Introduction to the Speechmaking Process Michele Serra, October 25, 2012
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Transcript of Introduction to the Speechmaking Process Michele Serra, October 25, 2012
Introduction to the Speechmaking ProcessMichele Serra, October 25, 2012
Introduction toCritical Listening
Chapter 2
The most important language skill
We listen first, then speak, read, and write
Listening is the foundation
… but listening is not automatic!
If speaking is silver, listening is gold. -Turkish Proverb
Stages
Agenda
Stages1
Styles2
Improvement Strategies3
Become a Critical Listener4
Listening 45%
Speaking 30%
Reading16%
Writing9%
Percentage of Time Listening
30% Not Communicating 70% Communicating
Stages
Critical ListeningProcess
1Hearing
(Sensation)
2Selection (Sorting)
3Interpretation
(Meaning)
4Evaluation
(Assessment)
5Response
(Feedback)
5 Stages of the Critical Listening Process
Stages
Stage 1: Hearing (Sensation)
Hearing is an automatic mechanical process
Hearing is about Noise
Stages
Listening is about Meaning
It all starts with protecting your hearing
Listening Devices: No more than 70% volume No longer than 4.5 hours Protect hearing in
environments over 90 decibels. (hair dryer, lawnmower are 90 dB)
(Time Magazine, 02/09)
Sound receptors called cilia cannot regenerate once destroyed
If destroyed, affects hearing and balance
Stages
Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL)
Stage 2: Selection (Sorting)
Noise
Choose what you will attend to from the mass of sounds and input.
Content
Be selective, but listen to the entire message before rejecting all or part.
Stages
Stage 3: Interpretation (Meaning)
We all rely on intrapersonal inputs and filters including:
History Culture Beliefs
Stages
“Why do people feel so strongly about one
candidate vs. the other?”
Everyone’s frame of reference is unique
Values Intelligence Attitudes
Needs Wants Fears
Evaluation
Goal is to understand the meaning of the
message
Suspending judgment to
grasp intent of speaker & depth
of material
Motivation high from desire to
add to knowledge
Stage 4: Evaluation (Assessment)
Stages
Stage 5. Responses (Feedback)
Internal: Arise from interpretation/evaluation
May occur at anytime during speech
Thoughts and conclusions arising in your mind
External: Feedback, verbal, questions, comments
Non-verbal, shaking head, looking confused or bored.
Backchanneling – nonverbal vocal cues, “Uh-huh”
Includes questions and comments
Stages
Agenda
Stages1
Styles2
Improvement Strategies3
Become a Critical Listener4
Listening Styles
1 - Reluctant
2 - Aggressive
3 - Appreciative
4 - Empathetic
5 - Comprehensive
6 - Critical
6 Styles of Listening
Styles
Reluctant
Listening out of obligation
Distasteful or boring
experience
Counteract with discipline,
notes, association
Low Motivation
Style 1: Reluctant
Styles
Aggressive
Non-listening
style
Opinionated biased point-
of-view
More emotional
than critical thinking
Argument rehearsals
Low motivation
to listen
Style 2: Aggressive
Styles
Appreciative
Attentive, responsive,
higher retention
Still need to think
objectively
Use listening skills
High motivation
to listen
Interested in message,
music, content
Style 3: Appreciative
Styles
Empathic
Put yourself “in the
speaker’s shoes”
Connect with their
thoughts and feelings
Non-judgmental
listening
No advise-giving,
unless asked
High motivation
to listen
Style 4: Empathic
Styles
Comprehensive
Goal is to understand the meaning of the
message
Suspend judgment to
grasp intent & depth
Motivation high from
desire to add to knowledge
Style 5: Comprehensive
Styles
Critical
Questioning, responsive mind-set
Fair-minded attitude
whether pro, con, neutral
Determine if message is valid and
supported
Consider full message before judging
Motivation comes from
desire to understand
Style 6: Critical
Styles
Agenda
Stages1
Styles2
Improvement Strategies3
Become a Critical Listener4
Improve Hearing Channel
Become Motivated Take Notes Listen for
Key Words
Listening Improvement StrategiesImprovement Strategies
Relate to topic
Expand interest
Study topic ahead of time
Eliminate noise & distractions
Stay alert, avoid fatigue
Note-takers remember 1.5 times more after 6 weeks
Those who don’t , forget 80% of lectures after 2 weeks
Don’t try to write the entire message
Listen for main points and central ideas
4 Steps to Improve Critical Listening
Managing Distractions
Speaker’s appearance, language, mannerisms, personality:
Do: Focus on message Ignore trivialities
Improvement Strategies
“Choose self-discipline to listen.”
Don’t Seek distractions to stray from message Overly criticize speaker, daydream, chat , fake attention
Managing Distractions
Your beliefs, attitudes and values are triggered:
Do Steer away from mental rebuttals Respect presenters and event
Improvement Strategies
“Choose self-discipline to listen.”
Don’t Focus solely on your frame of reference
Managing Distractions
Topic seems too challenging, boring, irrelevant:Do
Keep an open mind to learn new and thought-provoking information
Relate it to something you know.
Improvement Strategies
“Choose self-discipline to listen.”
Don’t Do not dismiss topic as unimportant Avoid prejudging until hearing entire message
Managing Distractions
Overcome Thought Speed:
Speaking Speed = 125 - 150 wpm Listening Speed = 400 wpm
Listeners can think 4X faster than speakers can talk, so minds wander
Counteract: Take notes Anticipate speaker’s next point Analyze logic and evidence of message
Managing Distractions
Overcome Automatic Talking
Improvement Strategies
Learn why people talk without listening
Agenda
Stages1
Styles2
Improvement Strategies3
Become a Critical Listener4
Become a Critical ListenerEverything you hear is an opportunity to listen!
Whether in a conversation, at meeting, attending a presentation or watching the news, always:
Exercise an open mind
Resist distractions
Take notes
Withhold judgment until hearing entire message
Q & AQuestions & Answers What did you learn today that you didn’t already know?
How will critical listening impact you the most?
What do you plan to change first?