Introduction to Rail Transportation
Transcript of Introduction to Rail Transportation
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Introduction to Rail Transportation
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Introduction
• Adequate Transportation System
• Efficient Movement of Goods and People
• Provides No Basic Intrinsic Value
• Provides “Value Added”
• Necessary for Economy and Development
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Early Modes of Transportation in the U.S.
• Waterways
• Crude Roads
• Rivers/Canals 1700’s
• Railroads 1830
• Better Roads Trucks/Automobiles early 1920’s
• Air – Passengers 1950s
• Interstates Trucks/Automobiles early 1960s
• Railroads 2000s!!!
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Current Modes of Transportation in the U.S.
• Waterways
• Highway Trucks
• Airways
• Pipeline
• Railways
• Conveyor Belts
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• Railroads are America’s First Large Corporations
• Had a Monopoly on Transportation
• Heavily Regulated until 1970s/1980s
• U.S. Railroads Privately Owned
• U.S. Railroads are Primarily Freight
• U.S. Rail Passenger Service is Heavily Subsidized by the Public
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Why is railroad freight transport so important now, and even more so in the future?
• Lets consider the alternatives for inland transport: truck, water, air, pipeline, conveyor belt
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Waterways Pros and Cons • Pros: Energy efficiency, low cost, low pollution, safety, capacity
• Cons: Speed, limited network
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Highway Truck Pros and Cons • Pros: Speed, reliability, network coverage
• Cons: Energy efficiency, safety, land use, pollution, cost, congestion (because of shared use of infrastructure truck transport affects auto safety and congestion as well)
How many truckloads can a railcar carry?
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Airways Pros and Cons
• Pros: Speed, reliability, network coverage
• Cons: Energy efficiency, cost, limited volume
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Pipelines and Conveyor Belts • Pros: High volume, continuous transport possible, no vehicles needed,
low labor requirements
• Cons: Highly constrained types of commodities, limited product flexibility, speed and network
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Rail uniquely combines speed and
energy efficiency
*Plus environmentally
Friendly
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Rail is the principal means of economically moving large, heavy freight long distances overland
Freight
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Common Goals & Functions of the Railroad Industry
• The movement of Freight and People in the most efficient manner possible
• Principal Function in U.S.
– Hauling Freight (~43+%)
• Characteristics
– Fast
– Reliable
– Convenient
– Economical
– Safe/Secure
– Fuel Efficient
– Environmentally Friendly
• Renewed Interest in Passenger Rail
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Early Regulations
• Land Grants (1850-1870)
– Business Transactions
– Development of Central and Western U.S.
– Repaid
• Interstate Commerce Commission (1887)
• Surface Transportation Board (1995-1996)
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Recent Significant Legislation • Phase 1: Passenger
– 1971 Amtrak
• Phase 2: Freight – 1973 3R Act
– 1976 4R Act
– 1980 Staggers (Deregulation)
• Phase 3: Multi-Modal – 1992 ISTEA
– 1998 T21
– 2004 SAFETEA-LU
– 2008 Safety Improvements
– 2010 Surface Transportation Assistance Act (MAP 21 –
Moving Ahead Progress)
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North American rail network
• 6 large North American freight railroads
–CSX & NS in eastern US
–BNSF & UP in west
–CN & CP in Canada & central US
• KCS is a medium sized railroad in central US
• Amtrak operates passenger trains primarily on freight railroads’ trackage throughout US
16 (From Vantuono 2000)
Major freight railroads
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North American freight transportation volume by mode
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Source: AAR from Eno Foundation for Transportation
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US rail freight traffic
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The Fundamental Principle of Rail Transport - EFFICIENCY
Implications for Economics,
Energy & Environment or
Why Rail Transport is More Important Than Ever!
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US 20th Century was about CONVENIENCE
The 21st must consider EFFICIENCY as well
• Then
– Abundant: energy, land, natural resources and labor
• Now
– Diminishing resources:
• Energy
• Air quality
• Water
• Land
– Congestion
• Need more efficient use of transportation infrastructure
– Stronger global competition
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Energy efficiency truck vs. rail • How far can each mode transport a given amount of
freight for a given amount of energy?
• Specifically, how far can we transport one ton of freight with one gallon of diesel fuel?
(AAR & FRA data)
Rail is over 3 times
more efficient than truck
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Increased Public Interest in Rail
• Increased awareness of rail as a solution to congestion, pollution, and fuel inefficiency
• Increased motivation to invest public money in rail infrastructure
– Heartland
– CREATE
– Green Power (Locomotives)
– I81
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Genset and Hybrid Switchers
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In the last 20 years… • Vehicle travel increased 78%
• Road miles increased only 1%
Traffic congestion costs the U.S. $67 billion annually
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Intermodal Definition • Intermodal shipment: a freight shipment that
moves between origin and destination using two or more modes of transportation
• Two types of intermodalism:
– Bulk
– Unitized
• Growth of unitized intermodal shipments has been a spectacular trend in transportation
• Domestic and internationally standardized designs for containers
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Intermodal freight
Containers
Intermodal Transportation by more than one means of conveyance, as by
truck, ship and/or rail
Trailers
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Basic types of unitized intermodal equipment & service
• Railroad intermodal transportation is typically described as either:
– Trailer on flatcar (TOFC)
– Container on flatcar (COFC)
• Although the early railcars used to transport these were flatcars, intermodal rolling stock has become highly specialized
• Also “RoadRailer”, is a system in which a container can ride directly on either highway or railroad wheel assembly, without any car at all
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Summary
• Rail Industry is growing
• Rail has become a viable alternative to truck
• Spike in Public Interest due to
–Highway congestion
–Population growth
–Environmental issues
–Fuel Conservation
• Significant investment required to accommodate growth for freight and passenger
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Passenger Rail Service • Intercity Passenger Rail
• trains that move passengers between cities
• long distances, high speeds
• High Speed Passenger Rail • Short to medium distance intercity rail
• Urban Rail Transit • trains that move passengers within a
city/urban area OR between the suburbs and the central city
• several types of urban rail transit modes
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Amtrak Rail Network
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Acela Express • operates in Northeast
Corridor • Top speed – 150 mph • Average = 82 mph W-NY 68 mph NY-B
Auto Train • operates between
Virginia and Florida
• 855 miles, 17 ½ hrs, 49 mph
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High Speed Rail (HSR)
• a rail line and service designed for high speed operation - cruising speed of 125+ mph
• Japanese introduced the first high speed trains in the mid 1960s – Shinkansen (Bullet Train)
• today high speed rail lines are common in France, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom, and many other countries
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Skinkansen (Bullet Train) in Japan
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Intercity Express (ICE) - Germany
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British Rail High Speed Trains
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French TGV
574 km/hr (357mph) test
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High Speed Rail in the United States
• Amtrak Acela Express – Northeast Corridor, top speed – 150 mph
• several high speed rail corridors studied
• US DOT Federal Railroad Administration
www.fra.dot.gov
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URBAN RAIL TRANSIT
• rail service in urban applications
• operates in a city OR between the suburbs and the central city
• several types of urban rail transit modes
•Commuter Rail
•Rail Rapid Transit (Metro)
• Streetcars and Light Rail Transit
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Commuter Rail
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Chicago Metra
42
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Rail Rapid Transit (Metro)
• high speed, high capacity trains
• multi-car trains operate on short headways (some can operate at 2 minutes or less)
• electric power taken from a third rail
• exclusive right-of-way – underground, elevated, at-grade
• sophisticated signaling
• variety of other names – Metro, Subway, Underground, Heavy Rail
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Chicago
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Washington Metro
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Light Rail Transit (LRT)
• a new name for the streetcar
• electrically powered vehicles, but may link two or more vehicles to form a train
• a variety of operating strategies: • share the road
• transit only street – Transitway, Transit Mall
• on a separate right-of-way – on the surface, underground, or an elevated structure
• typically have honor fare collection
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Light Rail Transit
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Minneapolis Hiawatha Line
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Streetcars
• electrically powered vehicles that share the road with other traffic - power is from an overhead wire (trolley or pantograph)
• first demonstrated at expositions in Chicago and Toronto – late 1800s
• several developers/inventors (including Thomas Edison)
• also called Tram, Trolley, Street Railway
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Streetcars
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Automated Guideway Transit
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Downtown People Mover (DPM)
• several research initiatives in the 1980s
• three systems built
– Jacksonville
–Miami
–Detroit
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Opportunities Railway Transportation (Engineering and Operations)
Area of Study University of Kentucky
Technical Elective Classes
CE 433
CE 533
CE 599
Assist on Funded Research
Undergraduate
Graduate
Co-Op and Intern Positions
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Department of Civil Engineering
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Department of Civil Engineering
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Graduate Students
Since 1996=45 (Also 25 undergraduates)
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Numerous Funded Research Projects
• National Asphalt Pavement Association/Asphalt Institute
• L & N Railroad/Santa Fe Railway
• CSX Transportation
• Association of American Railroads
• Kentucky Transportation Cabinet
• Norfolk Southern Corporation
• Nichols Foundation
• BNSF Railway
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P-Cell 209 on 5 in. HMA Layer
0
5
10
15
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Pre
ss
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(p
si)
4 6-Axle Locos
Initial 5 Cars
Empty Coal Train at Conway
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In Track Placement
During First Test
Scale in PSI
Typical Pressure Distribution
Plot from Tekscan System
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Resilient Modulus 25⁰C (77⁰F)
1Hz
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• TriMet, Oregon
• Caltrains
• Los Angeles Metrolink
• Iowa DOT
• Indiana DOT
• West Virginia DOT
• Tennessee DOT
• Hillsborough County, FL
• KY DOT
• Michigan DOT
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Kentrack
• Kentrack is a computer program designed to analyze a railroad track segment as a structure
• Uses Bousinessq’s Elastic Theory
• Uses Burmister’s Multi-Layer System and Finite Element Analysis to perform calculations
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International Design Practices, Applications, and Performances of Asphalt/Bituminous Railway Trackbeds
Dr. Jerry G. Rose, P.E.
Professor of Civil Engineering
261 Raymond Building
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY 40506
859-257-4278
www.engr.uky.edu/~jrose
Dr. Paulo F. Teixeira
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
(DECIVIL), SUTVS, Gab.3.02
Av. Rovisco Pais, s/n
1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
(+351) 218418302
Dr. Peter Veit
University Professor
Graz University of Technology
Head of Institute for Railway Engineering and Transport Economy
Rechbauerstrasse 12
8010 Graz, Austria
(+43) 316 873 6217
www.ebw.TUGraz.at
Proceedings of the Railway Geotechnical Engineering International Symposium (GeoRail 2011)
Cite’ des Sciences—Paris, France
May 19-20, 2011
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Department of Civil Engineering