Introduction to Phonetics Phonology

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Introduction toPhonetics/Phonology

Wintersemester2003-2004Potsdam

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Course Topics

• I Articulatory Phonetics• II Segments, Features, Feature Geometry• III The Syllable and Other Prosodic

Constituents• IV Segmental Alternations• V Phonological Theories

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General Issues

• Assignments (to be corrected two weeks laterin class)

• Final exam• Slides are on my homepage

(http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~fery/)

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Part I

Articulatory Phonetics

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Production of a Sound

! • Airstream Process (initiation)• Phonation Process (vibration of the vocal

cords)• Oral-Nasal Process: The velum either

closes off the nasal cavity or opens it.• Articulation Process

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Components of Articulation

! • The subglottal components (lungs andrespiratory tract), which produce the airstream.

Sounds are usually pulmonal egressive

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• The larynx, which converts the regular streamof air into a series of periodic bursts of air(source of acoustic energy).

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! • The supralaryngeal vocal tract (also(supraglottal) vocal tract) consists of thepharynx, the oral cavity and the nasal cavity.The pharynx runs from the larynx to the tongueroot. From the pharynx the air can escapethrough either the nasal cavity or the oral cavity.The supralaryngeal vocal tract functions as anacoustic filter.

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English Noun Adjective Latin Noun

Glottis glottal glottisLarynx laryngeal larynxPharynx pharyngeal pharynxEpiglottis epiglottal epiglottisTongue back/dorsum dorsal dorsumCorona coronal coronaTongue tip/apex apical apexTongue blade/lamina laminal laminaAlveolar ridge alveolar alveolaeHard palate palatal palatumSoft palate/velum velar velumUvula uvular uvulaLungs pulmonal pulmoTeeth dental dentesLips labial labiaNasal cavity nasal cavum nasi

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Articulators

! • labial [b, p, f, m…] (cover term for bilabial andlabiodental): At least one lip is involved in thearticulation.

• coronal [t, d, l, n…] : The tip or blade of the tongue isinvolved in the articulation.

• dorsal [k, g, N, X]: The back of the tongue is involvedin the articulation.

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Places of Articulation• bilabial [p, b, m]: Complete closure by both lips.

• labiodental [f, v]: Closure or constriction betweenthe lower lip and upper teeth.

!

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• dental [t, d] : The front part of the tongue formsa constriction with the upper teeth.

• alveolar [t, d, l, n, s, z]: A constriction is formedat the alveolar ridge with the tip or blade of thetongue; the articulation is then apical (when thetongue tip forms the constriction) or laminal(the tongue blade is involved).

Places of Articulation

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• Retroflex: The tongue tip is bent back and upbehind the alveolar ridge.

• palatoalveolar (or postalveolar) [∫,Z]: The tongueblade forms a constriction behind the alveolarridge and/or at the hard palate.

• palatal [ç, j]: The back of the tongue forms aconstriction or a closure with the hard palate.


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• velar [k, g, N]: The back of the tongue forms aconstriction or a closure with the soft palate(velum).

• Uvular [X]: The back of the tongue and theuvula form a constriction or a closure.


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• pharyngeal [˛, ¿]: A constriction is formed in thepharynx.

• glottal/laryngeal [h, ?]: Closure of the glottiscauses a glottal stop. An /h/ is produced withan open glottis.


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Place of Articulator Sound Articulation (movable organ) (German)bilabial upper lip lower lip p, b, mlabiodental upper teeth lower lip f, valveolar alveolar tongue t, d, ridge blade s, z, l, npalatoalveolar palate tongue blade ∫, Zpalatal palate back of tongue ç, jvelar palate back of tongue k, g, x, Nuvular uvula back of tongue ë, X

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Manner of the narrowing or constriction

Manners of Articulation

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Manners of Articulation

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[p]: Voiceless, bilabial plosive. Very commonsound. The glottis is wide open.

[b]: Voiced counterpart, articulatedapproximately the same.

Plosive (also stop or occlusive)

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[t, d]: articulated by the tongue tip or blade. Fr.tout doux: ‘soft’. In German d and t arealveolar.

[k, g]:The place of articulation is the velum,sometimes the hard palate, occasionally theuvula, depending on the environmentalcontext: Kuh vs. Kühe, Kiel [k™]. In Arabic [k]and uvular [q] form two contrastive sounds.

Plosives

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[c, Ô]: Palatal articulation of the dorsal plosives.These plosives are found in many WestAfrican languages, e.g., Akan.

[q, G]: Uvular articulation of the dorsalplosives. These sounds can be found in, e.g.,Quechua.

[?]: Glottal stop.

Plosives

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Voice Onset Timing (VOT)

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[ƒ,]: Bilabial voiceless or voiced fricatives.Japanese: Fujiyama. In some Africanlanguages such as Ewe these sounds arephonemic (éƒá ‘ he polished’ vs. éfá ‘ hefroze’).

[f, v]: Labiodental fricatives, very common.The upper teeth form a constriction with thelower lip.

Fricatives

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[†, d]: There are two different articulations ofthis pair of sounds. In English [†] thigh and[d] thy are two phonemes.

[s, z]: can be apical or laminal.

[∫,Ω]: an apical and a laminal (predorsal)articulation. The lips are often somewhatrounded, sometimes even protruding.

Fricatives

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[ç]: Palatal fricative (ich-sound)

[‚]: Voiced counterpart of [ç].

[x]: Velar fricative (ach-sound).

[©]: Voiced counterpart of [x].

Fricatives

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[X, Ë]:[X] is a fricative which is formed at theuvula; auditorily it differs little from [x]; inSwiss German, e.g., they are variants of thesame sound, as in Küchenkasten [XuXiXat\].The [Ë] is a variant of/r/.

[¿,˛]: pharyngeal fricatives.[H, ¿]: epiglottal fricatives.

Fricatives

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[h, Ó]: A glottal fricative formed by constrictionof the vocal folds. In German the constrictionis not very narrow; the breathing position isretained.

Fricatives

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An affricate is a plosive followed by ahomorganic, i.e., articulated with the samearticulators, fricative. Examples are [ts], [t∫]and [pf].

Affricates

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With the nasal sounds (consonants, vowels, pre- orpostnasalized sounds) the velum is lowered, andthe majority of the air flows out through the nose.

Nasals are usually voiced, but in Icelandic, forexample, there is also a voiceless n [n≤], written hn.

Nasals

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[m]: The bilabial nasal is very common.[n]: The coronal nasal occurs in almost every

language.[˜]: Often a position-dependent variant of [n]

before [k, g]. In English and German [g] has often even disappeared, so that only[˜] remains: lang, long (cf. lungo in

Italian).

Nasals

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[ñ]: The labiodental nasal is commonly onlyan articulation-dependent variant of m.

[µ]: The palatal nasal is rarer. It occurs, e.g.,in French (agneau ‘ lamb’, gagner ‘to win’)and in Spanish (cañon).

[N]: The uvular nasal is articulated evenfurther back in the mouth than the velarnasal [˜].

Nasals

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Consonants can also be partially nasalized, like theprenasalized plosives (md, nd, ˜g).

Nasals

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For [l] the tip of the tongue is placed at the alveolarridge and impedes the airstream in the middle ofthe mouth. On the sides the tongue is not placedagainst the molars, as with [t], but is lower, so thatthe air can escape at the sides.

Laterals

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[l]: Clear and dark l in Russian differ in the formof the tongue. With clear l the surface is fairly flat,slightly concave and the contact is apical; withdark l, in contrast, the tongue is further in frontand the blade of the tongue is raised towards thevelum. The contact is laminal. This produces an u-color. In German and French the l is light; inEnglish it varies depending on the environment:cf. little

Laterals

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[˚, ]: In Welsh there is a voiceless fricativelateral, [˚] or also sometimes [l≤], written ll(Lloyd). The voiced counterpart is transcribed[].

[Ò, L]: palatal and velar lateral approximants.

Laterals

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[B]: Bilabial vibrant.

[r]: Prototypical r-sound. It is a front trill(tongue tip-r); in Spanish perro ‘dog’. InGerman, this sound is only used in a fewdialects.

r-Sounds (Vibrants, Trills,Rhotics)

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[®]: Front fricative or approximant, as inEnglish after t and d.

[ë]: Back trill (uvular-R), as in Dutch or in theScandinavian languages.

r-Sounds

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[Ë]: Back Engelaut or approximant, as inGerman and in French. The air passes aroundthe uvula on the sides. Very similar to [≈],which is the voiceless variant.

In Arabic [r] and [Ë] are two different phonemes.Rhotacism is the conversion of [z] into [r]:

Etrusci/Etruria, was/were.

r-Sounds

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Flaps (sudden short closure plus glide) or Taps(sudden short closure) are plosives of very shortduration produced with a single musclecontraction.

English: marry or very, inAmerican: instead of an intervocalic [t] matter, pity.

Flaps and Taps

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[w]: The approximants are always voiced. [w]or [˘] is a bilabial sound.

[j]: In German the palatal glide is sometimesarticulated as a fricative [‚] (voicedcounterpart of [ç]).

Approximants (Glides)

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[¥]: The sound which is realized, e.g., in theFrench words huit ‘eight’ and puis‘afterwards’.

[º]: Velar vibrant.

Approximants (Glides)

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[ˇ, Î, ¯, ö, Í, ¸, Æ], also sometimes transcribed withdots under the letters.

These sounds are special forms of many of theconsonants which are articulated at the alveolarridge or at the adjoining part of the hard palate.

Retroflexes

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The tongue tip is bent back so that the closure (orconstriction) is formed with the underside of thetongue blade.

Common in Sanskrit, in Arabic, in the Dravidianlanguages of India (Malayalam), in Swedish and inNorwegian. The English r is retroflex.

Retroflexes

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Labialization: a consonant is articulated with roundedlips. This can also occur with labial sounds, aswhen both articulations are realized with the lips.Examples from Kwakw’ala (Ladefoged &Maddieson 1996:356-7) and from Arrernte:

Secondary Articulation

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Labialization in Kwakw’alakasa ‘beat soft’ kwesa ‘splashing’gisgas ‘incest’ gwesu ‘pig’

Labialization in Arrerntepwape ‘whirlwind’


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Palatalization: Raising of the front part of the tonguein the direction of an i-articulation. Russiancontrasts palatalized vs. nonpalatalizedarticulation in many consonants, e.g.: pjotr ‘Peter’with pjot ‘drinks’ and pot ‘sweat’.


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Velarization: Raising of the back part of the tongue.According to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), theEnglish l in little, for example, is velarized.


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Pharyngealization: A constriction is formed in thepharynx. Some dialects of Arabic contrastemphatic vs. normal coronals: s¿ vs. s.


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1) Height or vertical tongue movement

2) Front-back-dimension or horizontal tonguemovement

3) Lip rounding

Vowels

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Cardinal Vowels

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IPA Lips Example1 [i] unrounded Fr. si, Eng. beat

2 [e] unrounded Ger. See, Fr. chez

3 [´] unrounded Ger. Bett, Eng. bet

[æ] unrounded Eng. cat

4 [a] unrounded Ger. kann, Fr. la5 [å] unrounded Dt. dam

Vowels

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IPA Lips Examples6 [ø] rounded Fr. sotte, Eng. hawk

7 [o] rounded Ger. Stroh, Fr. beau

8 [u] rounded Ger. gut, Fr. cou

9 [y] rounded Ger. Tür, Fr. bu

10 [ø] rounded Ger. Goethe, Fr. eux

11 [œ] rounded Ger. Götter, Fr. beurre

Vowels

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IPA Lips Examples12 [Œ] rounded Ger. Hölle

13 [Å] rounded Eng. hock, Dt. dom

14 [ ] unrounded Eng. but, luck

15 [] unrounded Vietnamese ó16 [] unrounded Japanese u

Vowels

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IPA Lips Example[\] unrounded Ger.: be-,Fr. le[á] unrounded Ger.: ver-

(from Clark & Yallop 1990:67)

Vowels

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i u i u e o

´ ø e o a aItalian Spanish

Vokale

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i u high ˆ

y u Á

e \ o mid ´ ø

ø œ á

a å low front central back

German Vowels

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Nasal vowels in French

[% ~] as in bain ‘bath’[õ] as in monde ‘world’[ã] as in enfant ‘child’[œ~] as in un ‘one’

Vowels

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Long, tense vowels:Miete, Huhn, wohnen, Düne, Höhle

Short, lax vowels:Mitte, Hunne, Wonne, dünne, Hölle

German v owels

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Three German Diphthongs

/aiª/ (Hai) ‘shark’/auª/ (Bau) ‘building’/øyª/ (neu) ‘new’

Diphthongs

Introduction to Phonetics Phonology

Documents

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