Introduction to Russian phonology and word structure Ch 16: Using the symbol {#}
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Transcript of Introduction to Russian phonology and word structure Ch 16: Using the symbol {#}
Introduction to Russian phonology and word structure
Ch 16: Using the symbol {#}
1. Discussion
• “One form – one meaning” – a nice idea, but where do we run into problems?
1. Discussion
• “One form – one meaning” – a nice idea, but where do we run into problems?– Well, just about everywhere
• Does prefix у- have one meaning?• Does the infinitive morpheme have one shape?• Does the Dsg morpheme have either?
2. Definitions
• Contrastive distribution:
2. Definitions
• Contrastive distribution:– When two items appear in the same
environment, and can thus contrast• Eg. Palatalized vs. non-palatalized in мать vs. Мат
• Complementary distribution:
2. Definitions
• Contrastive distribution:– When two items appear in the same
environment, and can thus contrast• Eg. Palatalized vs. non-palatalized in мать vs. Мат
• Complementary distribution:– When two items never appear in the same
environment and cannot contrast• Eg. English aspirated and unaspirated stops, or
Russian [c] vs. []
2. Definitions, cont’d.
• Free variation:
2. Definitions, cont’d.
• Free variation:– When two items can appear in the same
environment, but don’t seem to contrast anyhow
• Eg. Russian нет vs. нету or Isg(fem) –ей/-ой vs. –ею/-ою
• Neutralization:
2. Definitions, cont’d.
• Free variation:– When two items can appear in the same
environment, but don’t seem to contrast anyhow
• Eg. Russian нет vs. нету or Isg(fem) –ей/-ой vs. –ею/-ою
• Neutralization:– When only one of a set of options can appear
in a given environment (eg. only voiceless obstruents appear word-finally)
3. Morpheme boundaries
• What kinds of morpheme boundaries are there and which are relatively stronger/weaker?
3. Morpheme boundaries
• What kinds of morpheme boundaries are there and which are relatively stronger/weaker?
• phrase>word>preposition/prefix>suffix/ending
• How can we tell?
3. Morpheme boundaries
• What kinds of morpheme boundaries are there and which are relatively stronger/weaker?
• phrase>word>preposition/prefix>suffix/ending• How can we tell?
– Phrase & word boundaries cause final devoicing
– Preposition/prefix boundary shows t, p, b not softening before ъV
– Suffix/ending shows /o/,/a/ > []
4. Vowel-zero
• What’s the rule for vowel-zero alternation and what’s with {l}?
4. Vowel-zero
• What’s the rule for vowel-zero alternation and what’s with {l}?– If you have two consecutive syllables with {#}
as the vowel, the one to the left becomes a vowel, and the one to the right drops
– The vowel is basic o, unless it is surrounded by soft consonants or /š/, /ž/, /c/, in which case it is basic e
– {l} “likes” to be soft
6. Inventory of non-root morphemes thus far…
• So what are they?
6. Inventory of non-root morphemes thus far…
{,ot} 3sg non-past
{,} (as in голубь {o} Nsgneut; prep; linking vowel
{e} Lsg
{a} Nsgfem; Gsgmascneut; Asgmascanim; NAplneut
{#} Nsgmascfem; Gpl; masc past
{s#} preposition/ prefix
{i} Npl, DGLsgfem
{,i} verbal suffix {#k} diminutive {,#n} adj-forming suffix
{raz#} prefix ({roz#})
{ij}/{oj} Nsgmasc adj
{t#} infinitive {v#} preposition/ prefix
{,#c} suffix
7. What’s the point?
• Is there any advantage to having a vowel-zero alternation?
7. What’s the point?
• Is there any advantage to having a vowel-zero alternation?– It can serve as a redundant index of part of a
paradigm (similar to stress)
8. Can you write this in Russian?
• {ne|š#v|í||v#|v#š|áx||a|v#š|í||v#|š#v|áx}
8. Can you write this in Russian?
• {ne|š#v|í||v#|v#š|áx||a|v#š|í||v#|š#v|áx}
• «Не швы во вшах, а вши во швах»
9. Give the morphophonemic transcriptions
вошь шов дно
дон лён льна
бездонный
9. Give the morphophonemic transcriptions
вошь {v#š|#} шов {š#v|#} дно {d#n|o}
дон {d#n|#} лён {ļ#n|#} льна {ļ#n|a}
бездонный {bez#|d#n|,#n|ij}