Ethics Review

- The project has been presented to the Ethics Committee by Dr. S Mohan from IITM. - This is pending approval from the Ethics Committee. - As per the Committee, the project must include ethical standards. All questionnaires

have to be translated and all communication to community must be in local language.

Templates for reporting and reporting procedure

- The IDRC templates for narrative and financial reporting were discussed with partners. - A suitable cover page will be designed for the reports and shared with all partners, so

that all future reports can have similar cover page. - For reporting, ICLEI South Asia will send out a reminder email with one week notice for

the reports to all partners. The partners will submit reports by one week and ICLEI South Asia will compile all reports into a single report from the Consortium by one week. This will be submitted to IDRC, who will then take a month to process payment. Once payment is received from IDRC, ICLEI South Asia will transfer money in 2 weeks.

NEXT STEPS FOR THE PROJECT During the Partner Meeting, a number of decisions were taken regarding the immediate next steps for the project. All partners are expected to comply with the planned activities so as to keep the project progress on track.

These include:

Sl. No.

Activity Responsibility

1. Begin interaction with city corporation, district level administration, formulate stakeholder group and identify nodal officer in both cities

ICLEI South Asia and Athena

2. Finalise questionnaires for use in collection of information from community and city to be used in selection of microcatchments

ICLEI South Asia

3. To send ICLEI South Asia and Athena a list of the data required for designing and outlining micro-catchments for the two cities of Solapur and Vijayawada.

IWMI

4. To send ICLEI South Asia and Athena a list of the data required for hydrological and climate modelling for the two cities of Solapur and Vijayawada.

IITM


6

5. Make group email id ICLEI South Asia

6. Make shared folder for sharing of documents Athena

7. List of members of Advisory committee, with roles and responsibilities

ICLEI South Asia



Second Partner Meeting Report

16-17 April 2018





Report on Second Partners’ Meeting – IAdapt Project

1

Contents

OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 2

DAY 1 ................................................................................................................................... 2

DAY 2 ................................................................................................................................... 4

NEXT STEPS FOR THE PROJECT ........................................................................................... 5


2

REPORT ON SECOND PARTNER MEETING

The Second Partner Meeting on Integrated Rural Urban Water Management for Climate Based Adaptations in Indian Cities (IAdapt) Project was organised in Delhi on 16 and 17 April 2017. The project is aimed at using integrated water resource management options in a micro catchment of 2 cities – Solapur and Vijayawada – so as to help the cities adapt to climate change and manage their water resources sustainably, while sharing it with neighbouring peri-urban and rural areas. The Second Partner Meeting was attended by representatives of all partners - ICLEI South Asia, Athena Infonomics and Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IITM) in person. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) joined over skype. The meeting was organised in the conference room of ICLEI South Asia.


- Update on all project activities, progress and outcomes of first year - Finalise detailed workplan for the project and timelines for second year - Discuss and finalise possible publications that can be printed and used for

dissemination of the project activities - Discuss the administrative issues of technical and financial reporting under the

project

DAY 1 On the first day of the meeting, the work done in last year was presented by each project partner. ICLEI South Asia and Athena presented the work done in Solapur and Vijayawada, respectively; IITM presented the hydrological modelling of the two micro-catchments under the project and IWMI presented the IUWM toolkit review conducted by them. In addition, ICLEI SA presented the IAdapt Framework developed under the project to prepare the Catchment Management Plan and Athena presented the Decision Support Tool (DST) Framework developed under the project. A discussion was also held on the work plan for the second year.

The main points of discussion in the meeting were:

1. ICLEI South Asia – Presentation on activities in Solapur

- The project work that has been carried out in Solapur over the last year was presented

- Challenges that were faced in Solapur were discussed - An overview of the work planned in Solapur for the second year was presented


3

2. Athena – Presentation on activities in Vijayawada - The work that has been carried out in Vijayawada over the last year was

presented - Challenges that were faced in Vijayawada were discussed - An overview of the work planned in Solapur for the second year was presented

3. Review Document on Integrated Water Resource Management toolkits

- IWMI presented the review document on IUWM Toolkits that has been developed in the first year and submitted to IDRC

- The document is being updated by IWMI through discussions with experts and addressing the gaps that have been identified in the first round of the review

- Project partners were requested to suggest some experts who can be contacted for the same

4. Presentation on DST Framework - Athena presented the DST Framework developed under the project, wherein the

scope and the possible methodology for developing the Framework were discussed with the partners

- Athena presented four methodologies that can be followed for the DST. These will be discussed by them in the RURBAN meeting in Vijayawada to identify the final methodology to be followed

- It was decided that the DST will feed in to the Catchment Management Plan but a mechanism will need to be worked out wherein the DST will also support in correcting the CMP, depending on the needs of the catchment managers and the prevailing conditions. DST will thus also help to take corrective steps with regard to the actions that are suggested in the CMP.

5. Presentation on Hydrological and Climate Modelling - IITM presented the hydrological modelling that they have carried out for both

the cities - They emphasised on the need for more data to carry out further analysis,

particularly the climate modelling of the cities to understand climate risks - The list of the data requirements will be sent out by IIT M and ICLEI SA and

Athena will follow up on the availabiliity of the data for both the cities - It was also decided that IIT M will approach IMD for climate related data for both

the cities

6. Presentation on IAdapt Framework - ICLEI SA presented the IAdapt framework that has been developed under the

project to prepare the Catchment Management Plan - The Frame is being implemented in both the project cities to develop the CMP


4

7. Discussion on the work plan - ICLEI SA presented the work plan for year 2 - This was based on the IDRC approved milestones and work plan, and was

modified as per the realities of the project progress - All deliverables and timelines of the work plan was discussed and were agreed

upon by partners

DAY 2 The second day of the meeting dealt with the administrative and management issues of the project and publications that can be developed for project outreach. On the second day, the meeting was conducted for the first half of the day. This was followed by a meeting with Dr K.S. Murali, Senior Programme Officer, IDRC New Delhi, where all project partners participated.

The main outcomes of the second day are:

1. Discussions on project finances - ICLEI SA presented the updated project financials. Comments received from IDRC

on the financial reports of Semester 1 and 2 were also shared with the partners - All partners mutually agreed to submit the subsequent reports in a manner that

they address all comments that have been raised by IDRC as well as finance section of ICLEI SA

2. Publications for project outreach - A discussion was held on the possible publications for project outreach. - It was decided that apart from peer reviewed papers the following will be

developed:

Project Brochure in English, Marathi and Telugu

Annual Newsletter

Project website

Two pagers on case studies and good practices

Two pager on the IUWM toolkit review document

Two pager explaining the IAdapt framework

City profiles of both project cities

3. Exchange visits for cities - Discussions were held for identifying possible sites for capacity building visits for

the project cities - It was decided that ICLEI SA and Athena will share their views on possible places

by email and after receiving comments on the same from all partners, the sites will be finalised

4. Communication between project partners - The group email ID will be used for all communications within partners


5

- A google drive folder has been created for sharing all resources developed as part of the project

- Regular partner calls have been decided on (on Tuesday, every month)

5. Discussions with Dr K.S. Murali - All project partners met Dr Murali, Senior Programme Officer at IDRC office in

New Delhi. - He was provided an update about the progress of work in year one of the project - Activities planned ahead for the project were also discussed and inputs on the

same were provided by Dr Murali - Dr Murali encouraged the partners to involve WOTR and Pani Foundation in the

work in Solapur - With regard to the difficulty in availability of climate related data for Vijayawada

and Solapur, Dr Murali gave the suggestion of having a dialogue with Skymet for the same.

NEXT STEPS FOR THE PROJECT During the Partner Meeting, a number of decisions were taken regarding the immediate next steps for the project. All partners are expected to comply with the planned activities so as to keep the project progress on track.

The revised work plan is given below.

Revised Work Plan

Milestone Activity Sub Activity Timeline Key responsibility

Supported by

Capacity building for catchment managers and key stakeholders

Implementation of rapid IUWM tool in both cities to identify potential areas of intervention

Baseline data collection Jan-18 ICLEI, Athena Athena, IITM, IWMI

Water Balance Jun-18 ICLEI, Athena

Climate Modelling (based on secondary studies)

Apr-18 ICLEI, Athena

Shared Learning Dialogue I May-18 ICLEI, Athena IIT M, IWMI

RURBAN Platform Meeting Jun-18 ICLEI, Athena IIT M, IWMI

State Government Meetings Jun-18 ICLEI, Athena

Scientific hydrological and Climate Modelling, including ground water balancing

Jul -18 IIT M ICLEI, Athena

Training module on DST framework Modules for training of city officials in SLD

Jun-18 Athena ICLEI

Training programmes on DST

Training workshop in Vijayawada

Jun-18 Athena ICLEI, IIT M

Training workshop in Solapur

Jun-18 Athena ICLEI, IIT M

Draft CMP framework Format of CMP Apr-18 ICLEI All partners

Exposure visit to other cities in India Visit of Solapur stakeholders to showcase good practice

Jun-18 ICLEI All partners

Visit of Vijayawada stakeholders to showcase good practices

Jun-18 Athena All partners


1

Milestone Activity Sub Activity Timeline Key responsibility

Supported by

Annual State Review Meeting: Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh

RURBAN Platform Meeting May- Jun -18 ICLEI, Athena IIT M

Framework for DST

Identification of vulnerability indicators for DST: Rural and Urban

List of Indicators for DST - one for each city

May -18 Athena

Basic urban rural water balancing model and/or Structure of DST for rural and urban areas

Water Balance Jun-18 ICLEI, Athena

Structure of DST May-18 Athena

Strategy Paper on DST Jun-18 Athena

Final DST Framework

Draft Framework May-18 Athena IIT, IWMI

Final Framework Jun-18 Athena

Reporting to IDRC

Narrative Report draft Jun-18 ICLEI All partners

Narrative Report final Jul-18 ICLEI All partners

Financial Report Jun-18 ICLEI All partners

INTEGRATED RURAL URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT

FOR

CLIMATE BASED ADAPTATIONS IN INDIAN CITIES

(IAdapt)

Partners’ Meeting

8 October 2018, Chennai


Submitted to: International Development Research Centre (IDRC)

Canada



Partners’ Meeting- Minutes

Venue: 2nd Floor Board Room, Athena Infonomics, No. 15, Arcot Street, T Nagar, Chennai

Date: 8th October 2018

Time: 10.30 am to 4.30 pm

List of attendees

Decision Support Tool

After welcoming all the partners, Athena Infonomics presented the Decision Support Tool structure and WEAP model outputs for Vijayawada. The partners discussed the importance of customizing the model for each city catchment, i.e. the focus should be on the flood prone nature of Vijayawada and drought prone nature of Solapur. The partners emphasized the importance of factoring in the impact of climate change on the intensity and duration of flood/drought years in the model. In order to account for floods in the model, it was discussed that the historical data for floods and the mitigation measures taken must be analysed using the the Decision Support Tool which can help in providing recommendations for flood resilience measures for the catchment. It might not be possible to undertake flood mapping for the catchment on WEAP, hence the use of another software for flood mapping has to be considered. The WEAP model may still be used to simulate how the proposed flood mitigation measures will positively impact

the effect of floods in the region. The different interventions/scenarios that can be built into the WEAP model was also discussed, along with ways to analyse the impact of each intervention/scenario on the catchment. It was concluded that each intervention/scenario has to be analysed for its survivability, sustainability, and efficiency. Further, under sustainability, the environmental, economic, and social sustainability has to be analysed and their impacts quantified, and interventions ranked accordingly. As per discussion, it was decided that the interventions ought to be specific and not too broad. The partners also discussed the idea of stakeholders preparing the initial list of interventions, which will then be ranked based on the above mentioned analysis of survivability, sustainability and efficiency. The draft DST training module was also reviewed by the partners and they provided insights on how it can be improved and offered to provide inputs whenever necessary.

Solapur Activities & Catchment Management Plan

ICLEI South Asia presented the project progress in Solapur, and the various stakeholder engagement activities conducted as part of the project. The components of the Integrated Catchment Management Plan were also presented where ICLEI plans to implement their pilot project before December. ICLEI will also develop the DST for Solapur between semester IV and V. Using the Decision Support Tool, the proposed interventions will be ranked to choose the pilot project. However, the pilot project to be implemented shall be entirely dependent on the stakeholders’ requirements and capacity. The partners also discussed the next steps and timelines for the project. An exposure visit is being planned for few officials of Solapur to Nagpur, while officials from Vijayawada will be taken to Hyderabad with guidance from Dr. Dinesh. A WEAP model training session was scheduled for the ICLEI team for Wednesday.

Other updates

IWMI presented the work done by the organisation, the team structure, and the progress on the IAdapt project. The partners also had a discussion on the way forward for IWMI in developing business models for the prioritised CMP interventions. ICLEI mentioned that in case it is not possible to develop ground level business models, IWMI may look at best practices and respective business models.

IIT Madras talked briefly of the hydrological and climate model being developed by them, and the possible timeline for completion of the tasks.

Athena concluded the meeting by summarising the decisions jointly taken by the partners regarding the Decision Support Tool, Training Module and Catchment Management Plan.



Third Partner Meeting Report

March 2019


Submitted to: International Development Research Centre (IDRC)

Canada


Project Consortium: ICLEI South Asia (Lead Member)

Athena Infonomics LLC

International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT M)

The Third Annual Partners Meeting

The Third Partner Meeting on Integrated Rural Urban Water Management for Climate Based

Adaptations in Indian Cities (IAdapt) Project was organised in Chennai on 14-15 March 2017. The

project is aimed at using integrated water resource management options in a micro catchment of 2

cities – Solapur and Vijayawada – so as to help the cities adapt to climate change and manage their

water resources sustainably, while sharing it with neighbouring peri-urban and rural areas. The

Partner Meeting was attended by representatives of all partners - ICLEI South Asia, Athena

Infonomics and Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IITM) in person. International Water

Management Institute (IWMI) could not join because of personal commitments of staff involved in

the project. However, there was a skype discussion with IWMI later on to discuss the outcomes of

the meting and get their inputs to the revised work plan.

The meeting was hosted by Athena Infonomics.


- Update on all project activities, progress and outcomes of two years - Finalise detailed workplan for the project and timelines for remaining period - Discuss and finalise possible publications that can be printed and used for dissemination of

the project activities - Discuss the administrative issues of technical and financial reporting under the project

ATTENDEES The attendees of the meeting included:

1. ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability South Asia:

Mr. Emani Kumar

Ms. Bedushruti Sadukhan

Ms. Monalisa Sen,

Ms. Geeta Sandal

Mr. Nikhil Kulkarni

2. Athena Infonomics:

Ms Ansu Alexander,

Mr Ankit Chatri

Mr Sairam Muthuswamy

3. Indian Institute of Technology, Madras:

Dr. S.Mohan

Mr Akash

Ms Kartikeshawari

MINUTES OF MEETING The meeting was organized for 2 days. Each partner presented the work completed in the

previous semester and proposed activities for the next semester. The work plan for the

remaining part of the project duration was also discussed and finalized in consultation with the

partners.

The key points discussed in the meeting are:

● Updates on project activities implemented at the selected micro catchments of the

project cities were provided by ICLEI SA and Athena Infonomics. Updates were

provided on RURBAN meetings in both the catchments and stakeholder

consultations conducted.

● Ms Ansu Alexander from Athena discussed the Decision Support tool developed

under the project and proposed training program dates to the partners. She also

introduced Mr Sairam Muthuswamy, who recently joined Athena as an Associate

Director and will be part of the Athena team.

● Ms Bedoshruti Sadhukhan from ICLEI SA presented the update about the project

achievement in Solapur and also informed about the planned meetings at State and

district level. She also updated the partners on the status of integrated catchment

management plan.

● ICLEI SA also informed about the work done by students from Dayanand College

in Solapur supported under the project. The two abstracts based on the studies

conducted by thee students on “Studies on floristic biodiversity of Ekrukh Lake,

Solapur with reference to climate change” and “Diversity of Blue-Green algae in

Ekrukh lake, Solapur” were selected at National Conference on Mangroves and

Coastal Resources organized by Department of Botany, Shivaji University,

Kolhapur

● IIT Madras shared the learnings from the climate change modeling conducted for

both the catchment areas and informed about the use of MIKE software for flood/

drought modeling. Prof. Mohan also suggested a need for training program for both

a cities on the same.

● Athena team members also informed about four interns pursuing International

development studies from The George Washington University, Washington DC.

● All partners discussed the list of publications and training modules to be developed

under the project on DST and Catchment Management plan preparation. Mr Emani

Kumar from ICLEI SA requested partners to work on knowledge products like

working papers, flyers, 2 pagers and brochures for DST and RURBAN platform.

Case studies for the two cities is also planned. He also requested all the partners to

provide inputs for the website.

● Keeping in mind the election dates in both the states tentative dates were proposed

for training programs and peer learning activities in both the cities.

● Partners were informed about the Asia Pacific Conference on Urban Resilience

and Adaptation - Resilient Cities Asia Pacific Congress to be organised by ICLEI

SA in New Delhi. It was decided to conduct a session in this event with

presentations from all partners regarding the outcomes of the project.

● On the second day, the work plan and activities for the last semester was discussed

and finalised in consultation with all partners. Financial reporting and requirement

of funds for next semester activities were discussed with all the partners.

NEXT STEPS The following table provides the work to be completed in the last year of the project with tentative

timelines.

Time Work to be completed

March Discussion with IWMI

Analysis of water sampling - Solapur

Procurement of Mike Software, water monitoring toolkit

April RCAP - 15-17

FGDs in Vijayawada

Water quality sampling - Vijayawada

DST publication

Procurement of met data for Mike Software

National water mission director - invite to RCAP with speaking role

May FGD in Solapur

Visit to IWMI office

Modeling using Mike software

June RURBAN - Vijayawada

State and national meetings - with IDRC local team and partners

June-July Academic Workshop (IIT training)

August CMP/DST/modeling/IWRM training - vijayawada and solapur

September City Exchange visit

November National Workshop

The list of publications decided for the project are:

Publications

RURBAN paper July - August

Peer reviewed papers - 2 by IIT/IWMI June

DST paper August-September

Case Studies September-October

Newsletter September-October

Financial compendium

Training Modules July - August

2 pagers on Iadapt, RURBAN, DST March-April

Introduction15 Research Problem 16 Research Methodology ......APFSD Asia Pacific Forum for...

Documents

Transcript of Introduction15 Research Problem 16 Research Methodology ......APFSD Asia Pacific Forum for...