Introduction to Sociological Perspectives Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and...
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Transcript of Introduction to Sociological Perspectives Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and...
![Page 1: Introduction to Sociological Perspectives Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and about social behaviour Theories=are statements that organise.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee05503460f94bf03e0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Sociological Perspectives
• Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and about social behaviour
• Theories=are statements that organise a set of concepts meaningfully by explaining the relationship between them
• Facts=self-evident,accessible to the senses and readily translated into understandable statements
• Ideology=a complex believe systems that provide a partial and biased vie of reality
![Page 2: Introduction to Sociological Perspectives Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and about social behaviour Theories=are statements that organise.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee05503460f94bf03e0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction to Sociological Perspectives
• Functionalism=major figures are Emile Durkheim and Talcot Parsons
• Focus on=macro level such as social order, social cohesion and social integration
• Social System needs/pre-requisites• Adaptation=environment and social system to
provide for physical needs=Economic System• Goal Attainment=societal goals and resource
allocation=Political System
![Page 3: Introduction to Sociological Perspectives Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and about social behaviour Theories=are statements that organise.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee05503460f94bf03e0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction to Sociological Perspectives
• Pattern Maintenance=maintaining value consensus and norms=The family, Education System etc.
• Integration=Dispute settlement-The Legal System
• Value Consensus=necessary for society
• Social Inequalities=essential to fill all jobs
![Page 4: Introduction to Sociological Perspectives Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and about social behaviour Theories=are statements that organise.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee05503460f94bf03e0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Introduction to Sociological Perspectives
• Marxism=conflict is the hallmark of society• Capitalism will be overcome by true communism• Class antagonism=two major classes=owners and
non=owners of the means of production• Class in itself=either owner or non-owner of means of
production=objective • Class for itself=recognises own exploitation and
common enemy=combines objective and subjective• False Consciousness=not recognising objective reality
![Page 5: Introduction to Sociological Perspectives Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and about social behaviour Theories=are statements that organise.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee05503460f94bf03e0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Introduction to Sociological Perspectives
• Means of Production=land, raw materials, buildings et.
• Forces of Production=means of production plus technological and scientific knowledge needed in process of production
• Relations of Production=relations between people in the process of production
• Inequalities=are unjust and need to be abolished
![Page 6: Introduction to Sociological Perspectives Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and about social behaviour Theories=are statements that organise.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee05503460f94bf03e0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Introduction to Sociological Perspectives
• Social Action Theory= Max Weber,micro level analysis• Social Structures are the patterned actions of
individuals• Social action and social structures are two sides of the
same coin• Two forms of understanding=Direct
understanding=observation• Explanatory understanding=reasons/motives for action• Causal understanding=find causes for motivation of
actions
![Page 7: Introduction to Sociological Perspectives Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and about social behaviour Theories=are statements that organise.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee05503460f94bf03e0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Introduction to Sociological Perspectives
• Interactionism=focus on the meanings people attach to their own and others actions
• The “Self” seen as socially constructed –not a static entity,not totally determined by society
• Reciprocal relationship between the “I” and the “ME”• Humans have “Self-Consciousness”• Interaction via Symbols,eg. Language• Pre-supposes the existence of society,stresses active
role of humans in the construction/maintenance of the “self”
![Page 8: Introduction to Sociological Perspectives Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and about social behaviour Theories=are statements that organise.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee05503460f94bf03e0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Introduction to Sociological Perspectives
• Feminism=focus on gender inequalities• Patriarchy=fundamental concept and tool for the
oppression of women• Gender Differences• Gender Inequalities• Gender Oppression• Feminism seeks to abolish the oppression of
women• Gender is socially constructed
![Page 9: Introduction to Sociological Perspectives Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and about social behaviour Theories=are statements that organise.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee05503460f94bf03e0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Introduction to Sociological Perspectives
• Biological differences are transformed into social and economic inequalities
• Society,language and thinking,including science,is male dominated
• “Sociology (like other sciences)is a science of male society and a male science of society” (Jesse Bernard)
• Feminists reject the notion that gender inequalities are determined by nature and necessary for the good of society
![Page 10: Introduction to Sociological Perspectives Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and about social behaviour Theories=are statements that organise.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee05503460f94bf03e0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Introduction to Sociological Perspectives
• Structuration Theory=Anthony Giddens• Attempts to overcome the dichotomy between
structure and action • Argues that structure and action (agency) are
mutually dependent• Structures are created and maintained within
existing conceptual and material frame works and resources
• Structure and Agency reproduce and/or change social life
![Page 11: Introduction to Sociological Perspectives Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and about social behaviour Theories=are statements that organise.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee05503460f94bf03e0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Introduction to Sociological Perspectives
• Humans always have a choice of action
• Inequalities of power enables some and restricts others in making choices
• Some structures are not accessible to control by many people
• Neglects the dimension of time,changes may take a very long time to achieve
![Page 12: Introduction to Sociological Perspectives Perspectives=broad-based assumptions about society and about social behaviour Theories=are statements that organise.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee05503460f94bf03e0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Introduction to Sociological Perspectives
• Conclusions• Sociological Perspectives and Theories are
useful tools in understanding both society and the individual within it
• They provide a different “picture” of,and take a different angle on the same reality
• They make no claim of absolute truth and authority