INTRODUCTION TO RFID - Khulna Universitycseku.ac.bd/faculty/~kazi/files/ub_msc/rfid.pdf ·...
Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO RFID - Khulna Universitycseku.ac.bd/faculty/~kazi/files/ub_msc/rfid.pdf ·...
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INTRODUCTION TO
RFID
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AUTO-ID TECHNOLOGIES
Auto-ID
BarcodeSystems
OpticalCharacter
Recognition(OCR)
RFIDSmart Cards
BiometricSystems
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RFID DEFINITION
• RFID (Radio Frequency
Identification) is a technology used
for electronic and wireless
identification of objects, humans and
animals
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IDENTIFICATION
• Assign IDs to objects
• Link the ID to additional information about the object
• Link the ID to complementary info
• Find similar objects
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IDENTIFICATION EXAMPLES
• Bar Codes
• License Plates
• Social Security Numbers
• Student ID
• Serial Numbers
• Car Keys
• Database Keys
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WHAT IS RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID)?
(4)
(3) Give me the
HazMat Class for this
EPC
WMS
(1) W
ho k
nows
abou
t thi
s
EPC?
(2) XYZ In
c.
EPC
Info
rmat
ion
Ser
ver
(5) We just received 5 units
of SKU 123, owned by XYZ
Inc., that are deadly, have
a flashpoint of 22.8 C0, may
detonate, and cannot be
extinguished with waterTagReader
ALE/EPC
Middleware
XYZ Inc.
EPC Information
Service
ONS
Naming Service
Substrate
Tag IC
Antenna
Die attach
- Can be Passive or Active- Can be Read-only or Read-Write
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SOME CLAIMED ADVANTAGES OF RFID VS. BARCODE
• No requirement for line-of-sight
• Many tags can be read at the same time
• High memory capacity if needed
• Dynamic information carrier (read/write)
• Robust and reliable
• Performs in rugged, harsh environment
• Cheaper in long term
• No human intervention
• Reader virtually maintenance free
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REAL TAGS
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Pre-50’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s
RFID TIMELINE
• 1926: Baird’sradio object
detectionpatent
• 1935: Watson-Watt’s radar
patent
•WW II: Radar refined
• 1st Toll Collection
System - Norway• Texas, Georgia /
Oklahoma Tolls• Wide-scale US
Roll-out
• LASL spins-off IDX & Amtech• 1984: IDX/Allen
Bradley installGM System
• Vast number of companies enter RFID marketplace
• 1977: Electroniclicense plate formotor vehicles
• 1979: RFID animal
implants
• 1975 LASLreleases
research topublic sector
• 1991: AARstandard
• 1994: AllUS railcarsoutfitted
• MIT Auto-IDCenter formation
• EPC™ introduced
• National & internationalstandards emerge
• 2004: TREAD
•EPCglobalformed 2003
• 1997:US Army rolls out TC-
AIMS II
• 2003: RFID prominent in
Iraqi Freedom
• Smart shelves
• Multiple
early
adopter
installations
• 1952: Vernon
“Application of
the Microwave
Homodyne”
• Harris
patent: “Radio
transmission
systems with
modulatable
passive
responder”
• Harrington
“Active &
Loaded
Scatterers”
Adapted from Interaction Design Institute RFID Project Presentation - 2002
• 1966: Sensor-matic & Check-
point EAS
• Over 350 direct - reference patents
• 1948: HarryStockman -
CommunicationsBy Means of
Reflected Power
• Fairchild, RCA& Raytheon
initiate pgms
• 2005: Walmartinitial deadline• 1969: Mario
Cardullo RFIDconcept
• 1973: Cardullopatent
RFID: The History
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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF RFID
▪Tag Power Source
▪Tag Components
▪Read - Read/Write
▪Anti-Collision
▪Who talks first?
▪Protocol
Ultimate focus of
this SIP activity
Standards? The RFID industry suffered from a
proliferation of standards, according to Sue
Hutchinson, director of product management for
EPCglobal. EPCglobal had two GEN-1 standards,
while ISO had two UHF air interface standards. (December 17, 2004)
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RFID TAGS COME IN DIFFERENT FORMS – CAN BE ATTACHED TO ALMOST ANYTHING
Class V tags
Readers. Can power other Class I, II and III tags;
Communicate with Classes IV and V.
Class IV tags:
Active tags with
broad-band peer-to-peer communication
Class III tags:
semi-passive RFID tags
Class II tags:
passive tags with additional
functionality
Class 0/Class I:
read-only passive tags
• Tags can be attached to almost anything:
• pallets or cases of product
• vehicles
• company assets or personnel
• items such as apparel, luggage
• people, livestock, pets
• high value electronics e.g., computers, TVs
• Many applicationsPrimary focus
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RFID HARDWARE
Magnetic / Inductive Coupling
Transceiver
Tag Reader
antenna
RFID
Tag
IC or microprocessor
antenna
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RFID HARDWARE
Propagation Coupling
Transceiver
Tag Reader
antenna
RFID
Tag
IC or microprocessor
antenna
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TAG TYPES: PASSIVE
▪ Passive:▪ Standard: None/many, Mainly Manufacturers Proprietary
Systems/Protocols (uses back scatter technology)
▪ Range: Typically Measured in “Inches”, Working Toward “Meters” (dependant system layout, interference, etc.)
▪ Used Predominantly in Retail Systems and Transportation Systems.
▪ Characteristics: Small Tag Loaded with License Plate Data
▪ Typically Mounted to End Item, Reader Captures Data as Item Moves Through Choke Point (door, pathway, frame, etc.).
▪ Data Capacity Limited.
RF antenna
(power source)
Memory
(EEPROM)
Digital Logic &
Control
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TAG TYPES: ACTIVE
▪Active:
▪ Standard: None, Mainly Manufacturers Proprietary
Systems/Protocols
▪ Range: Generally 300 Feet or less
▪ Battery powered / limited life
▪ Used Predominantly in Transportation Systems (rail, toll
systems, trucking, container).
▪ Characteristics: Tag with Internal Power Cell Mounted to Item or
container/pallet/box, Interrogator Queries Tags,
Uploads/Downloads Data. Does not transmit all of the time. Data
Capacity Varies.
RF & Digital
Circuitry
RF
antenna
Battery
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TAG TYPES: SEMI-ACTIVE
▪ Semi-Active or Battery Assisted Passive
▪ On-board battery power source
▪ Uses Passive Technology
▪ Greater range but higher cost (less than active)
▪ Requires less power from reader
▪ Finite life
▪ Can use thin batteries
RF
antenna
Memory
(EEPROM)
Digital Logic &
Control
Battery
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TAG TYPES - READ VS READ/WRITE
▪ Read Only:
▪ Information can only be read from an RFID device –
programmed at manufacture
▪ User Programmable
▪WORM - Write Once Read Many - Ability to initialize an
RFID device outside of the RFID manufacturer’s facility
after manufacture
▪ Read/Write:
▪ Information can be read from or written to an RFID
transponder during the time it is presented to a
reader/writer
▪Typically asymmetric read and write operating range
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TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
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▪ Anticollision
▪ Ability to communicate with several transponders simultaneously
▪ Important in longer range readers
▪Must be implemented in the silicon of the RFID device
▪Who Talks First
▪Tag Talks First (TTF)
▪ After the tag is energized, it sends out a signal that says “I am
here”
▪Reader Talks First (RTF)
▪ As reader sends out energization signal it says “who is there”
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RANGE
• Range – the working distance between a tag and a reader
Range
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RANGE AND POWER LEVELS
• The range that can be achieved in an RFID system
is determined by
• The power available at the reader
• The power available within the tag
• The environmental conditions and structures
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Low Frequency (125 – 134 kHz)
Used in Access control, livestock, race timing, pallet tracking, automotive immobilizers, wireless commerce
High Frequency (13.56 mHz) – Smart Labels
Used in supply chain, wireless commerce, ticketing, product authentication
Ultra-High Frequency – UHF (900+ mHz)
Emerging technology, applications still in development
Microwave (2.45 gHz)
Still highly experimental, chipless technology
RFID Operating Frequencies
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CARRIER FREQUENCIES
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FREQUENCY SELECTION ISSUES
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▪Desired Pattern
▪Required Range
▪Tag-to-Tag Spacing
▪Data Rate
▪Size Requirements
▪Power Requirements
▪Interference Issues
▪Noise Environment
▪Cost / Performance Tradeoffs
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• Read distance requirements
• Long read range
• Short read range
• Frequency
• All frequencies have their pros and cons
• ISO standards
• Proprietary or standards-based
• Government regulations
• Varies from country to country
RFID System Considerations
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• Multiple Tag Reading in Same Field
• Anti-collision
• Hardware Set-up
• Environment can affect performance
• Tag Sensitivity to Metallic environments
RFID System Considerations
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• Stationary or handheld
• Weather-proof or industrialized
• Typical read ranges vary from a few centimeters to
a few meters
• Read Range is dependent upon:
• Broadcast signal strength
• Size of broadcast antenna
• Size of transponder antenna
• The environment – Metallic, Liquid
• Multi-frequency readers
Reader Characteristics
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HOW COMPARE TO 2D BARCODES
RFID Tag 2D Barcode
Line of sight Not required Required
Capacity Low to high Low to medium
Security High Low to Medium
Change
Information?
Yes –
Read/Write
NO – new label
Cost (today) $0.40 - $1.00
(in millions)
$0.05 or less
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BARCODE EXAMPLES – MANY TYPES
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Maxi-codeUPC A
Code 49Codablock PDF 417
QR Code Data Matrix
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CURRENT TECHNOLOGY: BAR-CODING
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• UPC A code
– 18 digit alphanumeric code used for identifying flow of
package and billing information
– Large database used to support this system – 18 terabytes
• Maxi-code
– Determined by the locations of bars around a central dot
– Contains information for the destination address of the
package as well as weight and size specs.
– requires special equipment and a stable environment free
from movement to obtain a read of the information
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RFID VS. BAR-CODING
• Bar-coding Disadvantages• Code must be clearly readable
• free from dirt, smudging or other damage
• This is problem with the constant movement of packages
• Code must be in a position that can be easily read by a scanning device
• Optical lasers are usually used for scanning
• Code must be within a short distance to be read• Typically within 3 feet
• Only one code can be scanned at a time
• Codes must be a reasonable distance apart
• The use of RFID can eliminate many of the problems associated with bar-coding technology.
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THE FUTURE? -- A HYBRID WORLD
▪Traditional bar codes
▪Will remain the dominant auto ID technology for the
foreseeable future
▪ Lowest cost, broadest applicability, huge infrastructure investment
▪2D bar codes
▪Will be increasingly adopted for value added applications
▪ Portable data files, supplementary retail coding etc.
▪RFID
▪Will be increasingly adopted where non-line of sight,
read/write, multiple detection offers real advantages
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IMPLEMENTATIONS OF RFID
• Retail is the current driving force
• Wal-Mart
• Target
• Others
• Department of Defense
• UPS
• Other logistics firms
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THINGS TO CONSIDER
• Price of tags• Currently about 10 to 50 cents each
• If just $0.01, $250,000,000 to tag every P&G product
• Chicken and Egg
• Uses• Wal-Mart will be collecting existing data
• Many possibilities
• Technology matures• Cheaper and standards
• Privacy (e.g., “RFID chips in world soccer tournament tickets questioned”)
• All 2.9 million tickets for FIFA World Cup 2006 soccer tournament in Germany included an RFID smart tag
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RFID in Action …
Buy Burgers at
McDonald’s
Pay for Gas at
Exxon/Mobil with
Speedpass
Check out
library books
with 3M system
Race timing
at most
major
Marathons
Get a Coke
from a vending
machine at the
Olympics
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Toll tags,
parking lot
access
Event access, ticketing Anti-theft for automobiles
Building access
control, security
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Product
authentication
Chip wafer
Manufacturing
Warehouse,
supply chain,
logistics
Livestock,
asset tracking
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"A Manufacturer of soft drinks can identify with
the click of a button how many containers of
its soda cans are likely to reach their
expiration date in the next few days and where
they are located at various grocery outlets.”( from CACM, August 2005, p. 103 )
• How easy / realistic is this?
• What infrastructure must exist?
RFID – Supply Chain Perspective
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how it works…
Adding Identity to Products
Coke
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how it works…
Adding Identity to Cases:Assembly lineapplications
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how it works…
Reading Tags:
Portal applications:Shipping validation &Confirm routing
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how it works…
-Savant(middleware software forEPC)
-ONS(ObjectNamingService)
-PML(PhysicalMarkupLanguage)
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42
how it works…
Efficiency in Distribution
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43
how it works…
Efficiency in Inventory
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44
how it works…
Overstocking andOut of Stock Eliminated
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45
how it works…
Consumer Convenience
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DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS
• Livestock Tagging
• Wild Animal Tracking
• Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS)
• Automated Toll Collection
• Animal Husbandry
• Vehicle Anti-Theft
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DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS
• Passive / Secure Entry
• Airline Baggage Tracking
• Postal Package Tracking
• Time and Attendance
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RFID STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS
Application Specific ISO Standards
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RFID STANDARDS
• Tracking Animals • ISO 11784 – Specifies the structure of the ID code
• ISO 11785 – Specifies how transponder is activated
• ISO 14223/1 – Specifies RF code for advanced transponders
• Credit Cards (Vicinity Cards)• ISO 15693 – Specifies modulation and coding schemes
• Passports and proximity cards • ISO 14443 – Specifies modulation and coding schemes
• General Frequency bands • ISO 18000 series
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STANDARD RFID OPERATING FREQUENCIES
• ISO 18000-2
• <135 KHz
• ISO 18000-3
• 13.56 MHZ
• ISO 18000-4
• 2.45 GHz
• ISO 18000-6
• 860-960 MHz
• ISO 18000-7
• 433 MHZ (active)
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ISO 18000-2 ~ 135 kHz
ISO 18000-3 ~ 13.56 MHz
ISO 18000-6 ~ 800-960 MHz
ISO 18000-4 ~ 2.45 GHzISO 18000-7 ~ 433 MHz
Standard RFID Operating Frequencies
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ISO 18000-2
• Operates at >135 KHz
• Inductive
• Unaffected by presence of water
• Short range (a few centimeters)
• Fairly costly because of coil in transponder
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ISO 18000-3
• Operates at 13.56 MHz
• Inductive
• Lower cost ~ 35 cents
• Thin flexible form factor ( smart label )
• Read / write capable
• Unaffected by water (but has to be tuned to item)
• Mid range, 70 – 125 cms
• Two flavors: • Mode 1 Standard ISO 15693 data rate (26 kb/s)
• Mode 2 High speed interface (848 kb/s)
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ISO 18000-4
• Operates at 2.45 GHz
• Propagating
• Dual Mode
• Passive Backscatter
• Passive tag currently out of fashion
• Active High data rate
• Long range in active version (100 m+)
• Affected by water (signal absorbed…microwave)
• Read / write capable
• Moderate cost
• Small antenna
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ISO 18000-6 A/B
• Operates between 860 – 960 MHz
• Propagating
• Long range 2-5 meters
• Low cost
• High data rates
• “Frequency agile”
• Read / write capable
• Relatively large antenna
• The future for mass application RFID
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ISO 18000-7
• Operates at 433 MHz
• Active
• Long range - many meters
• High cost
• High data rates
• Read / write capable
• Manifest tags- DoD
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☺