INTRODUCTION TO SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATIONS AND OPEN ACCESS · 2015-08-29 · What Is Open Access to...
Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATIONS AND OPEN ACCESS · 2015-08-29 · What Is Open Access to...
INTRODUCTION TO SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATIONS AND OPEN ACCESS
April 24, 2010
Lisa Spiro Fondren Library, Rice University
http://www.flickr.com/photos/dunechaser/567753250/
Why Did You Decide to Become a Librarian?
To help people find the information they need
To develop and share your technical expertise
To contribute to the greater good of a literate society
To lock up and control access to information
http://www.flickr.com/photos/blg3/3208832266/
My Argument: Open Access Is Good for Scholars and Librarians
Both libraries and scholarship aim to support the diffusion of knowledge
Open access supports this goal by enabling: Researchers to share their research more quickly,
build their reputations and discover relevant work Librarians to provide rich, long-term access to
information The public to have equal access to knowledge
Road Map for Today’s Talk
Explore the relationship between open access and scholarly communication
Examine the rationale for open access
Describe challenges facing open access
Suggest how librarians can support open access
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What Is Open Access to Scholarly Literature?
“free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself” --Budapest Open Access Initiative (emphasis added)
Image: http://flickr.com/photos/furiousgeorge81/177926979/
Open Access Is Sharing
“He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me.” (Thomas Jefferson)
What is scholarly communication?
created
evaluated
disseminated
preserved
the system through which research and other scholarly writings are…
ACRL
The (Bizarre) Economics of Scholarly Publishing
Faculty and grad students (paid by universities and grant funds) perform and write up the research
Faculty serve as (unpaid) peer reviewers and members of journal editorial boards
Publishers package and distribute the content, then sell it to libraries
So universities are paying to produce and peer review research, then buying it back. For example: 2.2% of journal articles published by Elsevier were authored by
U of California (UC) faculty (Ivy Anderson) Elsevier’s UC-related revenue: $31 million, with $9.8 million as
profit
Creation of Knowledge
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Opening up the Research Process: Open WetWare
“Share Your Science”
Share Lab Protocols
“Recipe” for experiments
Supports:
• Transparency
• Replicability
http://openwetware.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_gDNA_isolation
http://www.flickr.com/photos/naturewise/1174298274/
Evaluation
Opening Up Peer Review
Peer review is central to evaluating and filtering scholarship
But it can be Slow Secretive Biased
OA does not undermine peer review
But OA is linked to experiments with peer review Post-publication peer review
Open peer review: revealing names of reviewers & making reports public
Post-publication Peer Review: PLoS ONE
“PLoS ONE will rigorously peer-review your submissions and publish all papers that are judged to be technically sound. Judgments about the importance of any particular paper are then made after publication by the readership (who are the most qualified to determine what is of interest to them).”
The New Metrics of Scholarly Authority: Be Visible
Information abundance = shift in establishing scholarly authority
Old model: scholarly credentials, peer review, # of citations
Web 3.0 model: “algorithmic filtration” of authority based on… Prestige of publisher & author, Links to article Discussions in blogspace, etc. Nature of the language in comments Inclusion of a document in lists of
"best of," in syllabi, indexes Etc.
Michael Jensen, “The New Metrics of Scholarly Authority” http://chronicle.com/free/v53/i41/41b00601.htm
Dissemination
Repositories (Green) Publishing (Gold)
Open Access Repositories
Can contain pre- and post-prints white papers dissertations presentations digitized objects
Can be Institutional, e.g. Rice, MIT Disciplinary, e.g. ArXiv for physics, RePEc for economics, E-
LIS for library & information science
HAM-TMC’s Institutional Repository
http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/
Rice’s Institutional Repository
http://scholarship.rice.edu/
Model Disciplinary Repository: arXiv
About arXiv
Focused on physics, math, computer science, quantitative biology, quantitative finance and statistics
Founded in 1991 by Paul Ginsparg
Contains over half a million e-prints, which are commonly read and cited by scientists
Grigori Perelman, who was awarded the Fields Medal for solving Poincare’s Conjecture, shared his results only on arXiv
Works in arXiv are cited frequently and rapidly
Open Access Journals
There are now 4966 OA journals indexed by the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
OA Journals include PLoS Biology, D-Lib, First Monday, Journal of Electronic Publishing, etc.
Preservation
http://www.flickr.com/photos/bluefootedbooby/333349592/
The Challenges of Digital Preservation for Scholarly Communication
Changes in formats, e.g. WordStar to Word to ? Changes in devices, e.g. floppy disks to USB memory sticks Responsibility for preservation, thousands of libraries with
copy of print journal vs. one publisher with digital copy How do we preserve more ephemeral/ informal scholarly
content, such as: Blogs Wikis Online forums
Open Access May Facilitate Preservation
OA enables replication & re-use of content (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe)
Software for OA repositories (e.g. DSpace, Fedora) often includes preservation services
Initiatives such as MetaScholar and DuraCloud preserve repository content
• Good for scholarship • Good for scholars • Good for society • Good for libraries
The Argument for Open Access
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OA Benefits Scholarship
Speeds the research cycle Fosters multidisciplinary
collaborations
Opens up data to be mined and mashed-up
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wakingtiger/3156792001/
OA Benefits Scholars
Makes their research more visible Increases the impact of their work
OA scientific articles are cited more frequently than non-OA (debated point)
Possible reasons for higher citation of OA articles: More accessible Released earlier Written by more influential authors
http://www.flickr.com/photos/visualogist/3202396970/
OA Benefits Society
Improves education by providing access to latest research
Makes access to research more equitable
Makes knowledge available to taxpayers & policymakers
Benefits research in developing countries
http://vimeo.com/1921500
OA Is Good for Libraries
Libraries are key players in providing access to and preserving OA resources
OA aligns with librarian values of: Access Lifelong learning The public good
• Participation • Intellectual property • Economics
Open Access Challenges
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Researcher Participation in OA Low
Fairly low rates of self-deposit in institutional repositories (varies by discipline) Only about 20% of articles are deposited in OA
repositories
What matters to faculty: Tenure & promotion Prestige of journal
It Costs Money to Publish Scholarship
Total annual cost per journal: $313,612 Figures from 2007
Type of Journal Average Cost Per Article
Top Humanities Journals $9,994
Science/ Tech/ Math Journals
$2,670
Business Models for Open Access
Institutional subsidies (university, funding agency, etc) Re-direction of funds (SCOAP 3) Publication fees (typically paid by authors)
Hybrid OA: some articles are OA, others require subscriptions
Endowments
Copyright Concerns? Most Journals Allow Self-Archiving
95% of journals allow some form of self-archiving Source: Sherpa ROMEO, http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/
Author Rights
Although authors hold copyright, they often transfer rights to the publisher.
Authors thus limit their own ability to reuse and redistribute their work
A scholar giving up copyright is like "giving birth and taking care of a baby for nine months, and then giving the baby over to the midwife at the end of the process.” (Emma Hil)
But can negotiate author rights http://www.flickr.com/photos/thedepartment/110775662/
How Libraries Can Unlock the Gates to Global Information
http://www.flickr.com/photos/selva/7036836/
Educate about Open Access
Raise awareness of the open access publishing model Advise faculty & teachers on
Author rights Fair use Open access mandates (e.g. NIH)
Help Promote Open Access Mandates
Open access mandates require faculty to share research Examples of mandates:
Funding agencies: NIH Wellcome Trust
By universities: Harvard Faculty of Arts & Sciences University of Kansas MIT Duke
Open Access Mandates Are Increasing
http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/
Support Federal Research Public Access Act 2010
http://www.taxpayeraccess.org/issues/frpaa/frpaa_action/10-0416.shtml
Steer Patrons Towards OA Content
Even if your institution lacks funding for big databases, you can still access cutting-edge research
Around 20% of articles are OA, depending on field
http://www.flickr.com/photos/mollyali/2924209043/
Find OA Works via Google Scholar
• If free access is available, it shows up on right (with format) • Or you can select “All [x] versions” to discover OA versions
Find OA Works via OAIster
Now administered by OCLC as part of WorldCat.org
Provide the Infrastructure for OA
Establish an institutional repository Publish open access journals
Examples of library-supported OA journals include First Monday, Journal of Electronic Publishing, Journal of Digital Information, etc.
Many use the Open Journal publishing system Libraries are partnering with the university press
Michigan U of California Utah State
Librarians Have Work to Do
“Scholars have to clear new and higher hurdles as they bump up against copyright and fair-use issues, open-access mandates, and a baffling array of publication and dissemination models….. Where can researchers find a guide to lead them through this 21st-century obstacle course? The library, of course.” (Jennifer Howard)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jazzmodeus/2741706903/
Bibliography (I)
Hahn, Karla L. “Talk About Talking About New Models of Scholarly Communication.” Journal of Electronic Publishing 11, no. 1 (Winter 2008).
Suber, Peter. “A field guide to misunderstandings about open access (SPARC).” http://www.arl.org/sparc/publications/articles/openaccess_fieldguide.shtml.
Swan, Alma. “Open Access and the Progress of Science » American Scientist.” http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/open-access-and-the-progress-of-science.
Bibliography (II)
“The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies.” http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html.
Van de Sompel, Herbert, Sandy Payette, John Erickson, Carl Lagoze, and Simeon Warner. “Rethinking Scholarly Communication.” D-Lib Magazine 10, no. 9 (9, 2004). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september04/vandesompel/09vandesompel.html.
Wilbanks, John. “The Control Fallacy: Why OA Out-Innovates the Alternative,” April 17, 2008. http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1808/version/1.
Wiley, David “The Parable of the Inventor and the Trucker” http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/article/3855/david-wiley-the-parable-of-the-inventor-and-the-trucker.
Useful Web Sites & Blogs
CreateChange.Org: http://www.createchange.org/ SPARC: http://www.arl.org/sparc/ ARL Office of Scholarly Communication:
http://www.arl.org/sc/ ACRL Scholarly Communication Toolkit:
http://www.acrl.ala.org/scholcomm/ Creative Commons: http://creativecommons.org/ Peter Suber’s Open Access News Blog:
http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html Charles Bailey’s DigitalKoans Blog:
http://digital-scholarship.org/digitalkoans/