Introduction to Network Server Operating Systems

Networking Basics

Basic Server Concepts

Server Roles—Past and Present

Sharing and Protecting Resources

Chapter

9

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Learning Objectives

Explain the basic concepts of networking Describe basic server concepts Describe the common roles of network

servers Share and protect network resources

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Networking Basics

Why Network PCs? Resource Sharing

Resources include files, folders, modems, printers, CD and DVD players/recorders, and backup devices

Resources may also include services, such as e-mail and fax

Communicating E-mail List servers, newsgroups Chat rooms

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Networking Basics

Why Network PCs? (continued) Network Resource Management

Data Backup Single-Server Security Multi-Server Security

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Networking Basics

Networks Small to Large LANs

Geographically the smallest Room, floor of a building, entire building, business

or academic campus Common network technology Usually the fastest speeds LAN speeds in millions or billions of bits per second

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Networking Basics

Networks Small to Large (continued) MANs

Cover an entire metropolitan area Usually high-speed fiber-optic cable Operating in the billions of bits per second A MAN may be somewhere between you and the Internet Community of LANs to connected to each

other and to the Internet

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Networking Basics

Networks Small to Large (continued) WANs

Cover the largest geographic area Two or more networks connected over long distances Connected networks make up an internetwork The most famous is the Internet WAN speeds range from thousands of bits per second

up into the millions of bits per second Low-end WAN uses a 56-Kbps modem Internet backbone uses high-end WAN connections

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Networking Basics

Logical Network Organization Peer-to-Peer Networks

Data and resources distributed No central authority responsible for security An administrator must make the individual resource

available as a share Microsoft term for peer-to-peer is “workgroup” Microsoft recommends workgroups for 10 or fewer A small network with high security needs should

not be organized as a workgroup/peer-to-peer

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Networking Basics

Logical Network Organization (continued) Server-Based Networks

The most common network administrative organization Each PC interacts with one or more servers Servers are dedicated to providing network services A Microsoft server-based network with central

administration is called a domain

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Networking Basics

Step-by-Step 9.01

Peer-to-Peer or Server-Based Network?

Page 445

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Networking Basics

Network Pieces and Parts Physical Components

Network Interface and Media Network interface card (NIC) or modem Media may be metal wires, fiber-optic cable, or air

Other Network Connection Devices Hubs and switches Bridges and routers Firewalls

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Networking Basics

Software Components Drivers Network Operating Systems (NOSs) Services Protocols

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Basic Server Concepts

The Two Sides of the Equation Server and client are the two sides of the

equation A service enables a system to share its resources Peer-to-peer computers are both client and server A networked computer may play many roles at

once A special client is required for each resource type

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Basic Server Concepts

The Two Sides of the Equation (continued) Client requests resource and works with it locally A server performs tasks to provide the services Processing is distributed The relationship is client/server networking

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Basic Server Concepts

The OSs Supporting the Services Windows Server Operating Systems

Windows NT Server 4.0 products Windows NT Server 4.0 Windows NT Server 4.0 Enterprise Edition Microsoft discontinued sales on January 1, 2005

Windows 2000 Server products Windows 2000 Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Windows 2000 Datacenter Server

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Basic Server Concepts

The OSs Supporting the Services (continued) Windows Server 2003

Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition Windows Server 2003 Web Edition Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition

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Basic Server Concepts

The OSs Supporting the Services (continued)

UNIX Server Operating Systems Many versions of UNIX for many hardware platforms Powerful and stable Server of choice for network infrastructure services Popular on servers that host large databases shared

by thousands of users

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Basic Server Concepts

The OSs Supporting the Services (continued) UNIX Server Operating Systems (continued)

Specialized database-specific software has been developed for UNIX

Deeply entrenched in insurance, medicine, banking, manufacturing, and on web servers.

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Basic Server Concepts

The OSs Supporting the Services (continued) Linux Server Operating Systems

Growing in popularity within organizations of all sizes Becoming more accepted in the small business and

home markets Open operating system, available by itself for free Vendors bundle it and charge a fee for add-ons

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Basic Server Concepts

The OSs Supporting the Services (continued) Linux Server Operating Systems (continued)

A cost-effective alternative for sharing files, applications, printers, modems, and Internet services

Linux is competing with all other server OSs Linux is distributed according to the Open Source

standard (www.opensource.org)

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Basic Server Concepts

The OSs Supporting the Services (continued) Novell Server Operating Systems

In the 1980s, Novell, Inc. produced hardware and software for corporate networks

They continued to update their flagship product, the NetWare network operating system

NetWare once had a nearly 70%share of the market Lost market share, but are gaining again Latest version is Open Enterprise Server (OES) OES is just one server product offered by Novell

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles in the Past Early 1980s LANs focused on file and printer sharing Mission-critical network services in large organizations

were provided by mainframe computers Users worked at dedicated terminals connected to the

mainframes over proprietary networks Typical early LAN was not connected to the corporate

network One or two servers would meet the needs of an entire

department

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles in the Past (continued) PC-based servers improved and now have capabilities

rivaling the mainframe systems Number of roles played by these servers has increased The mantra of IT professionals has become

"interoperability" Network services have moved off proprietary networks All the interconnected networks of a single organization

is an enterprise network An organization's data may be anywhere on the enterprise

network—even on a mainframe

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles Today Many additional server roles Single-purpose or multiple purpose servers Roles may be elaborate services that are added

to a network operating system A service is often an extra-cost option Source of an added service may be the same

vendor as the OS, or a third-party vendor

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles Today (continued) Directory Service Server

Maintains the directory service database Domain controllers are servers running the Active

Directory service Active directory accounts can be administered remotely

or locally An administrator uses the Active Directory Users

and Group console to manage accounts

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles Today (continued) File and Print Server

A file server allows users to connect to it to store files A print server allows users to connect to print These two roles are combined in file and printer File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks The client side is called Client for Microsoft Networks

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles Today (continued) File and Print Server (continued)

Most NOSs have a file and print service as a base service that does not have to be added to the NOS

The most common reasons for using a file server It is easier to physically ensure the security of a server Data can be made available to multiple users Data can be used in a collaborative effort Data can be centrally backed up

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles Today (continued) File and Print Server (continued)

share (verb) – to make a network resource available share (noun) – the point at which network user can

access a resource A computer with shared resources is a server A computer used to access network resources is a client A PC can be both a server and client at the same time

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles Today (continued) File and Print Server (continued)

A desktop operating system does not have some of the same capabilities and services as a server OS

Server OSs can handle many simultaneous connections Server OSs can take advantage of very high-end

server computers with many processors, high-speed disk drives, and gigabytes of RAM memory

Servers attached to high-speed networks provide file and print services on large enterprise networks

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles Today (continued) E-Mail Servers

In the early days of PC networks, the electronic delivery and management of messages was the turf of the mainframe systems

LAN networks grew, became more capable,reliable, and interconnected

E-mail function gradually migrated to LAN servers Mail server (or e-mail server) transmits, receives,

and stores electronic mail E-mail – messages transmitted electronically

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles Today (continued) E-Mail Servers (continued)

Mail servers used within organizations, as well as on the Internet

Communicate via e-mail seamlessly within organizations and over the Internet

For many individuals, e-mail is the most compelling reason to have Internet access from home

In a Microsoft network, the e-mail server is Exchange In a NetWare environment, the e-mail server is GroupWise

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles Today (continued) Data Backup Servers

Centralized data backup is an important networkservice

Data frequently backed up to removable media and stored off-site

In a simple scenario, users save all of their data to one or more network servers

Each server is then backed up nightly The backup task is moving from the desktop to the server

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles Today (continued) Data Backup Servers (continued)

A tape backup system may be on each server Centralized backup systems back up many servers Backup services run on Windows, Novell, or UNIX Internet-based backup services:

CapSure Connected Xdrive Clunk Click 1stForData

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles Today (continued) Application Server

An intermediary program between users running client software and a back-end business application or database

Client-side component may be on a PC, or it may be a simple web browser on a minimally configured network computer called a thin client

Thin client model is replacing client-server application Internet-based application service providers are called

(ASPs)

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles Today (continued) Web Servers

Host web pages on the Internet and in private networks Content previously made available by other means is now

published on the company intranet An intranet is a private network using Internet

technologies, such as web servers

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles Today (continued) Web Servers

For many years, users connecting to the Internet \could see only text content

The Internet existed, but not the Web The Web came about thanks to the efforts of Tim

Berners-Lee, designer of the hypertext markup language (HTML)

HTML is now the language of the World Wide Web

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Server Roles—Past and Present

Server Roles Today (continued) Web Servers (continued)

An Internet browser uses HTTP to interpret HTML A URL starts with “HTTP” to indicate use of this protocol Microsoft and Novell offer web server add-ons for their

operating systems Apache Server is used on up to 60% of all web servers

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Sharing and Protecting Resources

Adding Computers to a Microsoft Domain Some computers can join a domain

Windows NT family of OSs can join a domain A computer needs an account in the domain database A computer joins the domain

Some computers cannot join a domain Windows 9x and Windows XP Home cannot join Users of 9x can log onto the domain and assign

permissions to local shares to domain accounts

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Sharing and Protecting Resources

Adding Computers to a Microsoft Domain (continued) Some computers cannot join a domain (continued)

Users of Windows XP Home cannot log onto the domain Users of either OS can access domain shares

More benefits of domain membership Centralized management of the desktop computer When a computer joins a domain, certain group accounts

in the domain become members of local groups Domain Administrators become members of local

Administrators group Domain Users become members of the Local Users group

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Networking Basics

Step-by-Step 9.02

Adding a Computer to a Domain

Page 462

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Sharing and Protecting Resources

Creating User and Group Accounts Users and Group Membership

Domain Users Individual accounts with identifying information Up to 20 characters in the username

Windows NT Domain Groups Local Global

Active Directory Domain Groups Domain Local Global

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Networking Basics

Step-by-Step 9.03

Creating User Accounts

Page 466

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Sharing and Protecting Resources

Creating User and Group Accounts (continued) Passwords

Windows desktop OSs allow blank passwords by default Always use a password on a networked computer Enforce with local password policies Windows Server 2003 requires complex passwords Domain password policy affects all domain users Administrators set local or domain password policies

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Sharing and Protecting Resources

Creating User and Group Accounts (continued) Passwords (continued)

Use the strongest password possible Windows allows mixed case and a mix of alpha, numeric,

and other symbols Create strong passwords Remember your password Do not use your name or any common words Change your password frequently Do not write your password on your office calendar, etc.

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Sharing and Protecting Resources

Creating Shares Setting File-Level Permissions

NTFS file permissions are the last defense Set permissions at the most restrictive

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Sharing and Protecting Resources

Creating Shares (continued) Creating a Share and Setting Share-Level

Permissions Local files and folders are not visible over a network until a share

is created above them A file share is the point at which a network user can access files A file share must point to a folder Once created, permissions can be set The share default permissions on desktop Windows and some

server versions = Everyone full control Windows 2003 default = Everyone Read Everyone group is every user connected to the network

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Sharing and Protecting Resources

Creating Shares (continued)

Creating a Share and Setting Share-Level Permissions (continued)

First set NTFS permissions on the folders and files that will be under the share

Then create the share Remove the Everyone group from share permissions Share permissions should be equal to or greater than

the NTFS permissions on underlying folders and files Combining share permissions and NTFS permissions

results in the most restrictive of the two sets

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Networking Basics

Step-by-Step 9.04

Setting Permissions and Sharing Folders

Page 468