Introduction to Structural Design

7/23/2019 Introduction to Structural Design

1/714

Dedtn Cgeteif_cefdirbcg Bifbrctc Gcsehf

A. J. Blar` Rbniil id Cfhefccrefh Gcpartkcft id Bevel afg Cfverifkcftal Cfhefccrefh

Eftrigubteif

a

RWCCL.bik

RULLAOSR, KAJI_

WI]EBR & BIK]SWC_R

CFBC 233 - Eftrigubteif ti Rtrubtural GcsehfGcpartkcft id Bevel afg Cfverifkcftal Cfhefccrefh

Sfevcrsety id Karylafg, Billchc ]ar`

DALL ?==?

OyGr Eoranek Assa``ad

EFW_IGSBWEIF a. RULLAOSR, KAJI_ WI]EBR, & BIK]SWC_R Rlegc Fi. 1CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Biursc Ryllaous

CFBC 233 Eftrigubteif ti Rtrubtural

Gcsehf (2 brcget)

KXD 5:== ak 5:3= ak, CH_ ?11?


2/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF a. RULLAOSR, KAJI_ WI]EBR, & BIK]SWC_R Rlegc Fi. ?CFBC 233 Assa`àd

Biursc Ryllaous

EFRW_SBWI_:Fakc: Gr. Eoranek A. Assa`àd

Iddebc Niurs: KXD 1=:== ak - 1?:== ak afg oy appieftkcft

_iik: =2=3, Cfhefccrefh Blassriik Ouelgefh (CH_)

Bcftcr dir Wcbnfilihy afg Rystcks

Kafahckcft (BWRK)

Wclcpnifc: (X) 2=1-7=3-2?85

Ckael: assa`àdMcfh.ukg.cgu

S_L: nttp://btsk.ukg.cgu/assa`àd

nttp://www.bcc.ukg.cgu/assa`àd


Biursc Ryllaous

WCABNEFH ARRERWAFW:

Fakc: Gr. Kahcg Regè Kirbis

Iddebc Niurs: KXD 1?:== pk 1:== pk

_iik: WOA

Wclcpnifc: (2=1) ?84-1===, _k. ?32

Ckael: kYsegèMnitkael.bik


3/714


Biursc Ryllaous

WC^WOII@R:

1. _cefdirbcg Bifbrctc Gcsehf, 3tn Cgeteif, Rpechcl,

L. afg Lekoruffcr, H. D., ?==2, ]rcftebc Nall.

?. Rtrubtural Rtccl Gcsehf, 2rg Cgeteif, KbBirkab, J.

afg Fclsif, J., Jr., ?==2, ]rcftebc Nall.

2. Ouelgefh Bigc _cquerckcfts dir Rtrubtural Bifbrctc

(21>-=?) afg Bikkcftary (21>-=?), Akcrebaf

Bifbrctc Efstetutc (ABE).

7. L_DG Kafual id Rtccl Bifstrubteif, 2rg Cgeteif,

Akcrebaf Efstetutc dir Rtccl Bifstrubteif (AERB).


Biursc Ryllaous

_CDC_CFBCR:

1. Gcsehf id Bifbrctc Rtrubturcs, 1?tn

Cgeteif, Felsif, A. N., 1558, KbHraw

Nell.

?. Rtccl Rtrubturcs, 2rg Cgeteif, Ralkif,

B., H. afg Jinfsif, 155=, Narpcr afg_aw.


4/714


Biursc Ryllaous

H_AGEFH:

Nikcwir` ?=%

Cxak E ?3%

Cxak EE ?3%

Defal Cxak 2=%

Quezzcs & Attcfgafbc ().

1==%


Biursc Ryllaous

]_C_CQSEREWCR:

CFBC 2==

]crkesseif id tnc Gcpartkcft

HCFC_AL BIS_RC GCRB_E]WEIF (SKRBNCGSLC ID BLARRCR, DALL ?==?):

Rtrubtural gcsehf id kckocrs dir ouelgefhs afgoreghcs suojcbtcg ti tcfseifs, bikprcsseif, sncar afgocfgefh. Katcreals: strubtural stccl afg rcefdirbcgbifbrctc. Gcsehf id wclgcg afg oiltcg biffcbteifs.]labckcft id rcefdirbefh oars ef bifbrctc kckocrs.


5/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF a. RULLAOSR, KAJI_ WI]EBR, & BIK]SWC_R Rlegc Fi. >CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Biursc Ryllaous

NIKCXI_@ ARREHFKCFWR:]ridcsseifal prcscftateif id nikcwir` assehfkcfts esrcquercg. ]ridcsseifal prcscftateif bifsests id fcatafg irhafezcg siluteif id priolcks if ifc segc id>.3"x11" papcrs. Afy nikcwir` fit bikplyefh wetn

pridcsseifal stafgargs well fit oc hragcg afg well ocassehfcg zcri brcget. Wnc nikcwir` assehfkcfts arcguc ifc wcc` adtcr tncy arc assehfcg. Nikcwir` well

oc assehfcg as tnc katcreal es bivcrcg afg well ocbillcbtcg cvcry Kifgay at tnc ocheffefh id tnc lcbturc

pcreig, startefh if Kifgay 5/5. Assehfkcfts turfcgef latc well oc gib`cg 1=% dir cabn gay et es latc pasttnc irehefal guc gatc.


Biursc RyllaousNIKCXI_@ ARREHFKCFWR (biftg):

Riluteifs well oc avaelaolc drik tnc WA afg if tnc

blass wcosetc adtcr tnc priolcks arc rcturfcg. Fi

assehfkcft well oc abbcptcg adtcr tnc afswcrs navc

occf pistcg. Rtugcfts arc cfbiurahcg ti gesbuss afg

dirkulatc siluteifs ti tnc priolcks oy wir`efh ef

tcaks. Niwcvcr, assehfkcfts kust oc bikplctcg afg

suokettcg efgevegually. Rekply bipyefh tnc afswcrsdrik afitncr stugcft ir drik a siluteifs kafual es fit

abbcptaolc afg well fit oc tilcratcg.


6/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF a. RULLAOSR, KAJI_ WI]EBR, & BIK]SWC_R Rlegc Fi. 1=CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Biursc Ryllaous

NIKCXI_@ ARREHFKCFWR (biftg):Huegclefcs dir nikcwir` arc hevcf ocliw:

1. Ssc hiig qualety papcr, subn as cfhefccrefh hrapn papcr ir

billchc-rulcg papcr, afy bilir, wetn fi speral cghcs

?. Xretc if ifly ifc segc id tnc papcr

2. Cetncr pcf ir pcfbel es abbcptaolc

7. Efblugc yiur fakc, scbteif, afg pahc fukocr (c.h. 1/2 kcafs 1

id 2) if cabn sncct

3. Rtaplc all pahcs tihctncr ef tnc uppcr lcdt birfcr

4. Fcatly oix all afswcrs, afg efblugc appripreatc ufets dirfukcrebal afswcrs

8. Rniw all wir (c.h. fi wir` kcafs fi brcget well oc hevcf)


Biursc RyllaousNIKCXI_@ ARREHFKCFWR (biftg):

Ed tnc aoivc huegclefcs arc fit dilliwcg, tnc WA well

cetncr rcjcbt tnc assehfkcft iutrehnt, dir cxtrckc

bascs, ir gcgubt piefts dir etcks tnat gi fit

bifdirk ti tnc spcbedebateifs.


7/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF a. RULLAOSR, KAJI_ WI]EBR, & BIK]SWC_R Rlegc Fi. 1?CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Biursc Ryllaous

C^AKR AFG QSEZZCR:All stugcfts kust ta`c all cxaks afg quezzcs efblugefh

tnc defal cxak. Ifly cxtcfuatefh berbukstafbcs well oc

abbcptcg as af cxbusc dir kessefh af cxak. Wnc

stugcft kust fitedy tnc efstrubtir id tnc rcasif dir

aoscfbc as siif as pisseolc. Ncaltn rclatcg cxbuscs

rcquerc kcgebal rcpirts afg tnc sehfaturc id a

pnysebeaf tnat privegcg trcatkcft. Uiu arc

cfbiurahcg ti hi ivcr Bnaptcr 7 id tnc Sfgcrhraguatc

Batalihuc dir tnc Sfevcrsety pilebecs, ir vesetnttp://www.efdirk.ukg.cgu/uhragbat/bnaptcr7/attcfga

fbc.ntkl


Biursc RyllaousBIS_RC XCOREWC: Rtugcfts arc cfbiurahc ti abbcss

biursc wco setc at nttp://www.ajbiflefc.ukg.cgu ti

giwfliag biursc katcreals subn as nikcwir` scts afg

siluteifs. Wekcly efdirkateif well alsi oc pistcg if

tnc wco setc. At efeteal lihef, usc yiur wak abbiuft

fakc as tnc uscrfakc, afg yiur REG as tnc passwirg.

Uiu arc agvescg ti bnafhc yiur passwirg adtcr yiur

derst lihef. _cpirt afy priolck wetn tnc biursc wcosetc ti tnc efstrubtir. Dir tcbnfebal priolcks id tnc

wco setc, biftabt tnc Efstrubteifal Wcbnfilihecs stadds

at =1?2 Kartef Nall.


8/714


Biursc Ryllaous

Rbncgulc dir Lcbturcscc` Lcb. Gatc Rcbteif Wipeb Nikcwir`

1 1 X, 5/7 Nafgiut Eftrigubteif ti tnc Biursc? D, 5/4 Nafgiut Rtrubt ural Gcsehf afg Afalyses, Bigc Rpcbedebateifs Nafgiut

?

2 K, 5/5 1.1 1.71.3

]A_W E _CEFDI_BCG BIFB_CWC

AFALURER AFG GCREHF

RL*Bnaptcr 1 Katcreals & Kcbnafebs id Ocfgefh

Bifbrctc, ABE Ouelgefh Bigc, Bckcft afg Xatcr, AhhrchatcsBifbrctc ef Bikprcsseif

1-11-?

7 X, 5/11 1.4 1.> Bifbrctc ef Wcfseif, _cefdirbefh Rtccl, afg Ocaks 1-2 1-3 1-1=

3 D, 5/12 ?.1 ?.?

?.2 ?.7

RL*Bnaptcr ? _cbtafhular _cefdirbcg Bifbrctc

Ocaks afg Rlaos: Wcfseif Rtccl Ifly

Eftrigubteif, Kctnigs id Afalyses afg Gcsehf

Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag, Rtrcfhtn Gcsehf Kctnigs Assukpteif

2 4 K, 5/14 ?.3 ?-4?.8?.>

Dlcxural Rtrcfhtn id _cbtafhular Ocaks, Cquevalcft RtrcssOalafbcg, Ivcrrcefdirbcg, afg Sfgcrrcefdirbcg Ocaks_cefdirbckcft _atei Leketateifs afg Huegclefcs

?-1a ?-?

?-38 X, 5/1> ?.5

?.1=?.12

Rtrcfhtn _cquerckcfts_cbtafhular Ocak Afalyses dir Kikcft (Wcfseif Ifly)Ifc-Xay Rlaos

?-8?-11

> D, 5/?= ?.17 ?.14 _cbtafhular Ocak Gcsehf dir Kikcft (Wcfseif Ifly) ?-17 ?-?>


Biursc Ryllaous Rbncgulc dir Lcbturc (biftg)

cc` Lcb. Gatc Rcbteif Wipeb Nikcwir`

7

5 K, 5/?2 2.1 2.?

RL*Bnaptcr 2 _cefdirbcg Bifbrctc Ocaks: W-Ocaks

afg Giuoly _cefdirbcg Ocaks

Eftrigubt eif, W-Ocaks Afalyses 2-1 2-31= X, 5/?3 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 Gcvclipkcft id W-OcakAs, kax, W-Ocak Gcsehf dir kikcft 2-4 2-1?11 D, 5/?8 2.4 2.8 Rukkary id W-Ocaks Afalyses afg Gcsehf

3 1? K, 5/2= 2.> 2.11 Giuoly _cefdirbcg Ocaks, Giuoly _O Afalyses 2-14

12 X, 1=/? 2.1? 2.17 Giuoly _cefdirbcg Ocak Gcsehf dir Kikcft 2-??

17 D, 1=/7 7.1 7.?RL

*Bnaptcr 7 Rncar ef Ocaks

Eftrigubt eif, Rncar _cefdirbckcft Gcsehf _cquerckcfts 7-1 7-7

4 13 K, 1=/8 7.2 7.7 Rncar Afalyses ]ribcgurc, Rterrups Gcsehf ]ribcgurc 7-3 7-1?

14 X, 1=/5 3-1 3.?

RL*Bnaptcr 3 Gcvclipkcft, Rplebcs, afg Rekplc-

Rpaf Oar Butidds

Gcvclipkcft Lcfhtn, Wcfseif Oars 3-1 3-?18 D, 1=/11 3.2 3.7 Gcvclipkcft Lcfhtn, Bikprcsseif Oars, Rtafgarg Nii`s 3-8

8 1> K, 1=/17 3.5 Rekplc-Rpaf Butidds afg Ocfgs 3-1?

15 X, 1=/14 5.1 5.2RL

*Bnaptcr 5 Bilukfs

Eftrigubteif, Rtrcfhtn (skall cbbcftrebety), Bigc _cquerckcfts

?= D, 1=/1> 5.7 5.3 Afalyses id Rnirt Bilukfs, Gcsehf id Rkall Bilukfs 5-2 5-5


9/714


Biursc Ryllaous

Rbncgulc dir Lcbturc (biftg)cc` Lcb. Gatc Rcbteif Wipeb Nikcwir`> ?1 K, 1=/?1 5.8 5.11 Wnc Liag-Kikcft _clateifsnep, Afalyses (larhc cbbcftrebet y) 5-11

?? X, 1=/?2 1.1 1.81.> 1.?1

]A_W EE RW_SBWS_AL RWCCL

AFALURER AFG GCREHF

KF*Bnaptcr 1 Eftrigubteif ti Rtrubtural Rtccl Gcsehf

Agvaftahcs afg Gesagvaftahcs, Carly uscs, Rtccl Rcbteifs

Kigcrf Rtrubtural Rtccls, Sscs, Daelurc, afg Bikputcrs

?2 D, 1=/?3 ?.1 ?.7?.3 ?.4

KF*Bnaptcr ? Rpcbedebateifs, Liags, afg

Kctnigsid GcsehfRpcbedebateifs afg Ouelgefh Bigcs, Liags, Gcag & Levc LiagsCfverifkcftal Liags, Liag & _csestafbc Dabtir Gcsehf ?-1

5 ?7 K, 1=/?> *** C^AK E ***

?3 X, 1=/2= ?.8 ?.1=?.11 ?.1?

Liag afg _csestafbc Dabtirs, _cleaoelety afg L_DGAgvaftahcs id L_DG, Bikputcr Cxakplc

?-??-7 ?-1=

?4 D, 1=/1 2.1 2.2KF

*Bnaptcr 2 Afalyses id Wcfseif Kckocrs

Eftrigubt eif, Gcsehf Rtrcfhtn, Fct Arcas 2-? 2->

1= ?8 K, 11/7 2.7 2.3 Cddcbt id Rtahhcrcg Nilcs, Cddcbtevc Fct Arcas 2-1= 2-17 2-?= 2-?7

?> X, 11/4 2.4 2.8 Biffcbtefh Clckcfts dir Wcfseif Kckocrs, Olib` Rncar 2-?8 2-2= 2-27

?5 D, 11/> 7.1 7.27.7 7.3

KF*Bnaptcr 7 Gcsehf id Wcfseif Kckocrs

Rclcbteif id Rcbteifs, Ouelt-up Wcfseif Kckocrs _igs afgOars ]ef-biffcbtcg Kckocrs, Gcsehf dir Datehuc Liags

7-2 7-?2


Biursc Ryllaous Rbncgulc dir Lcbturc (biftg)


11

2= K, 11/11 3.1 3.2

KF*Bnaptcr 3 Eftrigubteif ti Axeally Liagcg

Bikprcsseif Kckocrs

Hcfcral, _csegual Rtrcss, Rcbteifs Sscg dir Bilukfs21 X, 11/12 3.7 3.3 Gcvclipkcft id Bilukf Dirkulas, Culcr Dirkula 3-? 3-7

2? D, 11/13 3.4

3.8

Cfg _cstraefts afg Cddcbtevc Lcfhtns id Bilukfs

Rteddcfcg afg Sfsteddcfcg Clckcfts3-4 3-1=

1? 22 K, 11/1> 3.> 3.53.1= 3.11

Lifh, Rnirt, afg Eftcrkcgeatc Bilukfs, Bilukf DirkulasKaxekuk Rlcfgcrfcss _ateis, Cxakplc ]riolcks

3-13 3-18

27 X, 11/?=

4.1 4.7

KF*Bnaptcr 4 Gcsehf id Axeally Liagcg

Bikprcsseif KckocrsEftrigubt eif, L_DG Gcsehf Waolcs, Ouelt-up Bilukfs 4-? 4->

23 D, 11/?? 4.3

4.8

Ouelt-up Bilukfs w/ bikpifcfts ef biftabt wetn cabn itncr

Ouelt-up Bilukfs w/ bikpifcfts fit ef biftabt wetn cabn itncr

4-??

1224 K, 11/?3 >.1 >.7

KF*Bnaptcr > Eftrigubteif ti Ocaks

Wypcs id Ocaks, Rcbteifs, Rtrcsscs, ]lasteb Nefhcs >-?

28 X, 11/?8 >.3 >.8 Clasteb Gcsehf, ]lasteb Kigulus, Wnciry id ]lasteb Afalyses >-7 >-11

2> D, 11/?5 ********* FI BLARR, Wnaf`shevefh _cbcss *********


10/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF a. RULLAOSR, KAJI_ WI]EBR, & BIK]SWC_R Rlegc Fi. 1>CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Biursc Ryllaous

Rbncgulc dir Lcbturc (biftg)


17 25 K, 1?/? >.> >.5>.1=

Wnc Billapsc Kcbnafesk, Tertual-Xir` KctnigLibateif id ]lasteb Nefhc dir Sfedirk Liagefh

>-?? >-?>>-21

7= X, 1?/7 >.11 >.1?

5.1 5.2

Biftefuius Ocaks, Ouelgefh DrakcsKF

*Bnaptcr 5 Gcsehf id Ocaks dir Kikcfts

Eftrigubteif, Ueclgefh Ocnaveir, Gcsehf id Ocaks (Zifc 1)

>-28

5-1 5-7 5-1=

71 D, 1?/4 *** C^AK EE ***

13 7? K, 1?/5 5.7 5.3

5.4

Latcral Ruppirt id Ocaks, Efclasteb Oub`lefh (Zifc ?)

Kikcft Bapabetecs

5-1? 5-14

72 X, 1?/11 5.8 5.5 Clasteb Oub`lefh (Zifc 2), Gcsehf Bnarts, FifbikpabtRcbteifs

5-?7

77 D, 1?/12 _cvecw

14 W, 1?/15 All katcreal *** DEFAL C AK - >-1= AK, CH_ ?11? ***


Biursc Iojcbtevc

Eftrigubc tnc bifbcpt id Gcsehf id

strubtural kckocrs dir ouelgefh afg

oreghcs suojcbtcg ti tcfseifs,

bikprcsseif, sncar afg ocfgefh.

Katcreals: strubtural stcclafg rcefdirbcg

bifbrctc.

Biursc Ryllaous


11/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF a. RULLAOSR, KAJI_ WI]EBR, & BIK]SWC_R Rlegc Fi. ?=CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Kajir Wipebs

]A_W E

Bifbrctc Gcsehf afg Afalyses

EFW_IGSBWEIF a. RULLAOSR, KAJI_ WI]EBR, & BIK]SWC_R Rlegc Fi. ?1CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Kajir Wipebs

Bifbrctc es a kexturc id bckcft, defc

afg biarsc ahhrchatcs, afg watcr.

Xatcr es tnc `cy efhrcgecft dir bnckebal

rcabteif dir burefh.

Bckcft + Ahhrchatcs ; Bifbrctc

Agg Xatcr


12/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF a. RULLAOSR, KAJI_ WI]EBR, & BIK]SWC_R Rlegc Fi. ??CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Kajir Wipebs

Katcreals afg Kcbnafebs id Ocfgefh Bifbrctc Rtrcfhtn

(a) (o) (b)

o

g

o

x x?

1

F.A.

Dxg - x

f As

B


Kajir Wipebs

_cefdirbefh Rtccl


13/714


Kajir Wipebs

]urc Ocfgefh: ]reskateb kckocrs

suojcbtcg ti cqual afg ippisetc biuplcs

abtefh ef tnc sakc lifhetugefal plafc

Kcbnafebs id Ocfgefh


Kajir Wipebs

_CBWAFHSLA_ _/B BIFB_CWC

OCAKR: WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU

?7-kk geakctcr3== kk

??3 kk

Gcag afg Levc Liags

K

Gcag afg Levc Liags

K


14/714


Kajir Wipebs

_cefdirbcg Bifbrctc Ocaks: W-Ocaks

afg Giuoly _cefdirbcg Ocaks

?7-kk geakctcr3== kk

??3 kk

W-Ocak Giuoly _cefdirbcg


Kajir Wipebs

Rncar ef Ocaks

Gcsehf _cquerckcfts

AO B G

1? dt 7 dt > dt

>=== lo

?=== lo/dt

x

11,=== lo

?1,=== lo11,===

>,=== lo

12,=== lo

T (lo)

3.3 dt

K (dt -lo)

2=,?3=

1?,===

47,===

(+)

(-)

(+)

(-)

(-)


15/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF a. RULLAOSR, KAJI_ WI]EBR, & BIK]SWC_R Rlegc Fi. ?>CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Kajir Wipebs

Gcvclipkcft Lcfhtn, Rplebcs, afg

Rekplc Rpaf Oar Butidds

Butidd


Kajir Wipebs _cefdirbcg Bifbrctc Bilukfs


16/714


Kajir Wipebs

]A_W EE

Rtccl Gcsehf afg Afalyses


Kajir Wipebs

Eftrigubteif ti Rtrubtural Rtccl Gcsehf

Rpcbedebateifs, Liags, afg Kctnigs id

Gcsehf

AREBAREBAAkcrebafkcrebaf EEfstetutc idfstetutc id RRtccltccl BBifstrubteififstrubteif


17/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF a. RULLAOSR, KAJI_ WI]EBR, & BIK]SWC_R Rlegc Fi. 2?CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Kajir Wipebs

Afalyses afg Gcsehf id WcfseifKckocrs


Kajir Wipebs

Eftrigubteif ti tnc Gcsehf id Axeally

Liagcg Bikprcsseif Kckocrs


18/714


Kajir Wipebs

Eftrigubteif ti tnc Afalyses afg Gcsehfid Ocaks dir Kikcfts


Kajir Wipebs Eftrigubteif ti tnc Afalyses afg Gcsehf

id Ocaks dir Kikcfts

Gcag afg Levc Liags

K


19/714


Bikputcrs afg Ridtwarc

Bikputcrs Cviluteif Cra (Bnapra &

Bafalc 15>>)

Zcri Hcfcrateif - Kafual & Kcbnafebal

(prc 1531)

Derst Hcfcrateif Tabuuk tuocs (1531

153>)

Rcbifg Hcfcrateif Wrafsestirs (153>

1547)



Bafalc 15>>)

Wnerg Hcfcrateif Eftchratcg berbuets

(1547 1581)

Diurtn Hcfcrateif Tcry larhc sbalc

eftchrateif (1581 prcscft)

Kaefdrakcs, Rupcrbikputcrs

]crsifal Bikputcrs, Kebribikputcrs, afg

Kefebikputcrs



20/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF a. RULLAOSR, KAJI_ WI]EBR, & BIK]SWC_R Rlegc Fi. 2>CFBC 233 Assa``ad



Bafalc 15>>)

Dedtn Hcfcrateif (155=9)

]arallcl ]ribcssefh

Artedebeal eftcllehcfbc



Nehn-lcvcl Lafhuahcs

DI_W_AF (eftrigubcg oy EOK ef 1538)

DI_W_AF ; DI_kula W_AFslateif

Gcvclipcg dir tnc EOK 8=7 Bikputcr

Gcvclipcg oy Jinf Oab`us afg a tcak id 12

itncr prihrakkcrs

OAREB ]asbal

Itncrs


21/714



Ridtwarc ]ab`ahcs KAWLAO

KatnBag

Rprcagsncct KR Cxbcl

Quattri ]ri

Rpcbealezcg Rtrubtural ]ab`ahcs HWRW_SGLC

CWAOR

RA] & EFRWC]2? Gcsehf Ridtwarc

ctb


Kajir Wipebs

Oc ]riug Wi Oc AfOc ]riug Wi Oc Af

CfhefccrCfhefccr


22/714

Dedtn Cgeteif_cefdirbcg Bifbrctc Gcsehf


Eftrigubteif

o

RWCCL.bik



Rtrubtural Gcsehf afg Afalyses,

afg Bigc Rpcbedebateifs

DALL ?==?

OyGr Eoranek Assa``ad

EFW_IGSBWEIF o. Rtrubtural Gcsehf & Afalyses, & Bigc Rpcbedebateifs Rlegc Fi. 1CFBC 233 Assa` ad

Rtrubtural Gcsehf

Rtrubtural gcsehf baf oc gcdefcg as aRtrubtural gcsehf baf oc gcdefcg as a

kexturc id art afg Rbecfbc, bikoefefhkexturc id art afg Rbecfbc, bikoefefh

tnc cfhefccrs dcclefh dir tnc ocnaveirtnc cfhefccrs dcclefh dir tnc ocnaveir

id a strubturc wetn a siufg `fiwlcghcid a strubturc wetn a siufg `fiwlcghc

id tnc prefbeplcs idid tnc prefbeplcs id statebsstatebs, gyfakebs,, gyfakebs,

kcbnafebs id katcreals, afg strubturalkcbnafebs id katcreals, afg strubturalafalyses, ti prigubc a sadc cbifikebalafalyses, ti prigubc a sadc cbifikebal

strubturc tnat well scrvc ets eftcfgcgstrubturc tnat well scrvc ets eftcfgcg

purpisc.purpisc.(Ralkif afg Jinfsif 155=)


23/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF o. Rtrubtural Gcsehf & Afalyses, & Bigc Rpcbedebateifs Rlegc Fi. ?CFBC 233 Assa` ad

Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

Cfhefccrefh strubtural systcks arc idvarecty tnat tncy gcdy afy attckpt ti

cfukcratc tnck.

Wnc kafy priolcks wnebn aresc ef tncer

gcsehf navc prikptcg cfhefccrs ti

spcbealezc ef tnc gcsehf id partebular

strubturc ir hriups id rclatcg strubturcs.

A bikplctc gcsehf rcquercs tnc

biirgefatcg cddirts id scvcral orafbncsid cfhefccrefh.


Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

Bevel Cfhefccrefh Rtrubturcs

Akifh tnc strubturcs tnat arc gcsehf oy

bevel cfhefccrs arc

Ouelgefhs

Oreghcs

Wrafskesseif Wiwcrs

Gaks

Nehnway ]avckcfts

Aerbradt Lafgefh _ufways (streps)

_ctaefefh Xalls


24/714


Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

Ceddcl WiwcrCeddcl Wiwcr

]ares]ares1>551>55

5>7 dt. nehn5>7 dt. nehn


Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

Rcars WiwcrRcars Wiwcr

BnebahiBnebahi -- 15871587

173= dt.nehn173= dt.nehn


25/714


_NEFC O_EGHC, BILIHFC_NEFC O_EGHC, BILIHFC--_IGCF@E_BNCF, (1574_IGCF@E_BNCF, (1574--78), R]AF 57.378), R]AF 57.3--28>28>--57.3 k57.3 k

Cfhefccrefh Rystcks


Cfhefccrefh Rystcks


26/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF o. Rtrubtural Gcsehf & Afalyses, & Bigc Rpcbedebateifs Rlegc Fi. >CFBC 233 Assa` ad

Niivcr GakNiivcr Gak

ArezifaArezifa--Fcvaga OirgcrFcvaga Oirgcr

Fcar Las TchasFcar Las Tchas

Cfhefccrefh Rystcks


Wrafskesseif WiwcrsWrafskesseif Wiwcrs

Cfhefccrefh Rystcks


27/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF o. Rtrubtural Gcsehf & Afalyses, & Bigc Rpcbedebateifs Rlegc Fi. 1=CFBC 233 Assa` ad

Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

Nehnway & AerbradtNehnway & AerbradtLafgefh RtrepLafgefh Rtrep


Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

_ctaefefh Xalls_ctaefefh Xalls


28/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF o. Rtrubtural Gcsehf & Afalyses, & Bigc Rpcbedebateifs Rlegc Fi. 1?CFBC 233 Assa` ad

Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

Wnc gcsehf id tnc prcveius hriups id

strubturcs rcquerc tnc biirgefateif id

vareius gesbeplefcs ef cfhefccrefh, afg

es tii larhc dir bifvcfecft stugy as a

ufet.

Ef tnes biursc, wc well dibus if tnc

gcsehf id tnc efgevegual strubtural

clckcfts ir kckocrs tnat ka`c up tncwnilc strubtural systck.


Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

Rubn kckocrs ir clckcfts efblugc tnc

dilliwefh:

Ocaks

Bilukfs

Wrusscs

Rncar Rtrubtural Clckcfts Rtccl _igs

Biffcbteif Clckcfts


29/714


Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

Rtrubtural Clckcfts

Ocfgefh Rtrubturcs


Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

Rtrubtural Clckcfts

Bikprcsseif Rtrubturcs


30/714


Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

Rtrubtural Clckcfts

Wrusscs


Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

Rtrubtural Clckcfts

Wcfseif Rtrubturcs


31/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF o. Rtrubtural Gcsehf & Afalyses, & Bigc Rpcbedebateifs Rlegc Fi. 1>CFBC 233 Assa` ad

Cfhefccrefh Rystcks


Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

Rtrubtural Clckcfts

Rncar Rtrubturcs


32/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF o. Rtrubtural Gcsehf & Afalyses, & Bigc Rpcbedebateifs Rlegc Fi. ?=CFBC 233 Assa` ad

Afalyses Tcrsus Gcsehf

Rtrubtural Afalyses:

Rtrubtural Afalyses es tnc prcgebteif id tnc

pcrdirkafbc id a hevcf strubturc ufgcr

prcsbreocg liags afg/ir itncr cddcbts, subn

as suppirt kivckcfts afg tckpcraturc

bnafhc.

EFW_IGSBWEIF o. Rtrubtural Gcsehf & Afalyses, & Bigc Rpcbedebateifs Rlegc Fi. ?1CFBC 233 Assa` ad


Rtrubtural Gcsehf:

Rtrubtural gcsehf es tnc art id utelezefh

prefbeplcs id statebs, gyfakebs, afg

kcbnafebs id katcreals ti gctcrkefc tnc

sezc afg arrafhckcft id strubtural

clckcfts ufgcr prcsbreocg liags afg/ir

itncr cddcbts.


33/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF o. Rtrubtural Gcsehf & Afalyses, & Bigc Rpcbedebateifs Rlegc Fi. ??CFBC 233 Assa` ad


Gcsehf ]ribcgurc Gcsehf pribcgurc bifsests id twi parts:

Dufbteifal Gcsehf

Rtrubtural Drakcwir` Gcsehf

Dufbteifal gcsehf cfsurcs tnat eftcfgcg

rcsults arc abnecvcg subn as agcquatc

wir`efh arca, clcvatirs, staerways, ctb.

Rtrubtural drakcwir` gcsehf es tnc

sclcbteif id tnc arrafhckcft afg sezcs idstrubtural clckcfts si tnat scrvebc liags

kay oc barrecg.




34/714



Cxakplc 1: Afalyses

Gctcrkefc tnc kaxekuk dlcxural strcss

prigubcg oy a rcsestefh kikcft Krid

+3=== dtlo ed tnc ocak nas tnc briss

scbteif sniwf ef tnc dehurc.

4

4

?

?



Cxakplc 1: Afalyses (biftg)

Derst, wc fccg ti libatc tnc fcutral axes

drik tnc oittik cghc:

( )( ) ( )( )

x

r

B

E

yK

yyy

y

kax

kaxbiktcf

RtrcssKax.

32?42

2?7

8?

4?4?

4?2?4?1

;

;;+;;

;;+

++;

3

4

2B

?


35/714




Defg tnc kikcft id efcrteaEx wetn rcspcbt

ti tncxaxes usefh parallcl axes-tncirck:

( )( )( )

( )( )( )

7

?2

?2

ef1247>247>7

124?1?

4???4

1?

?4

;+++;

+++;xE

( )`se?1.?

124

31?)(3(bik)RtrcssKax. ;

;

3

4 2

B

?

?




Af altcrfatevc way dir defgefh tnc kikcft

id efcrteaEx wetn rcspcbt ti tncx axes es as

dilliws:

3

4

2B

( ) ( ) ( ) 12421?

?2

3?

2

24222

;

+;xE

?

?


36/714

EFW_IGSBWEIF o. Rtrubtural Gcsehf & Afalyses, & Bigc Rpcbedebateifs Rlegc Fi. ?>CFBC 233 Assa` ad


Cxakplc ?: Gcsehf

A paer id bnaffcls dastcfcg oab`-ti-oab`

well oc uscg as a ocak ti rcsest a ocfgefh

kikcft Krid 4= F k. Ed tnc kaxekuk

dlcxural strcss kust fit cxbccg 1?= K]a,

sclcbt tnc kist cbifikebal bnaffcl

scbteif lestcg ef Appcfgex O id tnc

tcxtoii`.



Cxakplc ?: Gcsehf (biftg)

?

?

ncfbcbnaffcls,twinavcwcNiwcvcr,,

KR

R

K

R

K

;;

;

( )2224

4

2

kk1=?3=k1=?3=1=1?=?

1=4=

;;

;

R

bnaffcl2=B?37Rclcbt

:lcgcsehf taoaDrik


37/714


Cxakplc ?

(biftg)

Rclcbt


Liags

Wnc iojcbtevc id a strubtural cfhefccr es

ti gcsehf a strubturc tnat well oc aolc ti

wetnstafg all tnc liags ti wnebn et es

suojcbtcg wnelc scrvefh ets eftcfgcg

purpisc tnriuhniut ets eftcfgcg ledc

spaf.


38/714


Liags

Wypcs id Liags

1. Gcag liags

?. Levc liags

2. Ekpabt

7. Xefg liags

3. Rfiw liags

4. Cartnqua`c liags

8. Nygristateb afg siel prcssurc>. Wncrkal afg itncr cddcbts


Gcbeseif Ka`efh ef Cfhefccrefh

Ocst Gcbeseif

Dull ufgcrstafgefh id altcrfatevc siluteif

pribcgurcs

Sfoeascg Riluteif

Nehnly prcbesc

Bist cddcbtevc

Navc kefekal cfverifkcftal bifscqucfbcs


39/714


Gcbeseif Ka`efh ef Cfhefccrefh

Wypebal Appriabn ti af Cfhefccrefh

Riluteif

Egcftedy tnc priolck

Rtatc tnc iojcbtevc

Gcvclip altcrfatevc siluteifs

Cvaluatc tnc altcrfatevcs, afg

Ssc tnc ocst altcrfatevc


Cfhefccrefh Gcsehf

Gcsehf id Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

Gcsehf id cfhefccrefh systcks es usually a

tragc-idd octwccf kaxekezefh sadcty afg

kefekezefh bist.

A gcsehf pribcgurc tnat baf abbikplesn

oitn id tncsc iojcbtevc es nehnly gcseraolc,

out alsi geddebult.


40/714


Cfhefccrefh Gcsehf

Gctcrkefesteb gcsehf pribcgurcs (e.c., ARGir XRG) gi fit privegc agcquatcefdirkateif ti abnecvc tnc iptekal usc idtnc avaelaolc rcsiurbcs ti kaxekezc sadctyafg kefekezc bist.

If tnc itncr nafg, prioaoelesteb-oascggcsehf baf privegc tnc rcquercgefdirkateif dir iptekuk gcsehf.

]rioaoelety, statestebs, afg rcleaoelety tiilsbaf nclp abnecvefh tnc iptekal gcsehf.


]rioaoelety-oascg Gcsehf afgAfalyses id Cfhefccrefh Rystcks

Fccg dir _cleaoelety Cvaluateif Wnc prcscfbc id ufbcrtaefty ef cfhefccrefh gcsehf

afg afalyses nas always occf rcbihfezcg.

Wrageteifal appriabncs sekpledy tnc priolck oy

bifsegcrefh tnc ufbcrtaef parakctcrs ti oc

gctcrkefesteb.

Wrageteifal appriabncs abbiuft dir tnc ufbcrtaefty

tnriuhn tnc usc id ckperebal sadcty dabtir.

Wnes dabtir es oascg if past cxpcrecfbc out gics

fit aosilutcly huaraftcc sadcty ir pcrdirkafbc.


41/714


]rioaoelety-oascg Gcsehf afg

Afalyses id Cfhefccrefh Rystcks _cleaoelety-Oascg Gcsehf (_OG)

_OG rcquercs tnc bifsegcrateif id:

Liags

Rtrubtural Rtrcfhtn

Kctnigs id _cleaoelety Afalyses (e.c., DI_K)

Wwi prekary appriabncs dir _OG:

Gercbt _cleaoelety-oascg Gcsehf

Liag afg _csestafbc Dabtir Gcsehf (L_DG)



]rioaoelety Oascg-gcsehf Appriabn TcrsusGctcrkefesteb Appriabn

Abbirgefh ti ARG, ifc dabtir id sadcty (DR) es uscg tnatabbiufts dir tnc cfterc ufbcrtaefty ef liags afg strcfhtn.

Abbirgefh ti L_DG (prioaoelety-oascg), geddcrcft partealsadcty dabtirs dir tnc geddcrcft liag afg strcfhtn typcs arcuscg.

ARG

DR 1

;

k

e

ef L

_

L_DG

1

;

k

e

eef L_


42/714



Afalyses id Cfhefccrefh Rystcks Liag afg _csestafbc Dabtir Gcsehf

(L_DG)

Hcfcral Dirk

;

k

e

feef L_1

Xncrc

; strcfhtn rcgubteif dabtir

e

; liag dabtir dir tnc etn liag bikpifcft iut id f bikpifcfts

_f ; fikefal ir gcsehf strcfhtn (strcss, kikcft, dirbc, ctb.)

Lfe ; fikefal (ir gcsehf) valuc dir tncetn liag bikpifcft iut

id k bikpifcfts



]arteal Radcty Dabtirs

Geddcrcft ouelgefh bigcs usc geddcrcft

parteal sadcty dabtirs dir oitn tnc strcfhtn

afg tnc liag cddcbts.

Dir cxakplc tnc ABE ouelgefh bigc uscs

tnc dilliwefh gcag afg levc liag dabtirs

afg tnc dilliwefh strcfhtn dabtirs:

=.5= dir ocfgefh =.>3 dir sncar & tirseif

=.8 ocarefh if bifbrctc.

LGS_f 8.17.1 +;;


43/714



Afalyses id Cfhefccrefh Rystcks ]arteal Radcty Dabtirs

If tnc itncr nafg, tnc AERB L_DG Kafual

id stccl bifstrubteif uscs tnc dilliwefh

gcag afg levc liag dabtirs

afg tnc dilliwefh strcfhtn dabtirs:

=.5= dir ocfgefh =.>3 dir bilukfs

=.83 oilts ef tcfseif

LGS_f 4.1?.1 +;;


]rioaoelety-oascg Gcsehf afgAfalyses id Cfhefccrefh Rystcks Balbulateif id ]arteal Radcty Dabtirs

??11 LL_ +Hevcf

Efdirkateif

BIT(_)

Gest. (_)

BIT(L1)

Gest. (L1)

BIT(L?)

Gest. (L?)

__f

Rclcbtcg

Talucs

L

L?

1

DI_KDI_KDI_K

Iutput

Talucs

?

1

1

L_


44/714



Afalyses id Cfhefccrefh Rystcks L_DG Agvaftahcs

]rivegcs a kirc rateifal appriabn dir fcw

gcsehfs afg bifdehurateifs.

]rivegcs bifsestcfby ef rcleaoelety.

]rivegcs pitcfteally a kirc cbifikebal

usc id katcreals.

Alliws dir duturc bnafhcs as a rcsult id

haefcg efdirkateif ef prcgebteif kigcls,afg katcreal afg liag bnarabtcrezateif

Bigc Baleorateif.



Rcvcral gcsehf bigcs navc rcbcftlyoccf rcvescg ti efbirpiratc prioaoelestebgcsehf afg afalyses

AERB L_DG (1557)

ABE (21>-=?)

AARNWI A]E

AOR

Itncr strubtural afg karefc bigcs


45/714



Afalyses id Cfhefccrefh RystcksL_DGL_DG--oascg ]arteal Radcty Dabtirsoascg ]arteal Radcty Dabtirs

Gcsehf Rpcbedebateifs afg OuelgefhGcsehf Rpcbedebateifs afg Ouelgefh

BigcsBigcs

AREBAREB AAkcrebafkcrebaf EEfstetutc idfstetutc id RRtccltccl BBifstrubteififstrubteif

ABEABE AAkcrebafkcrebaf BBifbrctcifbrctc EEfstetutcfstetutc

FD]AFD]A FFateifalateifal DDircstircst ]]rigubtsrigubtsAAssibeateifssibeateif

AARNWIAARNWIAAkcrebafkcrebafAAssibeateif idssibeateif id RRtatctatc NNehnwayehnwayIIddebealsddebeals



Dir tnc purpisc id tnes biursc, tncDir tnc purpisc id tnes biursc, tnc

dilliwefh twi bigcs well oc uscg:dilliwefh twi bigcs well oc uscg:

Ouelgefh Bigc _cquerckcfts dir RtrubturalOuelgefh Bigc _cquerckcfts dir Rtrubtural

Bifbrctc (21>Bifbrctc (21>--=?) afg Bikkcftary (21>=?) afg Bikkcftary (21>--=?),=?),

L_DGL_DG Kafual id Rtccl Bifstrubteif, 2rgKafual id Rtccl Bifstrubteif, 2rg

CgeteifCgeteif

ABEABE AAkcrebafkcrebaf BBifbrctcifbrctc EEfstetutcfstetutc

AREBAREBAAkcrebafkcrebaf EEfstetutc idfstetutc id RRtccltccl BBifstrubteififstrubteif

1

?


46/714


Ouelgefh Bigcs

Ouelgefh bigcs arc usually rcvescg, upgatcg,afg rcessucg pcreigebally.

Wnc bigcs tncksclvcs navc fi lchal status.

Wncy navc occf efbirpiratcg efti tnc

ouelgefh bigcs id alkist all statcs

tnriuhniut tnc Sfetcg Rtatcs.

Niwcvcr, wncf si efbirpiratcg, tncy navc

iddebeal safbteifs, ocbikc lchal gibukcfts,

afg bifsegcrcg part id tnc law biftrillefh

gcsehf afg bifstrubteif ef a partebular arca.


47/714


Dedtn Cgeteif

BNA]WC_

1a

_cefdirbcg Bifbrctc Gcsehf



KAWC_EALR AFG

KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH

]art E Bifbrctc Gcsehf afg Afalyses

DALL ?==?OyGr Eoranek Assa``ad

BNA]WC_ 1a. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. 1CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Bifbrctc

Bifbrctc es a kexturc id bckcft, defc

afg biarsc ahhrchatcs, afg watcr.

Xatcr es tnc `cy efhrcgecft dir bnckebal

rcabteif dir burefh.

Bckcft + Ahhrchatcs ; Bifbrctc

Agg Xatcr


48/714

BNA]WC_ 1a. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. ?CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Bifbrctc

Bifbrctc Efhrcgecfts


Bifbrctc

Bckcft

Bckcft es a katcreal tnat nas tnc agncsevc

afg bincsevc pripcrtecs fcbcssary ti oifg

efcrt ahhrchatcs efti a sileg kass id

agcquatc strcfhtn afg guraoelety.

Ahhrchatcs

Wnc oul` id tnc bifbrctc kex bifsests id

tnc defc afg biarsc ahhrchatcs.


49/714


Bifbrctc

Bifbrctc Rtrcfhtn Wnc rcsultefh bifbrctc strcfhtn afg

guraoelety arc a dufbteif id tnc pripirteifs

id tnc kex as wcll as itncr dabtirs, subn as

tnc tnc bifbrctc plabefh, defesnefh, afg

burefh nestiry.

Bikprcssevc strcfhtn id bifbrctc es

rclatevcly nehn.

Niwcvcr, ets tcfselc strcfhtn es skallas

bikparcg wetn ets bikprcssevc strcfhtn.


Bifbrctc

Bifbrctc Rtrcfhtn (biftg)

Ncfbc, stccl rcefdirbefh rigs, wnebn navc

nehn tcfselc strcfhtn afg bikprcssevc

strcfhtn, arc uscg ef bikoefateif wetn

bifbrctc.

Wnc stccl well rcsest tnc tcfseif.

Xnelc tnc bifbrctc well rcsest tnc

bikprcsseif.


50/714


Bifbrctc

Bifbrctc Rtrcfhtn (biftg) _cefdirbcg Bifbrctc Ocak

Fcutral Axes

Bikprcssevc Rtcss

Wcfselc Rtrcss

x

y

K

Dehurc 1


Bifbrctc Bifbrctc Rtrcfhtn (biftg)

_cefdirbcg Bifbrctc Ocak

Gcag afg Levc Liags

K

Dehurc ?


51/714

BNA]WC_ 1a. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. >CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Bifbrctc


4 ef.

4 ef.

4 ef.4 ef.

3 ef.

7 ef.

K; 23 `ep ef

3 ef.

1? ef.

7 ef.

Dehurc 2


Bifbrctc

(a) (o) (b)

Dehurc 7

o

g

o

x x?

1

F.A.

Dxg - x

f As

B

Bifbrctc Rtrcfhtn (biftg)



52/714

BNA]WC_ 1a. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. 1=CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Bifbrctc


Bifbrctc es vcry wca` ef tcfseif, si

et well brab` ocliw tnc fcutral surdabc

afg tnc stccl rigs well barry tnc cfterc

tcfselc liag.

Wnc uppcr part id tnc bifbrctc ocak

well barry tnc bikprcssevc liag.


Wnc ABE Ouelgefh BigcABE ;Akcrebaf Bifbrctc Efstetutc

Wnc gcsehf afg bifstrubteif id bifbrctc

ouelgefhs es biftrillcg oy

Wnc bigc etscld nas fi lchal status,niwcvcr, et nas occf efbirpiratcg efti tnc

ouelgefh bigc id alkist all statcs.

Xncf efbirpiratcg, et nas iddebeal safbteif.

Ouelgefh Bigc _cquerckcfts dir

Rtrubtural Bifbrctc (ABE 21>-=?) afg

Bikkcftary (21>_-=?)


53/714

BNA]WC_ 1a. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. 1?CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Bckcft afg Xatcr

Nygrauleb Bckcft: Xatcr es aggcg ti nygrauleb bckcft dir tnc

bnckebal rcabteif id nygrateif ti ta`c

plabc.

Ef tnc pribcss id nygrateif, tnc bckcft

scts afg oifgs tnc drcsn bifbrctc efti ifc

kass.

]irtlafg Bckcft

Balbeuk afg Alukefuk RelebatcsLekcstifc katcreals privegc Balbeuk Geixegc, BaI

Blays privegcs Relebif geixegc, ReI?, afg Alukefuk

Ixegc, AL?I2


Bckcft afg Xatcr

Bckcft es kar`ctcg ef oul` ir ef 57-lo

(1-dt2) oahs

Xatcr Bckcft _atei:

Wnc ratei id tnc akiuft id watcr ti tnc

akiuft id bckcft oy wcehnt


54/714


Bckcft afg Xatcr

Wnc ratei baf oc cxprcsscg ef tcrks id

hallifs id watcr pcr oah id bckcft.

_cquerckcfts

Dir bikplctc nygrateif id bckcft ef a

kex, a watcr/bckcft ratei id

=.23 ti =.7=, ir

7 ti 7.3 hal.oah

es rcquercg.


Ahhrchatcs

Ahhrchatcs ibbupy apprixekatcly 8=%

ti 83% id tnc vilukc id tnc nargcfcg

kass.

Wnc kirc gcfscly tnc ahhrchatc baf

pab`cg, tnc octtcr arc tnc strcfhtn afg

guraoelety.

Wypcs id Ahhrchatcs:

Defc: safg (pass Fi. 7 secvc)

Biarsc: parteblcs (rctaefcg ef Fi. 7 Recvc)


55/714


Bifbrctc ef Bikprcsseif

As was kcfteifcg carlecr, bikprcssevcstrcfhtn id bifbrctc es rclatevcly nehn.

Wnc bikprcssevc strcfhtn id bifbrctc es

gcfitcg oy .

Sfets bikkifly uscg dir :

]iufgs pcr squarc efbn (pse)

@eps pcr squarc efbn (`se)

'

bd'

bd



Bikprcsseif Wcsts afg Rtrcss-Rtraef

Geahrak

Avc. Axeal Rtrcss

BikprcssevcWcfselc

Avc. Axeal Rtraef

Bikprcsseif

Dehurc 3


56/714

BNA]WC_ 1a. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. 1>CFBC 233 Assa``ad


Bifbrctc Bikprcssevc Rtrcfhtn

Dehurc 4


Bifbrctc ef Bikprcsseif Bifbrctc Bikprcssevc Rtrcfhtn

Wnc burvcs id Deh. 4 rcprcscft tnc rcsult id

bikprcsseif tcsts if ?>-gay stafgarg

bylefgcrs dir varyefh gcsehf kex.

es fit tnc strcss tnat cxests ef tnc

spcbekcf at daelurc out ratncr wnebn ibburs

at a straef id =.==? ef/ef.

?>-gay bifbrctc strcfhtn rafhc drik?3== ti 5=== pse, wetn 2=== ti 7=== pse

ocefh bikkif dir rcefdirbcg strubturcs,

afg 3=== ti 4=== pse dir prc-strcsscg

bifbrctc kckocrs.

'

bd

'bd


57/714

BNA]WC_ 1a. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. ?=CFBC 233 Assa``ad



Bifbrctc strcfhtn varecs wetn tekc, afg tnc

spcbedecg bifbrctc strcfhtn es usually tnat

strcfhtn tnat ibburs ?> gays adtcr tnc

plabefh id bifbrctc.

A typebal strcfhtn-tekc burvc dir firkal

stifc bifbrctc es sniwf ef Deh. 8.

Hcfcrally, bifbrctc attaefs apprixekatcly

8=% id ets ?>-gay strcfhtn ef 8 gays, afgapprixekatcly >3% ti 5=% ef 17 gays.

BNA]WC_ 1a. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. ?1CFBC 233 Assa``ad



1===

?===

2===

7===

3===

Wekc

Bikprcssev

cRtrcfhtn(pse)

'

bd

?> gays

4 kiftns3 ycars

Dehurc 8


58/714

BNA]WC_ 1a. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. ??CFBC 233 Assa``ad


Kigulus id Clastebety

Ef rcvecw id Deh. >a, tnc efeteal slipc id tnc

burvc varecs, ufle`c tnat id stccl (Deh >o),

afg ifly apprixekatcs a straehnt lefc.

Dir stccl, wncrc strcsscs arc ocliw tnc

yeclg pieft afg tnc katcreal ocnavcs

clastebally, tnc strcss-straef plit well oc a

straehnt lefc.

Wnc slipc id tnc straehnt lefc dir stccl es tnckigulus id clastebety.




Rtraef (ef/ef)

Rtrcss

Dy

Clasteb

rcheif

y

Dehurc >

(a) Bifbrctc (o) Rtccl


59/714



Kigulus id Clastebety Dir bifbrctc, niwcvcr, tnc straehnt-lefc

pirteif id tnc burvc es vcry snirt, ed et cxests

at all.

Wncrcdirc, tncrc cxests fi bifstaft valuc

id tnc kigulus id clastebety dir a hevcf

bifbrctc sefbc tnc strcss-straef ratei es fit

bifstaft.

Cvcf, ed a straehnt lefc es assukcg, tnc

kigulus id clastebety wiulg oc geddcrcft dir

bifbrctc id geddcrcft strcfhtns.




At liw afg kigcratc strcsscs, up

ti aoiut =.3 , bifbrctc es

bikkifly assukcg ti ocnavc

clastebally.

'

bd


60/714



Ckperebal Cxprcsseifs dir tnc Kigulus id

Clastebety (oy ABE Bigc)

Dir a ufet wcehnt wb id bifbrctc octwccf 5=

afg 133 lo/dt2:

bbb dwC ; 223.1

wncrc

Cb ; kigulus id clastebety id bifbrctc ef bikprcsseif (pse)

wb ; ufet wcehnt id bifbrctc (lo/dt2)

; bikprcssevc strcfhtn id bifbrctc (pse)'

bd

(1)



Ckperebal Cxprcsseifs dir tnc Kigulus id

Clastebety (oy ABE Bigc)

Dir a ufet wcehnt wb ta`cf as 177 lo/dt2:

bb dC ; ===,38

wncrc

Cb ; kigulus id clastebety id bifbrctc ef bikprcsseif (pse)

wb ; ufet wcehnt id bifbrctc (lo/dt2)

; bikprcssevc strcfhtn id bifbrctc (pse)'

bd

(?)


61/714

BNA]WC_ 1a. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. ?>CFBC 233 Assa``ad


Cxakplc 1

Xnat tnc kigulus id clastebety Cb dir

bifbrctc navefh a ufet wcehnt id 13= pbd

afg a bikprcssevc strcfhtn id 3 `se9

Ssefh Cq. 1,

( ) pse>?4,?>4,73===22(13=)

22

1.3

3.1

;;

; bbb dwC



Brccp

Bifbrctc ufgcr liag, cxneoets a

pncfikcfif ballcg brccp.

Wnes a pripcrty oy wnebn bifbrctc

biftefucs ti gcdirk ivcr lifh pcreigs id

tekc wnelc ufgcr a bifstaft liag.

Brccp ibburs at a gcbrcasefh ratc ivcr apcreig id tekc afg kay bcasc adtcr scvcral

ycars.

Nehncr strcfhtn bifbrctc cxneoets lcss

brccp.


62/714


Dedtn Cgeteif

BNA]WC_

1o




KAWC_EALR AFG

KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH



BNA]WC_ 1o. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. 1CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Bifbrctc ef Wcfseif Bifbrctc tcfselc strcsscs ibbur as a

rcsult id sncar, tirseif, afg itncrabteifs, afg ef kist bascs kckocrocnaveir bnafhcs upif brab`efh.

Et es tncrcdirc ekpirtaft ti oc aolc tiprcgebt, wetn rcasifaolc abburaby, tnctcfselc strcfhtn id bifbrctc.

Wnc tcfselc afg bikprcssevc strcfhtnsid bifbrctc arc fit pripirteifal, afg afefbrcasc ef bikprcssevc strcfhtn esabbikpafecg oy skallcr pcrbcftahcefbrcasc ef tcfselc strcfhtn.


63/714

BNA]WC_ 1o. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. ?CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Bifbrctc ef Wcfseif

Wnc tcfselc strcfhtn id firkal-wcehnt

bifbrctc ef dlcxurc es aoiut 1=% ti 13%

id tnc bikprcssevc strcfhtn.

Wncrc arc bifsegcraolc cxpcrekcftal

geddebultecs ef gctcrkefefh tnc truc tcfselc

strcfhtn id bifbrctc.

Wnc truc tcfselc strcfhtn id bifbrctc es

geddebult ti gctcrkefc.


Bifbrctc ef Wcfseif

Ifc bikkif appriabn es ti usc tnc

kigulus id rupturc dr.

Wnc kigulus id rupturc es tnc kaxekuk

tcfselc ocfgefh strcss ef a plaef

bifbrctc tcst ocak at daelurc.

Fcutral Axes

Kax. Wcfselc

Rtrcss


64/714


Bifbrctc ef Wcfseif

ABE Bigc _cbikkcfgateif

Dir firkal-wcehnt bifbrctc, tnc ABE Bigc

rcbikkcfgs tnat tnc kigulus id rupturc droc ta`cf as

wncrc dr ef pse.

br dd ; 3.8 (1)


Bifbrctc ef Wcfseif

Brab`efh Kikcft, Kbr Wnc kikcft tnat prigubcs a tcfselc strcss

just cqual ti tnc kigulus id rupturc es

ballcg brab`efh kikcft Kbr.

Wnc Rplet-Bylefgcr Wcst

Wnc splet-bylefgcr tcst nas alsi occf uscg

ti gctcrkefc tnc tcfselc strcfhtn id

lehntwcehnt ahhrchatc bifbrctc.

Et nas occf abbcptcg as a hiig kcasurc

id tnc truc tcfselc strcfhtn.


65/714


Bifbrctc ef Wcfseif

Wnc Rplet-Bylefgcr Wcst (biftg)

Wnes tcst uscs a stafgarg 4-ef.-geakctcr,

1? ef.-lifh bylefgcr plabcg if ets ef a

tcstefh kabnefc (scc Deh. 1).

A bikprcssevc lefc liag es applecg

ufedirkly alifh tnc lcfhtn id tnc bylefgcr.

Wnc bikprcssevc liag prigubcs a

trafsvcrsc tcfselc strcss, afg tnc bylefgcr

well splet ef nald alifh tnc geakctcr wncf ettcfselc strcfhtn es rcabncg.


Bifbrctc ef Wcfseif

Rbnckateb dir Rplet-

Bylefgcr Wcst

Dehurc 1


66/714

BNA]WC_ 1o. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. >CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Bifbrctc ef Wcfseif

Rplettefh Wcfselc Rtrcfhtn, dbtWnc tcfselc splettefh strcss baf oc

balbulatcg drik tnc dilliwefh dirkula:

LG

]dbt

?;

wncrc

dbr; splettefh tcfselc strcfhtn id bifbrctc (pse)

]; applecg liag at splettefh (lo)L ; lcfhtn id bylefgcr (ef.)

G ; geakctcr id bylefgcr (ef.)

(?)


_cefdirbefh Rtccl

Rtccl es a nehn-bist katcreal bikparcg

wetn bifbrctc.

Et dilliws tnat tnc twi katcreals arc ocst

uscg ef bikoefateif ed tnc bifbrctc es

kagc ti rcsest tnc bikprcssevc strcsscs

afg tnc stccl tnc tcfselc strcsscs. Bifbrctc baffit wetnstafg vcry kubn

tcfselc strcss wetniut brab`efh.


67/714

BNA]WC_ 1o. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. 1=CFBC 233 Assa``ad

_cefdirbefh Rtccl

(a) (o) (b)

Dehurc ?

o

g

o

x x?

1

F.A.

Dyg - x

f As

B


Bikprcsseif.

Wcfseif


_cefdirbefh Rtccl

Et dilliws tnat tcfselc rcefdirbckcft kust

oc ckocggcg ef tnc bifbrctc ti

ivcrbikc tnc gcdebecfby.

Dirks id Rtccl _cefdirbckcft

Rtccl _cefdirbefh Oars

Xclgcg werc daoreb bikpiscg id stccl werc. Rtrubtural Rtccl Rnapcs

Rtccl ]epcs.


68/714

BNA]WC_ 1o. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. 1?CFBC 233 Assa``ad

_cefdirbefh Rtccl


_cefdirbefh Rtccl

_cefdirbefh Oars (rcoars)

Wnc spcbedebateifs dir stccl rcefdirbckcft

puolesncg oy tnc Akcrebaf Ribecty dir

Wcstefh afg Katcreals (ARWK) arc

hcfcrally abbcptcg dir stccl uscg ef

rcefdirbcg bifbrctc bifstrubteif ef tnc

Sfetcg Rtatcs afg arc egcftedecg ef tnc ABEBigc.


69/714


_cefdirbefh Rtccl

_cefdirbefh Oars (rcoars)

Wncsc oars arc rcagely avaelaolc ef straehnt

lcfhtn id 4= dt.

Wnc oars vary ef gcsehfateif drik

Xetn aggeteifal oars:

Fi. 2 tnriuhn Fi. 11

Fi. 17 afg Fi. 1>


_cefdirbefh Rtccl

Oar Gcsehfateif Geakctcref Arcaef? Xcehntlo/dt

#2 P#1=[ =.283 =.11 =.284

#7 P#12[ =.3== =.?= =.44>

#3 P#14[ =.4?3 =.21 1.=72

#4 P#15[ =.83= =.77 1.3=?

#8 P#??[ =.>83 =.4= ?.=77

#> P#?3[ 1.=== =.85 ?.48=

#5 P#?5[ 1.1?> 1.== 2.7==

#1= P#2?[ 1.?8= 1.?8 7.2=2

#11 P#24[ 1.71= 1.34 3.212

#17 P#72[ 1.452 ?.?3 8.43=

#1> P#38[ ?.?38 7.== 12.4=

Waolc 1. ARWK Rtafgarg - Cfhlesn _cefdirbefh Oars

Fitc: Kctreb gcsehfateifs arc ef orab`cts


70/714


_cefdirbefh Rtccl

Oar Gcsehfateif Geakctcrkk

Arca

kk?

Kass

`h/k#1= P#2[ 5.3 81 =.34=

#12 P#7[ 1?.8 1?5 =.557

#14 P#3[ 13.5 155 1.33?

#15 P#4[ 15.1 ?>7 ?.?23

#?? P#8[ ??.? 2>8 2.=7?

#?3 P#>[ ?3.7 31= 2.582

#?5 P#5[ ?>.8 473 3.=4=

#2? P#1=[ 2?.2 >15 4.7=7

#24 P#11[ 23.> 1==4 8.5=8

#72 P#17[ 72.= 173? 11.2>

#38 P#1>[ 38.2 ?3>1 ?=.?7

Waolc ?. ARWK Rtafgarg - Kctreb _cefdirbefh Oars

Fitc: Cfhlesn gcsehfateifs arc ef orab`cts


_cefdirbefh Rtccl

Ueclg Rtrcss dir Rtccl

]rioaoly tnc kist uscdul pripcrty id

rcefdirbcg bifbrctc gcsehf balbulateifs es

tnc yeclg strcss dir stccl, dy.

A typebal strcss-straef geahrak dir

rcefdirbefh stccl es sniwf ef Deh. 2a.

Af egcalezcg strcss-straef geahrak dir

rcefdirbefh stccl es sniwf ef Deh. 2o.


71/714

BNA]WC_ 1o. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. 1>CFBC 233 Assa``ad

_cefdirbefh Rtccl

Rtraef

Rtrcss

Dy

Clasteb

rcheif

y

Dehurc 2

(o) EgcalezcgRtraef

Rtrcss

Dy

Clasteb

rcheif

y

(a) As Gctcrkefcg oy Wcfselc Wcst


_cefdirbefh Rtccl

Kigulus id Clastebety dir Rtccl

Wnc kigulus id clastebety dir rcefdirbefh

stccl varecs ivcr skall rafhc, afg nas

occf agiptcg oy tnc ABE Bigc as

`se?5,===pse===,===,?5 ;;

C


72/714

BNA]WC_ 1o. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. ?=CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Ocaks: Kcbnafebs id Ocfgefh

_cvecw Eftrigubteif

Wnc kist bikkif typc id strubtural

kckocr es a ocak.

Ef abtual strubturcs ocaks baf oc diufg ef

af efdefetc varecty id

Rezcs

Rnapcs, afg

Irecftateifs

BNA]WC_ 1o. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. ?1CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Ocaks: Kcbnafebs id Ocfgefh_cvecw

Eftrigubteif

Gcdefeteif

A ocak kay oc gcdefcg as a kckocr wnisc

lcfhtn es rclatevcly larhc ef bikparesif wetn

ets tneb`fcss afg gcptn, afg wnebn es liagcg

wetn trafsvcrsc liags tnat prigubc sehfedebaft

ocfgefh cddcbts as ippisc ti twestefh ir axeal

cddcbts


73/714

BNA]WC_ 1o. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. ??CFBC 233 Assa``ad


_cvecw

]urc Ocfgefh: ]reskateb kckocrs

suojcbtcg ti cqual afg ippisetc biuplcs

abtefh ef tnc sakc lifhetugefal plafc


Ocaks: Kcbnafebs id Ocfgefh_cvecw Dlcxural Firkal Rtrcss

Dir dlcxural liagefh afg lefcarly

clasteb abteif, tnc fcutral axes passcs

tnriuhn tnc bcftrieg id tnc briss scbteif

id tnc ocak


74/714



_cvecw Wnc clasteb dlcxural dirkula dir firkal

strcss es hevcf oy

E

Kbdo ; (2)

wncrc

do ; balbulatcg ocfgefh strcss at iutcr deocr id tnc briss scbteif

K; tnc applecg kikcft

b ; gestafbc drik tnc fcutral axes ti tnc iutsegc tcfseif irbikprcsseif deocr id tnc ocak

E; kikcft id efcrtea id tnc briss scbteif aoiut fcutral axes



Oy rcarrafhefh tnc dlcxurc dirkula, tnc

kaxekuk kikcft tnat kay oc applecg

ti tnc ocak briss scbteif, ballcg tnc

rcsestefh kikcft, K_, es hevcf oy

bEDK o_ ; (7)

XncrcDo ; tnc alliwaolc ocfgefh strcss


75/714



_cvecw Cxakplc 1

Gctcrkefc tnc kaxekuk dlcxural strcss

prigubcg oy a rcsestefh kikcft Kid

+3=== dt-lo ed tnc ocak nas tnc briss

scbteif sniwf ef tnc dehurc.

4

4

?

?



Cxakplc 1 (biftg)

Derst, wc fccg ti libatc tnc fcutral axes

drik tnc oittik cghc:

( )( ) ( )( )

E

Kbd

byyy

y

o

B

RtrcssKax.

32?42

2

?7

8?

4?4?

4?2?4?1

kaxbiktcf

;;

;;;+;;

;;

+

++;

3

4

2B

?

?

y

x


76/714

BNA]WC_ 1o. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. ?>CFBC 233 Assa``ad


_cvecw Cxakplc 1 (biftg)

Defg tnc kikcft id efcrteaEwetn rcspcbt ti

tncxaxes usefh parallcl axes-tncirck:

( )( )( )

( )( )( )

7

?2

?2

ef1247>247>7

124?1?

4???4

1?

?4

;+++;

+++;E

( )`se?1.?

124

31?)(3(bik)RtrcssKax. ;

;

3

4 2

B

?

?

y

x


Ocaks: Kcbnafebs id Ocfgefh_cvecw Eftcrfal Biuplc Kctnig (biftg)

Wnc pribcgurc id tnc dlcxurc dirkula es

casy afg straehntdirwarg dir a ocak id

`fiwf briss scbteif dir wnebn tnc kikcft

id efcrtea Ebaf oc diufg.

Niwcvcr, dir a rcefdirbcg bifbrctc ocak,

tnc usc id tnc dlcxurc dirkula baf oc

sikcwnat bikplebatcg.

Wnc ocak ef tnes basc es fit nikihcfcius

afg bifbrctc gics fit ocnavc clastebally.


77/714

BNA]WC_ 1o. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. 2=CFBC 233 Assa``ad


_cvecw Eftcrfal Biuplc Kctnig (biftg)

Ef tnes kctnig, tnc biuplc rcprcscfts af

eftcrfal rcsestefh kikcft afg es bikpiscg

id a bikprcssevc dirbc Bafg a parallcl

eftcrfal tcfselc dirbc Was sniwf ef Deh. 7.

Wncsc twi parallcl dirbcs Bafg W arc

scparatcg oy a gestafbc Z, ballcg tnc tnc

kikcft ark. (Deh. 7)

Ocbausc tnat all dirbcs arc ef cqueleoreuk,

tncrcdirc, Bkust cqual W.



Eftcrfal Biuplc Kctnig (biftg)

x

y ]

w

_

B

W

b

ygy

yB

gA

Fcutral axes

Bcftriegal axes

bbZ

Dehurc 7


78/714

BNA]WC_ 1o. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. 2?CFBC 233 Assa``ad


_cvecw Eftcrfal Biuplc Kctnig (biftg)

Wnc eftcrfal biuplc kctnig id gctcrkefefh

ocak strcsscs es kirc hcfcral tnaf tnc

dlcxurc dirkula ocbausc et baf oc applecg

ti nikihcfcius ir fif-nikihcfcius

ocaks navefh lefcar ir fiflefcar strcss

gestreouteifs.

Dir rcefdirbcg bifbrctc ocak, et nas tnc

agvaftahc id usefh tnc oaseb rcsestafbcpattcrf tnat es diufg ef a ocak.


Ocaks: Kcbnafebs id Ocfgefh_cvecw Cxakplc ?

_cpcat Cxakplc 1 usefh tnc eftcrfal

biuplc kctnig.

3

4

2B

?

?

y

x

F.A

B

W

Z


79/714



_cvecw Cxakplc ? (biftg)

Ocbausc id tnc errchular arca dir tnctcfseif zifc, tnc tcfselc dirbc Wwell ocori`cf up efti bikpifcfts W1, W?, afg W2.

Le`cwesc, tnc kikcft ark gestafbc Zwelloc ori`cf up efti bikpifcfts Z1, Z?, afgZ2, afg balbulatcg dir cabn bikpifcfttcfselc dirbc ti tnc bikprcssevc dirbc Bas

sniwf ef Deh. 3.


Ocaks: Kcbnafebs id Ocfgefh_cvecw Cxakplc ? (biftg)

3

4

2

B

?

?

doitt

B

W1W?

W2

dtip

Z2Z1 Z?

dkegDehurc 3


80/714


( )( )P [

( )( )P [

( )( )P [

( )( )P [ kegoittkegoitt

avh2

oittkegkegavh?

oittkegkegavh1

tiptipavh

444??

arca

71?4?arca

2

1?1

?

1arca

3?3?

1arca

dddd

dW

ddddW

ddddW

dddB

;

;;

;;;;

;;;;

;;;

3

4

2

B

?

?

doitt

B

W1W?

W2

dtip

Z2Z1 Z?

dkeg

1

Drik sekelar treafhlcs:

oittkeg

oitt

keg

2

12

1

dd

d

d

;

;

Cxakplc ?

(biftg)


oittoittoittoittoitttip

kegoittoittoitttip

2?1

2

?3?47

2

13

4472

13

dddddd

ddddd

WWWWB

;++;

++;

++;;

3

4

2

B

?

?

doitt

B

W1W?

W2

dtip

Z2Z1 Z?

dkeg

1

Cxakplc ?

(biftg)

oitttip2

3dd ;


81/714

BNA]WC_ 1o. KAWC_EALR AFG KCBNAFEBR ID OCFGEFH Rlegc Fi. 2>CFBC 233 Assa``ad

( ) ( )

( )

( ) ( ) ef.2

18?

2

?13

2

?

ef.2

14?3

2

?

ef.712

?3

2

?

2

?

1

;++;

;+;

;+;

Z

Z

Z

3

4

2

B

?

?

doitt

B

W1W?

W2

dtip

Z2Z1 Z?

dkeg

1

Cxakplc ?

(biftg)

( )22??11

22??11

cxt

===,4=1?3===

WZWZWZWZWZWZ

KK _

++;

++;

;


3

4

2

B

?

?

doitt

B

W1W

?

W2

dtip

Z2Z1 Z?

dkeg

1

Cxakplc ?

(biftg)

( ) ( )

( ) (Bik)`se?.?1pse>>.?=3,?32.2?2,12

3

2

3

:strcsscbikprcssevesRtrcsskaxekukWnc

(Wcfseif)pse32.2?2,1

Wncrcdirc,

2

1247

2

187

2

14

2

17===,4=

oitttipkax

oitt

oittoittoittoitt

;;;;;

;

;++

;

ddd

d

dddd


82/714


Dedtn Cgeteif

BNA]WC_

?a




_CBWAFHSLA_ _/B

BIFB_CWC OCAKR:WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU



BNA]WC_ ?a. _CBWAFHSLA_ _/B OCAKR: WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU Rlegc Fi. 1CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Eftrigubteif

Ocfgefh kikcft prigubcs ocfgefh

straefs if a ocak, afg bifscqucftly

bikprcssevc afg tcfselc strcsscs.

Sfgcr pisetevc kikcft (as firkally tnc

basc), bikprcssevc strcsscs arc

prigubcg ef tnc tip id tnc ocak afg

tcfselc strcsscs arc prigubcg ef tnc

oittik.

Ocfgefh kckocrs kust rcsest oitn

bikprcssevc afg tcfselc strcsscs.


83/714

BNA]WC_ ?a. _CBWAFHSLA_ _/B OCAKR: WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU Rlegc Fi. ?CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Eftrigubteif

Rtrcsscs ef Ocak

x

y

o

o

a

a]

x

y ]n

w

x

_

K_

T

I

gA

+y

Dehurc 1


Eftrigubteif

Rehf Bifvcfteif

K

T

K

T

T T

K K

(a) ]isetevc Rncar & Kikcft

(o) ]isetevc Rncar (blib`wesc)

(b) ]isetevc Kikcft

(bifbavc upwarg)

Dehurc ?

L.N.D _.N.D


84/714


Eftrigubteif

Bifbrctc Dlcxural Kckocrs Wypcs:

Ocak

Xall

Rlao

Ctb.

Wncsc bifbrctc kckocrs kust rcsest oitn

tcfselc afg bikprcssevc strcsscs.

Ocbausc bifbrctc es wca` ef tcfseif,

ckocggcg stccl oars arc plabcg ef tnc

tcfseif zifc.


Eftrigubteif

4 ef.

4 ef.

4 ef.

4 ef.

3 ef.

7 ef.

K_

3 ef.

1? ef.

7 ef.

Dehurc 2


85/714


Kctnigs id Afalyses afg Gcsehf

Clasteb Gcsehf

Clasteb gcsehf es bifsegcrcg valeg dir tnc

nikihcfcius plaef bifbrctc ocak as lifh

as tnc tcfselc strcss gics fit cxbccg tnc

kigulus id rupturc dr.

Clasteb gcsehf baf alsi oc applecg ti a

rcefdirbcg bifbrctc ocak usefh tnc

wir`efh strcss gcsehf (XRG) appriabn.



XRG Assukpteifs

1. A plaef scbteif ocdirc ocfgefh rckaefs

plafc adtcr ocfgefh.

?. Rtrcss es pripirteifal ti straef (Nii`cs

Law).

2. Wcfselc strcss dir bifbrctc es bifsegcrcg

zcri afg rcefdirbefh stccl barrecs all tnctcfseif.

7. Wnc oifg octwccf tnc bifbrctc afg stccl

es pcrdcbt, si fi slep ibburs.


86/714

BNA]WC_ ?a. _CBWAFHSLA_ _/B OCAKR: WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU Rlegc Fi. >CFBC 233 Assa``ad


Rtrcfhtn Gcsehf Kctnig Wnes kctnig es tnc kigcrf appriabn dir

tnc afalyses afg gcsehf id rcefdirbcg

bifbrctc.

Wnc assukpteif arc sekelar ti tnisc

iutlefcg dir tnc XRG wetn ifc cxbcpteif:

Bikprcssevc bifbrctc strcss es apprixekatcly

pripirteifal ti straef up ti kigcratc liags. As

tnc liag efbrcascs, tnc apprixekatc

pripirteifalety bcascs ti cxet, afg tnc strcssgeahrak ta`cs a snapc sekelar ti tnc bifbrctc

strcss-straef burvc id tnc dilliwefh dehurc.




Dehurc 1


87/714

BNA]WC_ ?a. _CBWAFHSLA_ _/B OCAKR: WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU Rlegc Fi. 1=CFBC 233 Assa``ad


Bikparesif octwccf tnc Wwi Kctnigs

Rcrvebc liags arc akpledecg

usefh parteal sadcty dabtirs.

A kckocr es gcsehf si tnat ets

strcfhtn es rcgubcg oy a

rcgubteif sadcty dabtir.

Wnc strcfhtn at daelurc es

bikkifly ballcg tnc ultekatc

strcfhtn

Dirkula:

Xir`efh (scrvebc) liags arc

uscg afg a kckocr es gcsehfcg

oascg if af alliwaolc

bikprcssevc ocfgefh strcss,

firkally =.73

Bikprcssevc strcss pattcrf es

assukcg ti vary lefcarly drik

zcri at tnc fcutral axes.

Dirkula:

SRGXRG ir ARG

ARG

DR 1;

k

e

ef L_

L_DG

1;k

e

eef L_

bd


Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag(1) At vcry skall liags:

n g

( )bikp.b

( )tcfs.b

( )tcfs.s

( )bikp.bd

( )tcfs.bd

( )tcfs.sd


Rtrcsscs Clasteb afg

Rcbteif Sfbrab`cg

Rtrcsscs arc ocliw kigulus id rupturc.

F.A.

o


88/714

BNA]WC_ ?a. _CBWAFHSLA_ _/B OCAKR: WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU Rlegc Fi. 1?CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag

Cxakplc 1A rcbtafhular ocak, as sniwf

ef Deh. 1, nas tnc gekcfseifs o

; 1= ef.,n ; ?3 ef., afg g; ?2

ef., afg es rcefdirbcg wetn tnrcc

Fi. > oars. Wnc bifbrctc

bylefgcr strcfhtn es 7=== pse,

afg tnc tcfselc strcfhtn ef

ocfgefh (kigulus id rupturc) es

783 pse. Wnc yeclg pieft id tnc

stccldy es 4=,=== pse.

Gctcrkefc tnc strcsscs bauscg

oy a ocfgefh kikcft K; 73dt-`eps. Assukc tnc ufet wcehnt

dir bifbrctc es 177 lo/dt2.

bdn g

o

2 Fi. > oars


Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag

Cxakplc 1 (biftg)

?3 ef ?2 ef

1= ef

2 Fi. > oars

1)Waolc(sccef=.85oar>Fi.dirArca ?;

( ) ?ef28.?85.=2Wncrcdirc, ;;sA

Wnc kigulus id clastebety dir

Bifbrctc baf oc balbulatcg drik

( ) ( ) pse317,4=4,2===,72217722

3.1

3.1

;;; bbb dwC

>=7.>317,4=4,2

===,===,?5

Wncrcdirc,

;;;b

s

C

Cf


89/714


Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag

Oar Gcsehfateif Geakctcref Arcaef? Xcehntlo/dt

#2 P#1=[ =.283 =.11 =.284

#7 P#12[ =.3== =.?= =.44>

#3 P#14[ =.4?3 =.21 1.=72

#4 P#15[ =.83= =.77 1.3=?

#8 P#??[ =.>83 =.4= ?.=77

#> P#?3[ 1.=== =.85 ?.48=

#5 P#?5[ 1.1?> 1.== 2.7==

#1= P#2?[ 1.?8= 1.?8 7.2=2

#11 P#24[ 1.71= 1.34 3.212

#17 P#72[ 1.452 ?.?3 8.43=

#1> P#38[ ?.?38 7.== 12.4=

Waolc 1. ARWK Rtafgarg - Cfhlesn _cefdirbefh Oars

Fitc: Kctreb gcsehfateifs arc ef orab`cts


Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag Cxakplc 1 (biftg)

Wrafsdirkcg Rcbteif

?3 ef ?2 ef

1= ef

2 Fi. > oars

?3 ef ?2 ef

1= ef

f As(f1)As

AbAs ; f AsAs ; (f 1)As ; (>-1) (?.28) ; 14.35 ef?


90/714


Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag

Cxakplc 1 (biftg)

Fcutral axes libateif & kikcft id efcrtea

Rtrcsscs

( )( ) ( )

( )( )ef13.12

35.141=?3

?235.14?

?31=?3

;+

+;y

( ) ( )( )

7

?22

ef1.824,17

?13.12?335.142

13.12?31=

2

13.121=

;

+

+;E?3 ef

?2 ef

1= ef

(f1)As

y

F.A

( )( )pse5.7>1

1.824,17

13.121===1?73;

;;

E

Kbdb

( )( ) I@pse783pse?.7271.824,17

13.12?31===1?73 >8,?

1.824,17

?13.12?31===1?73> ;

;;

E

Kbfds


Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag(?) At kigcratc liags:

Rtrcsscs Clasteb afg

Rcbteif Brab`cg

Wcfselc strcsscs id bifbrctc well oc cxbccgcg.

Bifbrctc well brab (naerlefc brab`), afg stccl oars well rcsest tcfselc strcsscs.

Wnes well ibbur at apprixekatcly =.3 .


n g

( )bikp.b

( )tcfs.s

( )bikp.bd

( )tcfs.sdF.A.

o

bd


91/714

BNA]WC_ ?a. _CBWAFHSLA_ _/B OCAKR: WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU Rlegc Fi. 1>CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag

_cefdirbcg Bifbrctc Ocak Dirkula

Wnc fcutral axes dir a bifbrctc ocak es

diufg oy silvefh tnc quagrateb cquateif:

=?

1 ? ;+ gfAxfAox ss (1)o

g

o

x x?

1

g - x

f As

B


Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag

Cxakplc ?

A bifbrctc dliir slao es rcefdirbcg oy

geakctcr stccl rigs plabcg 1 ef. aoivc tnc

liwcr dabc id tnc slao afg spabcg 4 ef. if

bcftcrs. Wnc kigulus id clastebety es 21=4

pse dir bifbrctc uscg afg 2= 1=4 pse dir

stccl. @fiwefh tnat a ocfgefh kikcft id23 `epef es applecg ti cabn 1-dt wegtn id tnc

slao, gctcrkefc (a) tnc kaxekuk strcss ef

bifbrctc afg (o) tnc strcss ef tnc stccl.


92/714

BNA]WC_ ?a. _CBWAFHSLA_ _/B OCAKR: WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU Rlegc Fi. ?=CFBC 233 Assa`àd

Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag

Cxakplc ? (biftg)

4 ef.

4 ef.

4 ef.

4 ef.

3 ef.

7 ef.

K; 23 èp ef

3 ef.

1? ef.

7 ef.

BNA]WC_ ?a. _CBWAFHSLA_ _/B OCAKR: WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU Rlegc Fi. ?1CFBC 233 Assa`àd

Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag

Cxakplc ? (biftg)

Wrafsdirkcg Rcbteif

Bifsegcr a pirteif id tnc slao 1? ef. wegc, ef

wnebn tncrc arc twi geakctcr rigs navefh a

tital briss-scbteifal arca

ef->

3

?

?

ef417.=7

>

3

? ;

;

sA

7 ef.

7 -x

x F.A.

B

( ) ?

4

4

ef17.4417.=1=

1=1=2

1=2=

;;

;

;;

s

b

s

fA

C

Cf

1? ef.

3 ef.

1? ef.

7 ef.


93/714

BNA]WC_ ?a. _CBWAFHSLA_ _/B OCAKR: WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU Rlegc Fi. ??CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag

Cxakplc ? (biftg)

Fcutral Axes

Wnc fcutral axes id tnc slao passcs tnriuhn

tnc bcftrieg id tnc trafsdirkcg scbteif. Ssefh

Cq. 1:

( ) ( )=34.?717.44

=717.417.41??

1

=?

1

?

?

?

;+

;+

;+

xx

xx

gfAxfAox ss

ef383.1;xa

aboox

?

7? ;

Quagrateb

Dirkula

355.?

ta`c383.1

?

1

;

;

x

x


Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag

Cxakplc ? (biftg)

Kikcft id Efcrtea

Wnc bcftriegal kikcft id efcrtea id tnc

trafsdirkcg scbteif es

7 ef.

?.7?3

1.383

B

F.A.

4.17 ef?

( )( ) 7?

2

ef8.317?3.?17.42

383.11?;+;E

1? ef.


94/714


Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag

Cxakplc ? (biftg)

Kaxekuk strcss ef bifbrctc:

Rtrcss ef stccl:

( )(B)`se=44.1

8.31

383.123;;;

E

Kyb

( )(W)`se7?.14

8.31

7?3.?23)1=( +;

;;

E

Kyfs


Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag(2) Xetn durtncr liag efbrcasc:

Dlcxural Rtrcfhtn

ABE Appriabn

Rtrcss burvc aoivc F.A. well oc sekelar ti tnc strcss-straef burvc id Deh. 1.

Bifbrctc nas brab`cg, afg tnc pribcss es errcvcrseolc.

Rtccl oar nas yeclgcg afg well fit rcturf ti ets irehefal lcfhtn.


n g

( )bikp.b

( )tcfs.s

( )bikp.bd

( )tcfs.sdF.A.

o


95/714



Dehurc 1

Ocnaveir Sfgcr Liag


Rtrcfhtn Gcsehf KctnigAssukpteifs

Rtrcfhtn Gcsehf

Ed tnc gestreouteif id bifbrctc bikprcsseif

strcsscs at ir fcar ultekatc liag (Deh. ?),

nag a wcll- gcdefcg afg efvareaolc snapc-

paraoileb et wiulg oc pisseolc ti gcrevc a

bikplctcly rateifal tnciry id ultekatc

ocfgefh strcss.

Wnes tnciry nas occf wcll cstaolesncg afg

efbirpiratcg ef tnc ABE Kafual.

Wnc oaseb assukpteifs dilliws.


96/714

BNA]WC_ ?a. _CBWAFHSLA_ _/B OCAKR: WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU Rlegc Fi. ?>CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Rtrcfhtn Gcsehf Kctnig

Assukpteifs

Dlcxural Rtrcfhtn

ABE Appriabn _cefdirbcg Bifbrctc Ocak

n g

( )bikp.b

( )tcfs.s

( )bikp.bd

( )tcfs.sdF.A.

o

Dehurc ?


Rtrcfhtn Gcsehf KctnigAssukpteifs

Oaseb Assukpteif:

1. A plafc scbteif ocdirc ocfgefh rckaefsplafc adtcr ocfgefh.

?. Rtrcsscs afg straef arc apprixekatclypripirteifal up ti kigcratc liags(bifbrctc strcss =.3 ). Xncf tnc

liag es efbrcascg, tnc vareateif ef tncbifbrctc strcss es fi lifhcr lefcar.

2. Wcfselc strcfhtn id bifbrctc es fchlcbtcgef tnc gcsehf id rcefdirbcg bifbrctcocaks.

bd


97/714

BNA]WC_ ?a. _CBWAFHSLA_ _/B OCAKR: WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU Rlegc Fi. 2=CFBC 233 Assa``ad

Rtrcfhtn Gcsehf Kctnig

Assukpteifs

Oaseb Assukpteif (biftg):7. Wnc kaxekuk usaolc bifbrctc

bikprcssevc straef at tnc cxtrckc deocr esassukcg cqual ti =.==2 (Deh. 2)

3. Wnc stccl es assukcg ti oc ufedirklystraefcg ti tnc straef tnat cxests at tnclcvcl id tnc bcftrieg id tnc stccl. Alsi edtnc straef ef tnc stccl s es lcss tnaf tnc

yeclg straef id tnc stccly, tnc strcss eftnc stccl es Cs s. Ed s y, tnc strcss ef

stccl well oc cqual ti dy (Deh. 7)


Rtrcfhtn Gcsehf KctnigAssukpteifs Oaseb Assukpteif (biftg):

4. Wnc oifg octwccf tnc stccl afg bifbrctces pcrdcbt afg fi lep ibburs.

Rtraef

Rtrc

ss

dy

Clasteb

rcheif

y

Egcalezcg Rtrcss-Rtraef Burvc

=.==2

y

Dehurc 7Dehurc 2

Rtraef


98/714


Dedtn Cgeteif

BNA]WC_

?o




_CBWAFHSLA_ _/B

BIFB_CWC OCAKR:WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU



BNA]WC_ ?o. _CBWAFHSLA_ _/B OCAKR: WCFREIF RWCCL IFLU Rleg

Introduction to Structural Design

Documents

Transcript of Introduction to Structural Design