INTRODUCTION to Sosci and Anthro

8/10/2019 INTRODUCTION to Sosci and Anthro

1/14

INTRODUCTION:

Social Science:

A branch of science that deals with the institutions andfunctioning of human society and with the interpersonalrelationships of individuals as members of society.

A scholarly or scientic discipline that deals with suchstudy, generally regarded as the umbrella includingsociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, politicalscience, and history.

MAJOR AREAS in SOCIAL SCIENCE:

POLITICAL SCIENCE

A social sciencediscipline concerned with the study of thestate, government, and politics.

Deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics,and the analysis of political systemsand political behavior.Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealingthe relationships underlying political events and

conditions, and from these revelations they attempt toconstruct general principles about the way the world ofpolitics works.

study matters concerning the allocation and transfer ofpower in decision making, the roles and systems ofgovernance including governments and internationalorganiations, political behaviorand public policies. !heymeasure the success of governanceand specic policies

by examining many factors, including stability, ustice,material wealth, and peace.

Signifcance o Political Science:# !he study of Political $cience is very useful and valuable.

!he knowledge is essential and useful to both the ruler andthe constituents.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_makinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_stabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_wealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_makinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_stabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_wealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace


2/14

%. !o have a knowledge of the $tate.&. 'nowledge of government and administration(. 'nowledge about international relations.). !he values of system of governance

*. +itienship. -nternational comity

ECONOMICS

!he term economics comes from the Ancient reek/ 01/2/345 6oikonomia, " management of a household,administration"7 from / 81/96oikos,"house"72:3/96nomos,"custom"or"law"7, hence"rules of the house6hold7".

the social science that analyes the production,distribution, and consumptionof goodsand services.

+oncern of the study and practice of economics is theprovision of goods and services for the satisfaction ofworldly needs called human needs. The satisfaction ofthese wants makes real the existence of a personas a social creature. The human wants of people

distinguish them from animals.

!he basic human wants in present day society is morethan those in the less developed society of many yearsago. These needs now include food, clothing, home,health care, education, and entertainment. -n earliertimes human needs were generally of material nature.They were food, clothing, and shelter.

PSYCHOLOGY !he scientic study of the human mind and its functions,

especially those a;ecting behavior in a given context.

!he body of approaches, and methods applied inexamining and explaining the behavior and mentalprocesses of the individual and the group.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%E1%BC%B0%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%E1%BC%B6%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_theory_basicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(economics_and_accounting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%E1%BC%B0%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%E1%BC%B6%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_theory_basicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(economics_and_accounting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)


3/14

-t must deal with the variables of human behavior undervarious conditions and be able to tell how the person willbehave on the basis of the generaliation that had been

set in past studies.

HISTORY

6


4/14

!o put anthropological methods, information, and resultsto use, in e;orts to solve practical problems.

A##oac"e! in Ant"o#olog$:# @olistic# Dynamic# mic Perspectives# Avoids ethnocentricism# Bong term study# -nter and -ntra disciplinary

%o& Main'S&(fel)! o Ant"o#olog$:

*+ C&lt&al Ant"o#olog$# $tudy of global patterns of belief and behavior found in

human cultures both past and present.

# $tudy of cross cultural studies. -ncludes economic andpolitical organiations, status, conCict and law resolution,consumptions and exchange, gender, socialiation, andreligion.

,+ Ling&i!tic Ant"o#olog$# !he study of human speech and language, including theorigins of language in general as well as specic languages.

# !helinguists have been able to trace historical ties betweenlanguages and groups of languages, thus facilitating theidentication of language families and perhaps pastrelationships between human populations.

-+ Ac"eolog$

# !he study of earlier cultures and life ways by anthropologistwho specialie in the scientic recovery, analysis, andinterpretation of the material remains of past societies.


5/14

# !he study is concerned with culture, but instead ofinterviewing living people, they collect information fromartifacts and structures left behind by earlier societies.

Ai.! o Ac"eolog$:# econstructing the lifeways of the people responsible for the

archeological remainsE how people lived, how they exploitedtheir environment.

# xplain why people lived the way they did, why they hadthose patterns of behavior, and how their lifeways andmaterial culture came to take the form they did

/+ P"$!ical an) 0iological Ant"o#olog$# !he study of human biology within the framework of

evolution and with an emphasis on the interaction biologyand culture.

# !he scientic discipline concerned with the biological andbehavioral characteristics of human beingsF our closestrelatives, the nonhuman primates and their ancestors.

# -t reCects the shift in emphasis to more biologically orientedtopics, such as genetics, evolutionary biology, nutrition,physiological adaptation and growth and development.

Paleoant"o#olog$: the interdisciplinary approach toidentify the various early human and humanlike species,establish a chronological se=uence of relationships amongthem, and gain insights into their adaptation and behavior.

SOCIOLOGY !he systematic study of human society which includes

social life, social change, and the social causes andconse=uences of human behavior.


6/14

-t is a science that re=uires the development of theoriesthat can be tested by research.

!he study focus on social structure of groups,

organiations, and societies, and how people interactwithin these contexts.

!he subect matter of $ociology ranges from the intimatefamily to the hostile mobF from organied crime toreligious cultsF from the divisions of race, gender, age andsocial class.

# At the heart of sociology is a special point of view calledsociological perspective.

# Sociological Pe!#ecti1e G as seeing the general in theparticular. -t understands human behavior by placing itwithin its broader social context. An awareness of therelationship between an individual and the wider society.

!he ability to view oneHs society as an outsider would, ratherthan only from the perspective of personal experiences and

cultural biases.

o Seeing t"e Geneal in t"e Patic&la $ociologist looks for general patterns in the

behavior of particular people.

-t allows us to look beyond a limited understandingof human behavior to see the world and its peoplein a new way and through a broader lens than wemight otherwise use.

Although every individual is uni=ue, a societyshapes the lives of people in various categoriesvery di;erently.


7/14

o Seeing t"e Stange in t"e %a.ilia !he awareness allows all of us to comprehend the

links between our immediate, personal socialsettings and the remote, impersonal social world

that surrounds us and helps to shape us.

!his reveals the initially strange idea that societyshapes what we think and do.

E.ile D&2"ei. $ocial -ntegrationE categories of people with strong social

ties had low suicide rates, and more individualisticcategories of people had high rates.

$ociologist are not particularly interested in why any oneindividual commits suicideF they are more concerned withidentifying the social forces that systematically cause somepeople to take their own lives.

I.#otance o Glo(al Pe!#ecti1e lobal Perspective is the study of the larger world and our

societyHs place in it. lobal awareness is a logical extension of the sociological

perspective. $ociology shows us that our place in societyshapes our life experiences.

0eneft! o U!ing Sociolog$ T"e !ociological #e!#ecti1e "el#! &! a!!e!! t"e t&t"

o 3co..on !en!e4+

A sociological approach encourages us to ask whethersuch common beliefs are actually true and to the extentthat they are not.

$ociologists do not accept something as a fact because?everyone knows it.> -nstead, each piece of information


8/14

must be tested and recorded, then analyed inrelationship to other data. $ociologist relies onscientic studies in order to describe and understand asocial environment.

T"e !ociological #e!#ecti1e "el#! &! !ee t"e

o##ot&nitie! an) con!taint! in o& li1e!+ $ociological thinking leads us to see that in the game of

life, we have a say in how to play our cards, but it issociety that deals us the hand.

$ociology helps us learn more about the world so thatwe can pursue our goals more e;ectively.

T"e !ociological #e!#ecti1e e.#o5e! &! to (e acti1e

#atici#ant! in o& !ociet$+ !he sociological perspective that turns a personal

problem 6such as being out of work7 into a public issue6a lack of good obs7.

As we come to see how society a;ects us, we may

support society as it is, or we may set out with others tochange it.

T"e !ociological #e!#ecti1e "el#! &! li1e in a )i1e!e

5ol)+ ncourages us to think critically about the relative

strengths and weaknesses of all ways of life, includingour own.

T"ee E1ent! o C"ange:*+ In)&!tial Re1ol&tion,+ Go5t" o Citie! an) Po#&lation-+ Political C"ange 6%enc" Re1ol&tion7


9/14

UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS O% CULTURE

AND SOCIETY8"at i! !ociet$9

# a group of people related to each other through persistentrelations, or a large social grouping sharing the samegeographical or virtual territory, subect to the same politicalauthority and dominant cultural expectations.

# a group of people occupying a territory who are dependenton each other for survival. !he relationships that hold asociety together are known so social structure or socialorganiation.

0a!ic eat&e! o a !ociet$

$ociety is the mutual interaction of individuals. -t isinvisible.

A social system Active cooperation is the back bone of the society. Biberty is regulated through the mutual agreement of

individuals. $ociety is universal having no boundary or limits. Bikeness of members is the essential pre#re=uisite for

society

Oigin o !ociet$o Social contact t"eo$+

o $ociety is based on some original contractsbetween the individuals.

o $ociety was formed to protect man against its sun

bridled nature.o $ociety was evolved to maintain a state of peace

and ustice in nature

o Oganic t"eo$+o $ociety is a biological system.


10/14

o -ndustrial and agricultural systems are the nutritionalsystems of the society.

o -ndividual persons are the cells of the society.o +ommunication and transport are the heart, veins and

arteries of the society.o Go .in) t"eo$

o $ociety is an embodiment of an absolute mind.-dealism by IeberE that society was ideas shape byhuman

Societie! can (e cla!!ife) into go!:

*+ H&nting gat"eing an) ti(al !ocietie!

!hey live in primary groups. !hey re=uire large territories to support themselves. !hey work less as compared to other societies People survived by foraging for vegetable foods and small

games, shing, hunting large wild animals, and collectingshellsh.

,+ Pa!toal !ocietie!

$tarted %&,JJJ to %*,JJJ years ago. $tarted deliberately

planting seeds with the idea of having a source of food inthe future.

-+ Hotic&lt&al !ocietie!

!his type of society relies on herding and thedomestication of animals for food and clothing to satisfythe bulk of the groupHs needs.

/+ Agic&lt&al !ocietie!

!hese societies are characteried by the use of plow infood production.

+ In)&!tial !ocietie!


11/14

!hese societies rose in connection with the -ndustrialevolution. Domination of management and division oflabor in factories

Po!t' in)&!tial !ocietie!+o -t depends on specialied knowledge to bring about

continuing progress in technology.

o efers to technology that supports an informationbased economy. Kore and more obs demandinformation#based skills using computers, satellites,facsimile machines, and other forms of communication.

o Ltilies less and less of its labor force for industrialproduction.

8"at i! c&lt&e9 +ulture is the way of life.

According to Si E)5a) 0&nett Ta$loE a complex wholewhich includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customand any other capabilities and habits ac=uired by man as amember of society.

As to Ro(et Re)fel)E ?+ulture is an organied body ofconventional understanding manifest in art and an artifact,which persisting through tradition, characteries a humangroup.>

-t is not actual observable behavior of a group of people, butan abstraction derived from it.

-t is a set of rules or standards which, when acted upon bythe members of a society, produces behavior that falls within


12/14

a range of variance the members consider proper andacceptable.

+ulture is manifested in music, literature, lifestyle, painting andsculpture, theater and lm and similar things.

T$#e! o C&lt&e*+ Mateial C&lt&e

!he tangible products of human society. -t includes physicalobects or artifacts# things that human being create byaltering the natural environment.

xamples of these are dwelling units, tools, weaponsand implements, clothing, stone axes, wooden chair,book, et airplanes, and other concrete elements ofculture.

,+ Non'Mateial C&lt&e

!he intangible creations of human society. !his consists ofwords people use, the habits they follow, the ideas,customs, behavior, of any society profess and to whichthey strive to conform.

xamples are laws, techni=ues, lifestyle, and knowledge

C"aactei!tic! o C&lt&e:*+ C&lt&e i! al5a$! a #o)&ct o "&.an (e"a1io,+ Gatife! "&.an nee)!-+ C&lt&e i! leane)+ulture is learned, not biologically inherited.!his is manHs ?social heredity>.

ENCULTURATIONE the process whereby culture istransmitted from one generation to the next. !hroughthis, one learns the socially appropriate way of satisfyingoneHs instinctual needs.

/+ C&lt&e i! !$.(olicAll human behavior originates in the use of symbols.


13/14

the most important symbolic aspect of culture isBAMLA G this is the foundation upon which humancultures are built.

+ C&lt&e i! not t"e !a.e a! nat&e

;+ +ulture is shared

De1elo#.ent o C&lt&e

Lang&age is the critical element of culture that sets humanapart from other species. Kembers of a society generally share acommon language, which facilitates day to day exchanges withothers. !his is the foundation of every culture.

C&lt&al Uni1e!al! all societies have developed certain common practices

and beliefs. +ulture may be universal, but the manner in which they

are expressed varies from one culture to another.

Inno1ationis the process of introducing a new idea or obect to aculture.

T5o t$#e! o inno1ation:%. Discovery&. -nvention

Di


14/14

as appropriate behavior while discouraging and punishing whatthey consider to be improper behavior.

, T$#e! o No.!

%. %o.al no.! G these are the norms which are usuallywritten and any violation of the norms would have a penalty.

&. Ino.al no.! # these norms may or may have not apenalty.

Moe!G are norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of asociety, often because they embody the most cherished principlesof the people.

%ol25a$! # are norms of everyday behavior. !he important rolein shaping the daily behavior of members of a culture.

Attit&)e! to5a) c&lt&e!:%. Et"nocenti!.G practice of udging another culture based

on the standards of oneHs culture.&. C&lt&al Relati1i!.G the practice of udging a culture by

its own standards.(. C&lt&e S"oc2# anyone who feels disoriented, uncertain,

out of place, even fearful, when immersed with unfamiliarculture.

INTRODUCTION to Sosci and Anthro

Documents

Transcript of INTRODUCTION to Sosci and Anthro