Introduction to Physical Science Chemistry Physics Earth Science Space Science Mathematics.
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Transcript of Introduction to Physical Science Chemistry Physics Earth Science Space Science Mathematics.
Introduction toPhysical Science
Chemistry
Physics
Earth Science
Space Science
Mathematics
Pre-quiz 1
1. Name two characteristics of matter that are not shared by energy.
2. Which metric unit is used to measure each of the following? Metric units are the gram, the liter, and the meter.
a. Distanceb. Massc. Lengthd. Volume
3.How many grams are in a kilogram? How many centimeters are in a meter?
4. You have been given an index card and a ruler. Measure the length and width of the index card in centimeters.
5. In the scientific method, what is a hypothesis?
The Nature of Science
Objectives: Describe the main branches of natural science and
their relationships Describe the relationship between science and
technology Distinguish between scientific laws and scientific
theories Explain the roles of models and mathematics in
scientific theories and laws
Science is a process!!!
Investigate Plan Experiments- state the idea you are
going to test Observe
– Recorded observations are called data Test results
*Science starts with a question!
Example
Observation
Prediction
Experiment
Question
Hypothesis
Both poisonous coral snakes and nonpoisonous kingsnakes have red, yellow, and black rings.
What is the function of the kingsnakes’ mimicry of coral snakes?
Mimicry of coral snakes helps protect the kingsnake from predators.
If predators confuse kingsnakes with coral snakes, then predators should attack fewer ringed artificial snakes than brown artificial snakes.
Compare data on attacks on ringed versus brown artificial snakes.
Forming and testing a hypothesis
Hypothesis-is a suggested answer to a well-defined scientific question-an explanation on trial.– A hypothesis is often based on past experience or
knowledge gained from discovery science or other sources
Forming a hypothesis
A hypothesis allows you to make certain predictions. You can then test these predictions.
Predictions are written as an “If…, then …” statement.
An incorrect hypothesis doesn’t mean failure.– The hypothesis that led to the prediction may be wrong
Inquiry continues with tests of alternative hypotheses.
Observations and Data
Quantitative- recorded measurements, based on the metric system
Qualitative-data in the form of descriptions instead of measurements
What is science?
Science is:– Observing, studying, and experimenting to find
the nature of things.
Science- the knowledge obtained by observing natural events and conditions in order to discover facts and formulate laws or principles that can be verified or tested
Two main branches– Social science, individual and group human
behavior– Natural science, how “nature” or the “whole
universe” behaves
Natural science– Life science, physical science, earth science
Interconnectedness of branches of science
Natural Science
BiologicalScience of living things
Physical Science of matter and energy
EarthScience of Earth
Botany Zoology Physics chemistry Geology Meteorology
Science and technology
Pure science- learning more about the world, the continuing search for scientific knowledge
Technology- the application of science for practical purposes
Scientific Laws
Scientific Law- a summary of many experimental results and observations;
A law tells how things work. It allows predictions to be made about how a system will behave under a wide range of conditions.
Scientific Theory
Scientific Theory- an explanation for some phenomenon that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning
To be valid a theory must:– Explain observations clearly and consistently– Must be repeatable– One must be able to predict from the theory
Mathematics
Scientific laws and theories can be stated as mathematical equations, quantitative statements
Mathematics is the language of science, it is universal
A=l x w (Area of Rectangle) F=G(m1m2/d2) (Universal Gravity)
– Gravitational attraction is described as a force that varies depending on the mass of objects and the distance the separates them
Models
A “mental picture” or a set of rules that describes what something does.
Models are used to represent real situations and to make predictions.
The Way Science Works
Objectives– Understand how to use critical thinking skills to solve
problems– Describe the steps of the scientific method– Know some of the tools scientists use to investigate nature– Explain the objective of a consistent system of units, and
identify the SI units for length, mass, and time– Identify what each common SI prefix represents, and
convert measurements
Critical thinking
The ability and willingness to assess claims critically and to make judgments on the basis of objective and supported reasons
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
*There is no single scientific method. It is a way of thinking critically about a question and testing possible answers to that question by collecting data and making unbiased observations.
Proper experimentation
Variable- a factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis
Controlled experiment- all variables that can affect the outcome of the experiment are kept constant, or controlled, except for one.
Presenting results
When presenting results in a table, the independent variable is listed first, the dependent variable(s) next.
When we present our results in a graph, the independent variable is on the X axis, the dependent variable is on the Y axis.
Experiment example: we test three types of vinegars. Add 10 ml of vinegar to a test tube, and 2 grams of baking soda to each
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. White vinegar-positive control because we know it will fizz
2. Red wine vinegar
3. Cider vinegar
4. Water-negative control because we know it won’t fizz
Results
Vinegar Height of bubbles
White 7 cm
Red wine 4 cm
Cider 5 cm
Water 0 cm
Units of Measurement
Science requires accurate observations Mathematics is the universal language of
science International System of Units, (SI) SI units are used for consistency
Base Units
Quantity Unit Abbreviation
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Electric current Ampere A
Amount of substance
Mole mol
Luminous intensity
Candela cd
Prefixes for large measurements
Prefix Symbol Meaning Multiple of base units
kilo- k Thousand 1000
mega- M Million 1000000
giga- G Billion 1000000000
Prefixes used for small measurements
Prefix Symbol Meaning Multiple of base units
deci- d Tenth 0.1
centi- cm Hundredth 0.01
milli- m Thousandth 0.001
micro- μ Millionth 0.000001
nano- n Billionth .000000001
Converting to a smaller unit
Multiply measurement to get a larger number!!!
– Ex, convert 1.85m to cm1.85m x 100cm/1m =185cm
Converting to a larger unit
Divide the measurements to get a smaller number!!!– Ex, convert 185cm to m
185cm x 1m/100cm = 1.85m
Homework
Practice problems 1-8