Introduction To Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Ultrasonic test instruments have been used in industrial...
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![Page 1: Introduction To Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Ultrasonic test instruments have been used in industrial applications for more than sixty years. Since the 1940s,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649d315503460f94a09b1d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction To Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
Ultrasonic test instruments have been used in industrial applications for more than sixty years. Since the 1940s, the laws of physics that govern the propagation of high frequency sound waves through solid materials have been used to detect hidden cracks, voids, porosity, and other internal discontinuities in metals, composites, plastics, and ceramics, as well as to measure thickness and analyze material properties.
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Conventional UT Basic Theory
Sound waves are simply organized mechanical vibrations traveling through a medium. These waves will travel through a given medium at a specific speed or velocity, in a predictable direction, and when they encounter a boundary with a different medium they will be reflected or transmitted according to simple rules.
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3
0 2 4 6 8 10
crack echo
back surface echo
initial pulse
Oscilloscope, or flaw detector screen
plate
crack
Piezoelectric Transducer
Conventional UT Basic Theory
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Conventional UT Probe Configuration
With a conventional UT probe, a single piezoelectric element converts an electrical signal into a mechanical vibration.
Source: NDT Resource Center
(www.ndt-ed.org)
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Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT)
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What we see in Medical Ultrasonic Test
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What is the Difference in Medical Ultrasonogram and Phased Array Ultrasonic Test?
Nothing Special, Both are Phased Array Ultrasonic Test
Medical Industrial
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Phased Array Probe Configuration
• Essentially, a phased-array probe is a long conventional probe
cut into many small elements, which are individually excited.
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Phased Array Probe Configuration
• It is like having many small conventional UT probes integrated inside a single probe.
…
128 elements !
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How Does Phased Array Work?
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Angle beam covers from angle 40o to 70o with 1o angle increment.
Phased Array Angle Coverage
30˚
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Olympus OmniScan SX Phased Array Equipment
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A-Scan, S-Scan and C-Scan
A-Scan
S-Scan
C-Scan
S-Scan
C-Scan
A-Scan
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Weld Overlay System
Full weld overlay system that enables to visualize the relative position of indications in relation to the weld geometry. Easily Configure the Weld Geometry in the equipment. Such as type of weld joint, weld preparation angle, bevel height, bevel width, root gap, root face, thickness of the specimen etc.
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Defect Positioning
Defect Positioning
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Image sizing cursors available for X2 – X1 and/or Y2 – Y1 indication sizing
•Defect can be accurately sized•X-direction i.e. defect length•Y-direction i.e. defect depth
Defect Sizing
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Phased Array C-Scan:Report with complete information
Immediate report from the equipment can be transferable through pen drive.
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Phased Array Ultrasonic Test Application
Ship Welding Power Plant Gas Pipe Weld
Gas Field Pipe Line Weld Power Plant Boiler Tube
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Phased Array Ultrasonic Test Application
Steel Structure Weld Small Boiler Weld Inspection
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Comparison of RT and PAUT
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Radiography – Practical Problems 1. Radiation safety 2. Licensing 3. Disruption to work area 4. Chemical wastes 5. Large volumes of film 6. Film storage and deterioration 7. Subjective interpretation 8. Relatively slow inspection 9. RT cannot size in vertical plane 10.RT poor at detecting planar
defects.
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PAUT vs. RT
1. Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) potentially offers solutions to ECA
2. Capability of vertical sizing 3. Better detection of critical planar defects 4. Inspections tailored to weld profile and
defects 5. Generally PAUT has better detection than
RT, especially for cracks 6. Many trials performed globally7. Overall results support PAUT as better
quality inspections.
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Economics of PAUT vs. RT
1. Higher licensing costs for RT 2. Major headaches in shipping and storing
isotopes 3. Higher cost in waste disposal, storage etc.4. Cheaper PAUT Inspection Cost5. No film cost in PAUT6. No chemical cost in PAUT7. No production interruption in PAUT.
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Root Crack
Radiography
Phased Array Image
Sample Comparison of RT vs. PAUT
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Porosity
Radiography
Phased Array Image
Sample Comparison of RT vs. PAUT
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Inclusion
Radiography
Phased Array Image
Sample Comparison of RT vs. PAUT
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Lack of Root Fusion
Radiography
Phased Array Image
Sample Comparison of RT vs. PAUT
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Concave of Root
Radiography
Phased Array Image
Sample Comparison of RT vs. PAUT
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PAUT vs. RT Advantages
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PAUT vs. RT Advantages
1. Many functional advantages from switching from RT to PAUT.
2. No radiation 3. No licensing 4. No chemical wastes 5. Less subjective data interpretation 6. Minimizes data storage problems 7. Minimizes materials handling issues 8. Minimizes production disruptions 9. Better detection of planar defects 10.Can size in vertical plane for ECA 11.Lower reject rates 12.Fast and cost effective
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PAUT Code Updates
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Codes
1. ASME Code Case N- 659-2 permits Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) for Replacement of RT with PAUT for feeder tubes in nuclear reactor.
2. ASME CC 2541 Permits Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) in Section V, Article 4.
3. ASME CC 2235-9 permits UT in lieu of RT in Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2.
4. ASME CC 2557 permits PAUT S-Scan in Section V, Article 4.
5. ASTM has published three Standard Practices: 2491, 2700, 2904
6. ISO, Chinese, Japanese working on PAUT codes.
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