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![Page 1: Introduction To Organic Chemistry - the great chemistrythegreatchemistry.yolasite.com/resources/lecture 1 and 2.pdfOrganic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon ... based on the molecular](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022011/5b077e867f8b9ae9628e8b17/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction To Organic Chemistry
![Page 2: Introduction To Organic Chemistry - the great chemistrythegreatchemistry.yolasite.com/resources/lecture 1 and 2.pdfOrganic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon ... based on the molecular](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022011/5b077e867f8b9ae9628e8b17/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to :
1. List the elements that made up organic compounds C, H, O, N, P, S and halogens.
2. State the ability of carbon to form 4 covalent bonds with other carbons or elements.
3. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated organic compounds.
4. Give examples of organic compounds used in medicine, engineering, biotechnology and agriculture.
![Page 3: Introduction To Organic Chemistry - the great chemistrythegreatchemistry.yolasite.com/resources/lecture 1 and 2.pdfOrganic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon ... based on the molecular](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022011/5b077e867f8b9ae9628e8b17/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?
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Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon
compounds.
Organic compounds contain H as well as C, while
other common elements are O, N, the halogens, S
and P.
There are many varieties of organic compounds
( more than 10 millions!!!)
They may exist as simple or complex molecules;
as gases, liquids or solid and coloured or
colourless.
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Examples :-
CH4
methane (a component of natural gas)
methyl salicylic acid (aspirin-a drug)
OCOCH3
COOH
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CH2 C
O
NH
O
S
N
COOH
penicillin (an antibiotic)
Cl CH Cl
CCl3
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetane
(DDT- a pesticide component)
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All organic compounds consist of carbon atom.
Properties of carbon atom:
-has 4 valence electrons.
-can form 4 covalent bonds.
C C
Single bond
C C C C
Double bond Triple bond
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Hydrocarbons
saturated unsaturated
Contains only single bonds ( -C-C- )
Examples: alkanes,
cycloalkanes
Contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond (-C=C-) or triple bond (-C C-).
Examples: alkenes, alkynes.
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Uses of organic compounds
Medicine Antibiotics are used to
fight bacterial and fungal
infections
Engineering Gasoline-as a fuel for
internal combustion
engines.
Biotechnology Genetic information like
DNA
Agriculture DDT-as insectisides to kill
harmful insects.
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Molecular and Structural Formulae
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Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson the students should
be able to :
Define structural formula.
Draw structural formula in the form of
expanded, condensed and skeletal structures
based on the molecular formula.
Explain primary (1°), secondary (2°),
tertiary (3°) and quaternary (4°) carbon.
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Structural formula shows how the
atoms in a molecule are bonded to
each other.
3 types of structural formula:
• condensed structure
• expanded structure
• skeletal structure
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2- Dimensional formula
Condensed Structure
Does not show single bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms, but double and triple bonds are shown.
All atoms that are attached to a carbon are written immediately after that carbon.
C4H9Cl CH3CHCH2CH3
(Condensed structure)
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H2C
CH2
CH2
CH2
H2C
H2C
Examples:
ii) Cyclohexane, C6H12
iii) Aldehyde, CH3CHO
CH3CH
O
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Expanded Structure
Expanded structures indicate how atoms are
attached to each other but are not representations
of the actual shapes of the molecules.
C4H9Cl
Molecular
Formula
Expanded structure
C C C C
H H
H H H Cl
H H H H
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Examples:
i) Alcohol (C2H6O)
ii) Carboxylic acid (C3H6O2 )
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
OH
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
O
OH
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Skeletal Structure
Shows only the carbon skeleton.
Hydrogen atoms are not written.
Other atoms such as O, Cl, N etc. are shown.
i) CH3CH(Cl)CH2CH3 =
Cl
ii) =
H2C CH2
H2C CH2
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3- Dimensional formula
( wedge – dashed wedge – line formula )
Describes how the atoms of a molecule
are arranged in space.
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Example : Bromoethane
or or
Indication :-
:bonds that lie in the plane
:bonds that lie behind the plane
:bonds that project out of the plane
C
Br
H
H
H
C
Br
HH
H
C
H
BrH
HC
H
HBr
H
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A carbon atom can be classified as
primary carbon(1o) →bonded to 1 C
secondary carbon(2o) → bonded to 2 C
tertiary carbon(3o) → bonded to 3 C
quarternary carbon(4o) → bonded to 4
C
Classification of C atoms:
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H C H
CH3
H
10 carbon 10 carbon
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H C CH3
CH3
CH3
30 carbon
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1 1
1
1 1 H C C C CH2 C CH3
H
H
H
H H
CH3 CH3
CH3
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2
2 H C C C CH2 C CH3
H
H
H
H H
CH3 CH3
CH3
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4 3
H C C C CH2 C CH3
H
H
H
H H
CH3 CH3
CH3
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CH3(CH2)CCl(CH3)2
Question
Condensed
Structure
Expanded
Structure
Skeletal
Structure
O
C
H
HH
C CH
H
H
CH3
CH3