Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings...
-
Upload
ashlee-harmon -
Category
Documents
-
view
222 -
download
1
Transcript of Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings...
![Page 1: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students)
4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)
![Page 2: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Feynman rules:
If energy E flows throughthe transmitted “virtual”particle (photon; Z)it costs 1/(E^2+M^2)
If E >> M the cost is 1/E^2….like the case of the photon
Only appears weak at low energy. Unified at high energy
![Page 4: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
WEAK
STRONG
![Page 5: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
WEAK
STRONG why sun hasshone for 5 Byr…Intelligent lifedeveloped
![Page 6: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The weak force is feeble in the Sun…
..because 10,000,000K ~ 1 keV << 80 GeV
The weak force is feeble in the Sun
…this is why the sun has stayed active long enough for us to have evolvedand be having this conversation.
We exist because m(W) is not zero
Mass matters
![Page 7: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Mc^2 >0Gravity PE <0Total E =0 (?!)
![Page 9: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mc^2 >0Gravity PE <0Total E =0 (?!)
![Page 10: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Heisenberg:
E ->0t ->infinity
“Universe erupted as quantum fluctuationout of nothing”
(what/where/how encodedHeisenberg in “nothing”?
Mc^2 >0Gravity PE <0Total E =0 (?!)
![Page 11: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Heisenberg:
E ->0t ->infinity
“Universe erupted as quantum fluctuationout of nothing”
(what/where/how encodedHeisenberg in “nothing”?
Mc^2 >0Gravity PE <0Total E =0 (?!)
![Page 12: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Quarks “freeze” into protons/neutrons
![Page 14: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Nuclear Physics
![Page 20: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
symmetry
pattern
symmetry
pattern
![Page 22: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
symmetry
pattern
symmetry
pattern
![Page 23: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
symmetry
pattern
symmetry
pattern
Atoms
![Page 24: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
3K microwave bgnd now seen to have structure
COBE 2000
WMAP 2003
![Page 26: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
5byr ago accelerated expansion= Dark Energy. What? Why?......
![Page 27: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
One further symmetry??
![Page 28: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Whole new families to be found
![Page 29: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Finale: A glimpse of the futurerecall from lecture 1…..
TemperatureEnergy andTime
The Universe
in
![Page 31: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
…and the nature of matter
![Page 32: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
…and patterns (that change)
![Page 33: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
symmetry
pattern
Temperatureand symmetry in the universe
![Page 34: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Idea
(I will tell you when to be cautious about inhaling)
![Page 35: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Symmetrywhen warm(high energy)
patterns and structureswhen cold(low energy)
![Page 36: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
GrandUnifiedForce
ElectromagneticWeakStrong
ElectroWeakStrong (QCD)
FORCES 1955-2005
COLD
WARM
HOT
![Page 37: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Standard Model of Quarks Leptons and
forces
= pattern based on mass “cold” =“low” energy= below 1 TeV
![Page 38: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
superSymmetrywhen “warm”(= high energy > 1TeV)
Higgs BosonSupersymmetryNature of Reality
Standard Model of Quarks Leptons and
forces
= pattern based on mass “cold” =“low” energy= below 1 TeV
![Page 39: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
symmetry
pattern
symmetry
pattern
![Page 40: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
5. symmetries can disappear or change
![Page 41: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
We like symmetry and when its absent wewant to know why
?
![Page 42: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Buridan’s Ass
![Page 43: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The problem ofthe symmetricdinner party
![Page 44: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
symmetry
Broken symmetry
![Page 45: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Why is this a peak and not a trough?
Broken symmetry
Answer: random chanceBut given it’s a peak hereit dictates where the other peaks are
![Page 46: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Symmetrywhen warm(high energy)
patterns and structureswhen cold(low energy)
![Page 48: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
… “froze” into structures …. And patterns
Such as Atoms ……. Mendeleev’s periodic table,And particles …. Quarks, forces and the Standard Model
As the universe cooled after the hot big bang…..We think that an elegant symmetry……..
… which is a pattern based on MASS
2008: heat up to energies above 1000 GeV = “1 TeV” and discover the origin of MASS (= Higgs?)
![Page 49: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Next….
![Page 50: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
More in Vsi
And particle odyssey
A Very Short Introduction
![Page 52: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
The Particle OdysseyThe Particle Odyssey
A Journey to the Heart of matter
Frank Close, Michael Marten, Christine Sutton
![Page 53: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649f3e5503460f94c5de85/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)