INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT PLANNING AND APPRAISAL

LOGICAL FRAME WORK PREPARED BY

GEORGE BOTCHIE

INTRODUCTION

NINE DOTS PROBLEM

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SOLUTION TO NINE DOTS PROBLEM

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LOGICAL FRAMEWORK

• Formally adopted as planning tool in 1970s by USAID

• Now adopted and adapted by agencies including : DFID , CIDA , OECD , WORLD BANK , AusAID GTZ , etc . Continues to expand• Helps to improve a standardized summary of

prefects and their logic.

•LOGICAL FRAME WORKS is a problem solving and management tool •In the hands of the professional log frame is a powerful tool

USES:• Analyses existing situation during project preparation

• Define realistic and definite objectives

• Establishes a logical hierarchy of means by which objectives will be achieved .

• Identifies potential risk to achieving risk

• Establishes how outputs and outcome might be monitors and evaluated during project implementation

• Presents summary of a project in a standard format

LOGICAL FRAMEWORK APPROACH AND LOGICAL FRAMEWORK MATRIX • Important to draw distinctions between Logical

Framework Approach and Logical Framework Matrix

• APPRAOCH involves problem Analysis , development of Hierarchy of objectives and selection of preferred implementation strategy.

• MATRIX is the product of the log frame approach . It summarizes what the INTEND to DO and HOW , WHAT the key assumption are and HOW outputs and outcomes will be monitored and evaluated.

LOG FRAME APPROACH

• Project design and construction of log frame starts with standard analysis of the Existing Situation .

• Useful Guide :• Problem Analyses • Stakeholder analyses • Objective analyses • Selection of the preferred implementation

strategy

PROBLEM ANALYSES

• Development project are usually proposed as a response to solving identified development problems

• Problem Analyses Involve:• Identification of what the main problems are and • Establishing the cause and effect relationships

which result in and flow these problems• Main Tool used in problem analysis is the

“Problem Tree”

PROBLEM TREE APPROACH

• STEP 1 : Identify the real problem – Represents the TRUNK of the problem Tree

• STEP 2 : Identify the Root causes• STEP 3 : Identify the Effects Branches Of the

Problem Tree Example :

OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS

• Objective Tree should be prepared after problem tree has been corrupted

• Objective tree has the same structure as problem tree • But with the problem statement NEGATIVES TURNED

into OBJECTIVE statement (POSITIVE)• While the problem tree cause and effect

relationship between problems , the objective tree shows MEANS-END relationship between objective

• Objectives lead directly into developing the Project Narrative Summary Description in the log frame.

ALTERNATIVE IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

• Alternative intervention should be discussed during the process of problem analysis and development of objective tree.

LINK TO THE LOG FRAME MATRIX

• Objective Tree can be used to start framing the objectives hierarchy in the first column of log frame matrix

• Objectives at the top of the tree showed help frame GOAL and PURPOSE statements.

• Further down the Tree OUTPUIT statement can be identified but subject to further requirement.

Example

To reduce POVERTY , improve nutrition and incomes in the community

TO increase agricultural output

Extension services improved

GOAL / Impact

OUTPUT

PURPOSE / OUTCOME

ENDS

MEANS

LOGFRAME MATRIX

• Standard analytical product of LFA• Comprises a matrix with 4 columns and a number

of rows.• Summarizes the following 1. Project hierarchy of objective and planned result 2. Key assumption 3. How achievements of the project will be

measured , monitored and evaluated .

GENERAL STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF A LOG FRAME MATRIX

NARRATIVE SUMMARY

Objectively verifiable indicators

Means of verifications

Important Assumptions / Risks

Goal Impact Emphasis on value of indicators

Set out How , and

Important assumptions

PURPOSE / OUTCOME

of achievement

From what source of information indicators

On which the success o the project

OUTPUT will be quantified assessed

depends

ACTIVITY

NOTE

• Matrix itself should not include list of activities • Keep matrix concise Summary of WHAT project aims to deliver NOT

DETAILS on HOW it will be delivered

VERTICAL LOGIC

• Identifies what the project intends to do• Clarifies casual relationships • Specifies important assumptions and

uncertainties beyond the project managers control

GOAL

PURPOSE / OUTCOME

OUTPUTS

ACTIVITIES

THEN

IF

THEN

THEN

IF

IF

PURPOSE

OUTPUT

GOAL

ACTIVITY

INPUT

ASSUMPTION / RISK

ASSUMPTION / RISK

ASSUMTION / RISK

ASSUMPTION / RISK

ASSUMPTION / RISKTHEN

THEN

THEN

THEN

THEN

AND

AND

AND

AND

IF

IF

IF

IF

IF

HORIZONTAL LOGIC

• Defines HOW project objectives will be measured

• Provides the framework for project monitoring and evaluation

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

OUTPUTS

PURPOSE / OUTCOME

GOAL

WRITING CLEAR OBJECTIVE STATEMENTS

•Common problem with poorly constructed key frame•Different levels of project description tend to simply record statements at other levels•Care to be taken to avoid this•Useful to standardise description of hierarchy of objectives in the matrix

WRITING CLEAR OBJECTIVE STATEMENTS

• GOAL and PURPOSE statement are always written in the INFINITIVE ( ie To do something)

• An OUTPUT – described in the FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (ie. Something will have seen produced)

• ACTIVITY is described in PRESENT TENSE as an active VERB (Do something)

OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICATORS

• Objectively verifiable indicators in Log frame are criteria for assessing project progress at different levels in the narrative summary

• Focus on the language to avoid fuzzy terms

OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICATORS

• Definite Terms Fuzzy TermsInstall X improve, Promote,Establish X Enhance,Build X Assist, Upgrade,Complete A Augment, ReinforceReduce from X to Y ExpandRaise and FX• OUTPUT indicators are quantities – Percentages,

numbers, ratios or quantitative assessment

CHOICE OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

• Choice of performance indicators is a matter of common sense

• But criteria can be applied• VALIDITY: does it measure the result?• RELIABILITY: is it consistent measure over time• SENSITIVITY: when a change occurs will it be

sensitive to these changes?• AFFORDABILITY: can the project afford to collect the

information?

MEANS OF VERIFICATION

• Ask the ff. questions about the chosen indicators:

• HOW should the information be collected• WHAT SOURCE is most appropriate?• WHO should collect the information?• WHEN and HOW often should the information

be collected?• WHAT FORMATS are required to record the

information collected.

ASSUMPTIONS /RISKS

• Refer to critical assumptions made about conditions that could affect the PROGRESS or SUCCESS of the project but over which the project managers may have no control.

RESULTS ORIENTED LOGICAL FRAMEWORK

COUNTRY/REGION PROJECT NO.

PROJECT TITLE PROJECT BUDGET

ORGANISATION PROJECT TEAM MANAGER

Hierarchy of Objectives

Verifiable Indicators

Baseline Value

Planned TargetYear 1 - 5

Actual Achievements Year 1 - 5

Summary of Actual Achievements

Variances

GOALS

PURPOSE/OUTCOME

OUTPUT

ACTIVITY

NARRATIVESUMMARY

OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICATORS

MEANS OFVERIFICATION

IMPORTANT ASSUMPTION S / RISK

GOAL: To increase wood supply and farmers income

•Volume of wood harvest•Family income from tree product

•Annual sample survey of farmers

PURPOSE / OUTCOME : To establish improved community based forest management practices among community members by 2020

•No. of active community members •% of farmers adopting recommended forest management practices

•Association membership and meeting attendance records•Annual sample surely of farmers

•Market liberalization polices are maintained•Market prices for commercial tree products exceed product ion cost.

OUTPUT :Land distribution will have been completed for forest and woodlots for 1,600 families by 2020.

•Area distributed •No. of beneficiaries

•Land register kept by community members •Training register kept community members

•Community are willing to become woodlot farmers

ACTIVITY : •Prepare nurseries•Plant trees