Psychology CHAPTER Psychological Disorders 13. Module 31 Defining Abnormal Behavior.
Introduction to Psychological Disorders “To study the abnormal is the best way to understand the...
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Transcript of Introduction to Psychological Disorders “To study the abnormal is the best way to understand the...
Introductionto
Psychological Disorders
“To study the abnormal is the best way to understand the normal”
Psychological DisorderMental health workers label thoughts, feelings and actions disordered when they are:maladaptiveunjustifiabledisturbingatypical
INSANITY IN THE COURTS
Insanity is a legal termThe insanity plea is used in situations where the defendant is judged to be incapable of knowing right from wrong because of a mental disorder.
Not placed in prisonmental hospital
JOHN HINKLEY, JR. – ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT OF PRESIDENT REAGAN IN 1981
Jeffrey Dahmer Serial killer & sexual offender
Not guilty by reason of insanitymental hospital
Sane and found guilty prison
EARLY MENTAL HOSPITALS
• They were nothing more than barbaric prisons.
•The patients were chained and locked away.
SUPERNATURAL MODEL
•Belief that abnormal behavior is caused by possession by gods, demons, or the devil
•A full moon
•Trephining
Medical Modelconcept that diseases have physical causes
can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured
CURRENT PERSPECTIVES
Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective: assumes biological, psychological and sociocultural factors combine to interact causing psychological disorders.
Used to be called Diathesis-Stress Model:•diathesis meaning predisposition and•stress meaning environment.
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
DSM-IV (TR) (4th ed., Text Revision) American Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
MULTIAXIAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE DSM IV
Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present?
Axis IV
What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning?Axis V
Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?
Axis III
Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?
Axis II
Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present?
Axis I
•Axis I •Adjustment Disorders Anxiety Disorders•Cognitive Disorders •Dissociative Disorders •Eating Disorders •Factitious Disorders •Impulse Control Disorders •Mood Disorders •Psychotic Disorders •Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders •Sleep Disorders •Somotoform Disorder •Substance-Related Disorders
LABELING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Labels can be helpful for health care professionals, communicating with one another and establishing therapy.
David Rosenhaun (1973): went to mental hospital complaining of hearing
Diagnosed with mental illness Help changed standards
NEUROTIC DISORDERS
•Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally
PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS•Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions
Charles Manson Son of Sam
• A GROUP OF CONDITIONS WHERE THE PRIMARY SYMPTOMS ARE ANXIETY OR DEFENSES AGAINST ANXIETY.
ANXIETY DISORDERS
• the patient fears something awful will happen to them.
ANXIETY DISORDERS
1. Generalized anxiety disorders
2. Panic disorders
3. Phobias
4. Obsessive-compulsive disorders
5. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
• An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.
PANIC DISORDER
• An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.
• person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread.
PHOBIA
• is an irrational, intense and persistent fear of certain situations, activities, things, animals, or people
Coulrophobia ophidiophobia arachnophobia
KINDS OF PHOBIAS
Phobia of closed spaces.
Claustrophobia
Phobia of heights.Specific Phobia
Acrophobia
Phobia of open places.
Social Phobia Agoraphobia
SOME UNUSUAL PHOBIAS(SPECIFIC)
•Ailurophobia - fear of cats•Algobphobia - fear of pain•Anthropophobia - fear of men•Monophobia - fear of being alone•Pyrophobia - fear of fire•Coulrophobia – fear of clowns•Arachityrophobia – fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of one’s mouth
•Triskaidekaphobia – fear of #13
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
•Persistence of unwanted thoughts•obsessions
•urge to engage in senseless rituals•Compulsions•that cause distress.
Common Obsessions Common Compulsions
Contamination fears of germs, dirt, etc. Washing
Imagining having harmed self or others Repeating
Imagining losing control of aggressive urges
Checking
Intrusive sexual thoughts or urges Touching
A need to tell, ask, confess Counting
Forbidden thoughts Ordering/arranging
A need to have things "just so" Hoarding or saving
Praying
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER• Victims of traumatic events experience the original event in the form of dreams and flashbacks
• Common in military veterans, survivors of natural disasters, plane/car crashes, and human aggression
Haunting memories.
Nightmares.
Social withdrawal
Jumpy anxiety
Sleep problems.
Module 47 Dissociative and
Personality Disorders
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts and feelings.
sudden loss of memory or change in identity
DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA
•This disorder is characterized by a blocking out of critical personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.
DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE
• An individual suddenly and unexpectedly takes physical leave of his or her surroundings
•in a fugue state: unaware of or confused about his identity, and in some cases will assume a new identity (rare!)
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.
•Also called multiple personality disorder.
•3 Faces of Eve
PERSONALITY DISORDERSdisorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
Need not involve anxiety, depression or loss of contact w/reality
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Rader was a deacon who tortured animals as a child
Dennis Rader – BTK
Bind, Torture & Kill
Antisocial Personality Disorderdisorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing
Lie, cheat, steal & unrestrained sexual behavior
Express little regret
Module 48 Mood Disorders
MOOD DISORDERScharacterized by emotional extremes.
•Major Depressive Disorder
•Bipolar Disorder
•Seasonal Affective Disorder
•Dysthymic/Cyclothymic Disorder
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions.
1. Lethargy and tiredness2. Feelings of worthlessness3. Loss of interest in family & friends4. Loss of interest in activities
Signs include:
WHO SUFFERS FROM DEPRESSION?
•Depression can effect anyone but there is a significantly higher rate of depression among women than men.
•17 million Americans develop depression each year.
•8.6% of adults over 18 have a mental health problem for at least 2 weeks a year.
WHAT IS DEPRESSION?
•Depression is an illness that involves the body, mood and thoughts
•It impacts the way a person functions socially, at work, and in relationships.
• It is more than feeling blue, down in the dumps or sad about a particular issue or situation.
• It is a medical condition that requires diagnosis and treatment
DYSTHYMIC DISORDER
•lies between blue mood and major depressive disorder. •A disorder characterized by daily depression lasting two years or more.•No manic episodes
Major DepressiveDisorder
Blue Mood
DysthymicDisorder
DYSTHYMIA
• People with this illness are mildly depressed for years.
• They function fairly well on a daily basis but their relationships suffer over time.
•Dysthymic disorder: •“down in the dumps” mood most of day
•Chronic low energy & self-esteem
•Difficulty making decisions/concentration
•Sleep/eattoo little or too much
•Less disabled than major depression
•Manic Episodemarked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
•Cyclothymic Disorder: mood disorder lasting a year
• Include numerous manic epidsodes
SEASON AFFECTIVE DISORDER
•This is a depression that results from changes in the season. Most cases begin in the fall or winter, or when there is a decrease in sunlight.
Bipolar Disordera mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
formerly called manic-depressive disorder
BIPOLAR DISORDER
Multiple ideas
Hyperactive
Desire for action
Euphoria
Elation
Manic Symptoms
Slowness of thought
Tired
Inability to make decisions
Withdrawn
Gloomy
Depressive Symptoms
BIPOLAR DISORDER
The Rich and Famous
CAUSES OF MOOD DISORDERS
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. Rates of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).
Linkage analysis and associations studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression.
NEUROTRANSMITTERS & DEPRESSION
Post-synapticNeuron
Pre-synapticNeuron
Norepinephrine Serotonin
Reduction of norepinephrine
and serotonin has been
implicated in depression.
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE FACTORS
•Depression may be a variation of learned helplessness. (Seligman)
•Negative cognitive styles (Beck)
THE DEPRESSION PUZZLE
•1. negative stressful events interpreted through…(money problems)
•2. a pessimistic explanatory style create…(blame yourself)
•3. a hopeless, depressed state that…(depressed mood)
•4. hampers way the person thinks or acts…(people react negatively to you)
•***fuels more negative experiences
•What are Depressive Attributional Styles?
•(1) Internal
•(2) Stable
•(3) Global
•all contribute to sense of hopelessness; attributions made internally, then assumed stable and global.
Internal Attribution Stylenegative outcomes are one's own fault.
Stable Attribution Stylebelieving future negative outcomes will be one's own fault.
Global Attributional Stylebelieving negative events disrupt many life activities.
EXAMPLE
Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.
Let’s say someone with depression messes up the icing on a cake they’re baking to take to a party
A depressed person is likely to explain the problem:
• something that was their fault (internal - its my fault the icing is messed up)
• something that’s not going to change (stable – “I’m always going to be hopeless at everything and I’m never going to be good at cake icing”)
• something that reflects a global characteristic of their personality (“I’m hopeless at everything” instead of just “I’m not good at icing cakes”)
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
•characterized by history of recurrent and multiple physical symptoms for which are no apparent physical causes
•Hypochondriasis: imagined illness
•Conversion Disorder: anxiety produces a loss of physical function (w/no apparent cause)
•BDD: body dysmorphic disorder
Conversion Disorder
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Schizophrenia
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia and world over 24 million people suffer from this disease
Strikes young people as they mature into adults.
Affects men and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women.
Symptoms of Schizophrenialiteral translation “split mind”a group of severe disorders characterized by:disorganized and delusional thinking (delusions)
disturbed perceptions (hallucinations)
inappropriate emotions and actions (flat effect)
Delusionsfalse beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
GrandeurPersecution Sin or guilt Divine intervention
Hallucinationssensory experiences without sensory stimulation
• Inappropriate emotions
•Flat effect: a zombie-like state of apparent apathy
•Motor behavior inappropriate: senseless impulsive acts
SUBTYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
•Schizophrenia is a cluster of disorders. •These subtypes share some features but there are other symptoms that differentiate these subtypes.
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA• Paranoid
• Characterized by delusions of grandeur and persecution
• Catatonic• Characterized by a stuporous state and/or periods
of great excitement and agitation.• Disorganized
• The most serious and characterized by inappropriate affect, silliness, laughter, grotesque mannerisms and bizarre behaviors.
• Undifferentiated • The symptoms do not conform to a specific type
POSITIVE SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
•Schizophrenics have inappropriate symptoms •hallucinations•disorganized thinking• delusions •not present in normal individuals
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Schizophrenics also have absence of appropriate symptoms apathyexpressionless facesrigid bodies (catatonic)present in normal individuals
CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA
• When schizophrenia is slow to develop (chronic/process) recovery is doubtful.
• Such schizophrenics usually displays negative symptoms.
ACUTE SCHIZOPHRENIA
•When schizophrenia rapidly develops (acute/reactive) recovery is better.
•Such schizophrenics usually shows positive symptoms.
ABNORMAL BRAIN CHANGES
Schizophrenia patients may express changes in the brain like enlargement of fluid filled ventricles.
• Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers have found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine receptors in the brain.
• Use drugs to block dopamine
Brain Abnormalities
DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
•Autism•Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
•Conduct disorder•Tourette’s Syndrome
HISTORY OF TREATMENT
THERAPYPsychotherapyan emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
Eclectic Approachan approach to psychotherapy that
uses techniques from various forms of therapy
BIOLOGICAL MODEL
•Also referred to as the medical model•There are chemical and/or anatomical disturbances in the brain
•mental disorders as physical diseases•birth difficulties•Heritability• Influential because several disorders have been shown to have biological bases.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL
•Disorders result from unresolved inner conflicts or early experiences
•psychodynamic: unconscious conflicts
•cognitive-behavioral: past learning, past history of rewards
• humanistic: poor self-concept or unrealistic goals
SOCIOCULTURAL MODEL
•Emphasizes two factors: the behaviors and the social or cultural context the behavior is viewed
• What is abnormal in one culture may NOT be abnormal in another
CAUSES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
• Each model suggests a different approach to origin of the disorder and treatment. The major models include:• psychoanalytical• behavioral• humanistic• cognitive• biological• diathesis-stress model
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY
•Try to understand childhood experiences
•Probe for supposed repressed info
•Help person gain insight to unconscious
•“talk” therapy
Psychoanalysisfree associations, resistancesdream analysistransferences the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing patient to gain self-insight
PSYCHOANALYTIC METHODS OF THERAPY
•1. Free Association – patient reports anything that comes to his/her mind.
•The psychoanalyst takes whatever you say and treats it like a window into your unconscious mind.
2. DREAM ANALYSIS•Dreams have two types of content:•Manifest content- actual events in dream.
•Latent content – hidden message in dream.
(latent = hidden)•Freud thought that each dream represents a form of wish fulfillment. The wish may be disguised, but it is always there.
3. Transferencethe patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationshipse.g. love or hatred for a parent toward the therapist
Patient doesn’t respond leads to resistance
4. Resistanceblocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Hint anxietyrepression
use of psychoanalysis has rapidly decreased in recent years
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
•After years of psychoanalysts saying we are a bunch of id-driven animals
•behaviorists studying rats in a cage
•Humanists came along in the 60s.
HUMANISTIC THERAPY
•Emphasize people’s inherent potential for self-fulfillment
•Help grow in self awareness & acceptance
•Focus on present AND future
•Conscious thoughts
•Promote growth”clients” not patients
HUMANISTIC THERAPY
Client-Centered Therapyhumanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers
therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth
BEHAVIORAL THERAPY - therapy that applies learning principles to the
elimination of unwanted behaviors
• Behaviorists believe that mental problems are caused by:
• classical conditioning (for example, phobias),
• operant conditioning (addictions, depression), and
• observational learning (we watch our parents and friends suffer so we copy them).
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES
• B.F. Skinner and colleagues• Goal: unlearning maladaptive behavior and
learning adaptive ones
• Systematic Desensitization • Classical conditioning
• Anxiety/Fear
•exposure therapy
• Aversion therapy • Alcoholism, sexual deviance, smoking
Exposure Therapy
treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or reality) to the things they fear and avoid
BEHAVIOR THERAPYSystematic Desensitizationtype of counter-conditioning associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
commonly used to treat phobiasCalled “flooding” (rapid)
BEHAVIOR THERAPYSystematic Desensitization (slow)
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
•Flooding – (treats phobias) if you are afraid of snakes, therapist will throw you in a pit of snakes.
Aversive Conditioningtype of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
Drug nausea alcohol
•Antabuse
•Awful taste on nailsstop biting
BEHAVIOR THERAPYToken Economyan operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior
patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats
Behavior modification
COGNITIVE THERAPY
•Cognitive therapy focuses on changing how the client/patient thinks.
• It can be confrontational•The therapist focuses on changing/fixing the irrational thoughts of the patient
COGNITIVE THERAPY
•We are depressed because we are irrational.
•Our expectations are too high and misplaced.
•We want everyone to love us & accept us.
•We want every thing to go our way. •We stay angry about stuff that happened a long time ago.
Cognitive Therapy teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting
WE MUST CHANGE THE WAY WE THINK TO BE HAPPY AND SUCCESSFUL.
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY• Aaron Beck
• Cognitive therapy • Depression and negative thinking
• Albert Ellis• Rational-emotive therapy
• Goal: to change the way clients think• Detect and recognize negative thoughts
RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY: ELLIS
•A-B-C theory of dysfunctional behavior
•A – Activating event•B – Belief•C – Consequence (emotion) based on that belief.
RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY
•Known as RET
•Developed by Albert Ellis
•Proposed that irrational thoughts lead to negative emotions
•Control and change thoughtskey to better mental health
•Find a positive in a negative situation
•Confrontational “Dr. Phil”
EXAMPLE OF RATIONAL THINKING
•A= fail a midterm examination•B=It’s unfortunate that I failed-I did not study hard enough and I must make sure that I study harder for the final
•C=no consequences (no emotional disturbance)
EXAMPLE IRRATIONAL THINKING: LEADS TO EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE
•A= Fail exam•B= I’m stupid, I’ll never be able to pass this course and I will fail this course
•C=depression
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Aaron Beck
GROUP AND FAMILY THERAPIES
Family Therapytreats the family as a system
THERAPIES INSPIRED BY POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
•Martin Seligman
•Uses theory & research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative & fulfilling aspects of human existence
•positive psychotherapy
•can be an effective treatment for depression
EVALUATING PSYCHOTHERAPIES
To whom do people turn for help for psychological difficulties?
Meta-analysis (What works!)procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
WHAT IS A PSYCHIATRIST? • Psychiatrists are MDs (medical doctors) with a specialty in treating mental disorders
• usually with a biomedical therapy (medicine)
• use if you have:• schizophrenia,
• severe depression• suicidal thoughts• other severe mental problems that need medication.
WHAT IS A CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST?
• A clinical psychologist has a PhD in psychology (no medical school). • treat fairly serious mental illnesses with “talk” therapies.
• Treat• personality disorder• anxiety disorders• addictions • using insight or “talk” therapy.
Clinical or Psychiatric Social WorkerA two-year Masters of Social Work graduate program
plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy
mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems
Looking for a Career in Psychology?Looking for a Career in Psychology?
Counseling psychologistCounseling psychologist
Clinical psychologistClinical psychologist
PsychoanalystPsychoanalyst
Clinical social workerClinical social worker
PsychiatristPsychiatrist
Specialty:Specialty:
Problems of normal Problems of normal livingliving
Work setting:Work setting:
Schools, clinics, Schools, clinics, other institutionsother institutions
Credentials:Credentials:
Master’s in Master’s in counseling, PhD, counseling, PhD,
EdD, or PsyDEdD, or PsyD
Professional TitleProfessional Title
Counseling psychologistCounseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
Psychiatrist
Specialty:Specialty:
Those with severe Those with severe disordersdisorders
Work setting:Work setting:
Private practice, Private practice, mental health mental health
agencies, hospitalsagencies, hospitals
Credentials:Credentials:
PhD or PsyDPhD or PsyD
Professional TitleProfessional Title
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologistClinical psychologist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
Psychiatrist
Specialty:Specialty:
Severe mental Severe mental disorders (often by disorders (often by
means of drug means of drug therapies)therapies)
Work setting:Work setting:
Private practice, Private practice, clinics, hospitalsclinics, hospitals
Credentials:Credentials:
MDMD
Professional TitleProfessional Title
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
PsychiatristPsychiatrist
Specialty:Specialty:
Freudian therapyFreudian therapy
Work setting:Work setting:
Private practicePrivate practice
Credentials:Credentials:
MDMD
Professional TitleProfessional Title
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
PsychoanalystPsychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
Psychiatrist
Specialty:Specialty:
Social worker with Social worker with specialty in dealing specialty in dealing
with mental with mental disordersdisorders
Work setting:Work setting:
Often employed by Often employed by governmentgovernment
Credentials:Credentials:
MSWMSW
Professional TitleProfessional Title
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social workerClinical social worker
Psychiatrist
Module 52 The Biomedical
Therapies
HOW IS THE BIOMEDICAL APPROACH USED TO TREAT MENTAL DISORDERS?
•Biomedical therapies seek to treat mental disorders by changing the brain’s chemistry with drugs
•its circuitry with surgery, or its patterns of activity with pulses of electricity or powerful magnetic fields
DRUG THERAPIES
DRUG THERAPIESPsychopharmacologystudy of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
Lithiumchemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders
• Psychopharmacotherapy• Antianxiety (benzodiazepines)• Valium, Xanax, Buspar, librium
• Antipsychotic - Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol• Tardive dyskinesia
• Antidepressant: depression• Tricyclics: increase inhibitory GABA • MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) - Nardil• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs) – Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft – side effects – • Risk of suicide
• Mood stabilizers• Lithium,
DRUG THERAPY
•Antipsychotic drugs (neurolepticsneuroleptics)
•alleviate the symptoms of severe disorders such as schizophrenia; Examples: Thorazine, Clozapine, Haldol
• Neuroleptics Neuroleptics block dopamine receptor sites
•can produce sluggishness, tremors, and twitches similar to those of Parkinson’s disease (tardive dyskinesia)
DRUG THERAPY• Antianxiety drugs• Anxiolytics (benzodiazepines)
• Reduces anxiety Reduces anxiety • work by depressing central nervous system activity (inhibitory GABA)
• Most common side effect - drowsiness• highly addictive• Stop use can result in severe withdrawal symptoms, including seizures, increased anxiety, and in rare cases, death
Xanax, Paxil, Valium
DRUG THERAPY
•Antidepressants and mood stabilizers
• Include Prozac, monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitors, and
• lithium carbonate (effective against bipolar disorder)
•Treat depression and bipolar disorder
•Usually affect serotonin and/or norepinephrine
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
• Increase serotonin, norepinephrine
• Tricyclics – safer ; inhibit reuptake serotonininhibit reuptake serotonin
• SSRIs: increase neurotransmitters
• Prozac
Side effect: tardive dyskinesia – facial tics, Side effect: tardive dyskinesia – facial tics, involuntary movementsinvoluntary movements
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY
PSYCHOSURGER Y
• Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue
• Egas Moniz – the lobotomy• Cut nerves in frontal lobeemotion controlling center/emotional and violent patients
• “McMurphy”
BRAIN-STIMULATION THERAPIES
•Electroconvulsive therapy is used for the treatment of severe depression
•Repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a possible alternative to ECT, can also be used for the treatment of depression,schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY