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Transcript of Introduction to operations research - gfmer.ch · PDF fileIntroduction to Operations Research...
![Page 1: Introduction to operations research - gfmer.ch · PDF fileIntroduction to Operations Research Aminu Magashi Garba, MBBS, MSc.PH, DLSHTM Geneva Workshop 27th-31st August 2012 Training](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5a78af687f8b9a21538be3f8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Operations Research
Aminu Magashi Garba, MBBS, MSc.PH, DLSHTM
Geneva Workshop
27th -31st August 2012
Training Course in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Geneva 2012
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By the end of this session, participants will have a better understanding of
• What is an Operations Research
• Rationale for OR
• Steps in OR
• Types of OR
• Designs and Methods in OR
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OR
is a process, a way of identifying and solving program problems.
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Any research producing practically-usable knowledge (evidence, findings, information, etc) which can improve program implementation (e.g., effectiveness, efficiency, quality, access, scale-up, sustainability) regardless of the type of research (design, methodology, approach) falls within the boundaries of Operations Research.
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• OR is a process used in identifying and studying possible solutions to programme problems
• Programmatic or action research
• It looks for causes and possible solutions to problem affecting service delivery
• Is used to study factors under the control of managers
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Rationale for OR
• To provide programme managers with research-based information for making decisions to: – Improve programme operations
– Select “best practices”
– Choose between alternative strategies
– Design and test new strategies
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If the subject of the research is not under the control of a programme manager and the study results do not contribute to achieving programme objectives, the research is not OR.
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Steps
OR starts with a programmatic problem.
The need for OR arises when three conditions exist:
• There is a perceived discrepancy between what is and what should be
• There is a question about why the discrepancy exists
• There are at least two plausible and possible answers to the question
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• Problem identification and diagnosis
• Generate Solutions
• Test Intervention
• Evaluation
• Information dissemination
• Information utilization
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Examples - Identifying the problem
• Despite patients offered ARVs, OIs like diarrhea and pneumonia were high among them
• Why are STI clients experiencing poorer health outcomes
• Problem of adherence to regimens
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• Why despite intervention, utilization of services and/or commodities remains low and in another place is good
• Why the uptake of commodities remains low despite increased funding and services
• Why the environment is not enabling, despite policies in placed
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Example- Considering the reasons
• Poor communication between clients and staff
• Low income clients do not have enough money for transportation – refill their prescriptions
• Clients can not afford to miss their work to come to clinic
• Perceived stigma
• Frequent drug stock outs
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Characteristics of OR
• It addresses specific problems within specific programs, not general health issues;
• It addresses those problems that are under control of managers, such as program systems, training, pricing and provision of information;
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• It requires collaboration between managers and researchers in identification of the research problem, development of the study design, implementation of the study and analysis and interpretation of results; and
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• It succeeds only if the study results are used to make program decisions; publication alone is not a valid indicator of successful OR.”
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Types of OR Studies
• Diagnostic / Exploratory (descriptive)
studies
• Intervention
• Evaluation
• Cost- Effectiveness Studies
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These four categories of OR studies are not mutually exclusive. Frequently a single OR study will begin with an exploratory/diagnostic phase to identify key variables of importance. During the second phase, a field intervention might be initiated to test different program solutions to overcoming the problem.
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Subsequently, an evaluative phase might be implemented to determine the impact of the intervention. Finally, a cost-effectiveness analysis might be undertaken to examine the cost required to obtain a particular unit of effect
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• OR is successful only if the results are used to make program decisions
• Published papers are not valid indicators of OR success
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OR Designs and Methods
• The methods of OR range from the qualitative to the quantitative, and the study designs from the non-experimental to the true experimental . There is no single set of methods or designs unique to operations research.
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• Indeed, it is not the application of a particular set of methods or the use of one design over another that distinguishes OR from other forms of research. Rather, it is the focus or objective of the research.
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• The objective of operations research is to improve the delivery of services. While OR studies may use experimental or non-experimental designs and may include a quantitative analysis of outcome measures
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• Or a qualitative consideration of health issues, the central objective always is to obtain a better understanding of the “operations” of programs so that needed improvements can be made.
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Some examples of designs
• Descriptive Studies
• Observational Studies (Cross-sectional , case- control and cohort)
• Intervention Studies (Experimental – Pre- Post Test or Post Test Only Design)
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Methods
Qualitative
1. Key Informant Interview
2. In-depth Interview
3. Observation
4. Focus Group Discussion
5. Content Analysis
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Quantitative Methods
1. Survey
2. Structured Interviews
3. Review of service statistics
4. Secondary analysis
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OR Steps in Summary
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References
• Fisher A et al. (2002). Designing HIV/AIDS Intervention Studies. An Operations Research Handbook. New York: The Population Council.
• WHO, Global Fund (2008) Framework for operations and implementation research in health and disease control programs.
• WHO, The Global Fund. Guide to operational research in programs supported by global fund.
• TSHIP Nigeria/USAID; Operations Research Strategy.
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Thanks for listening !