Introduction to Taxonomy
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Transcript of Introduction to Taxonomy
INTRODUCTION TO TAXONOMY
Taxonomy Taxonomy: How we organize organisms
into different groups depending on their structures or their origins.
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Primative Organisms
No membrane bound organelles
No nuclear membrane
Contains ribosomes
Much bigger than prokaryotic cells
Contain membrane bound organelles
Contains ribosomes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Taxonomy Chart
Bacteria Archea Eukaryote
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
Protists Fungi Animal Plant Mult. phyla Chordates
Vertebrate
Cladogram
Monophyletic
Animals
Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop
from embryonic layers
Animals No cell wall: instead animals have structural
proteins: collagen Unique intercellular junctions:
Tight junctions: small intestine Desmosomes: skin Gap junctions: cardiac muscle
Reproduction Cleavage: mitotic divisions without cell growth Blastula: hollow ball Gastrula: embryonic tissue
Animals: metamorphosis Most animals: life dominated by the
diploid stage Larva stage: sexually immature form of
an animal that is morphologically distinct from adult: must…
Metamorphosis: new development that transforms animal to adult form
A Deeper Look into Invertebrates! 97% of animals are invertebrates Invertebrates are animals that lack a
backbone. Inhabit land and water Range anywhere from head lice to a MASSIVE octopus
Types of Invertebrates
Three Basic Evolutionary Trends in Invertebrates Embryonic Cell Layers:
-ectoderm: outer layer becomes skin, nervous system, inner ear, lens of eye-endoderm: inner layer becomes organs, linings-mesoderm: middle layer becomes notochord, skeleton
Body Cavity: Coelom: Place for organs to grow and function
Body Compartments: Segments: Increases body size and is specialized for specific functions
Systems in Invertebrates FOR EXAMPLE, The open circulatory
system is more primitive than the closed circulatory system because blood is completely contained within blood vessels.
A grasshopper has an open circulatory system while a worm has a closed system.
Symmetries in Invertebrates NO Symmetry: varying in shapes and
sizes Radial Symmetry: body parts repeat
around an imaginary line drawn around the body
Bilateral Symmetry: left and right sides are mirror images if an imaginary line through the body longway
Invertebrate phyla
Pofifera: sponge
radial No tissue No coelom
Cnidarian: jellyfish
radial 2
planaria: flatworm
bilateral 3 tissue simplest CNSSmall brain
Nematode: round worm
Psuedo col: gastro-vasc cavity, alimentary canal
Annalids: earthworm
segmented Start: coelomates:Protostome: mouthDeuterostome: anus
Only invert with closed circ. syst
Mollusks: snail squidEchinoderm: star
Radial: bilat embyo
Arthropod: insects & crustaceans
Breath thru skin, gills or tracheal syst.
Open circ: hemolymph: bl and intestinal fluid
chordate
chordates Notochord: becomes vertebral column Gill slits Post anal tail
Subphyla: Vertebrates (6 classes) Skeleton of cartilage or bone Neural crest: in embryo: these cells
become: bones of skull, teeth, adrenal glands, periph. Nervous system
Vertebrates
VertebratesBony fish: jawless fishLamprey, hagfish
Cartilagenous fish: sharks, rays
Oldest vertebrates2 chamber heart: no sep of ox and deox bloodHeart to gills then to system
Kidneys: osmotic balance: need lots ammonia in body
No lung, swimbladder
Amphibians: tadpole/frogsPart of life on land, part live in water
3 chamber heartSkin breath
Slimy eggs external fertilize in fresh water
Reptiles: lizardssnakes
1st move to landDry tough skinBreath air
Amniotes: egg protected by membranesInternal fertilizationOviparous: egg laying
Birds 4 chamber heartSep pulmonary and systemic (no mix ox deox)
Endotherm: warm bloodedFeathers, wings, lg breast bone
Mammals: make milk
Placental: eutheriansOr marsupial
Viviparous: live birthHair or fat
Mammals Internal fertilization Placental or marsupial Viviparous: (placental) give birth to live
young Make milk Have hair or fur
Embryo development Oviparous: egg develops external to
body fertilization can be internal or external Aquatic invertebrates Insects Birds
Viviparous: live birth Marsupials Mammals
A Deeper look into Vertebrates 3% of the animals are vertebrates Vertebrates are animals that have a
backbone. Inhabit land and water
Types of Vertebrates Mammals Reptiles Amphibians Birds Fish
MAMMALS: Warm blooded, hair or fur, birth live young, make milk.
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