Introduction to motivation and emotion
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Transcript of Introduction to motivation and emotion
Welcome to Psychology 102
Motivation & Emotion
Introduction to
motivation and emotion
Dr James NeillCentre for Applied PsychologyUniversity of Canberra2016
Image source
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_gemma_and_mehmet.jpgImage by: Mehmet Karatay, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Mehmet_KaratayImage license: GFDL, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_LicenseAcknowledgements: This lecture is based in part on Reeve (2009) .
Wednesday 10 August, 2016, 12:30-14:30, 12B27124-6665 Motivation and Emotion / GCentre for Applied PsychologyFaculty of HealthUniversity of CanberraBruce, ACT 2601, Australiaph: +61 2 6201 [email protected]://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion
Introduction to motivation and emotion
Reading:Reeve (2015)
Ch 1(pp. 1-25)
Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Jardins_du_Luxembourg_-_2966.jpg
Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Jardins_du_Luxembourg_-_2966.jpgImage author: Jorge RoyanImage license: Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 Unported, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Outline
Based on Reeve (2015, Ch 1, p. 1)
Motivation & emotionDefinitions
Key questions
Motivation theory & science
Framework
Unifying themes
Solving practical problems
Motivation and emotion:
Definition activity
Write your own definition of:
motivation = ?
emotion = ?
Share and discuss your definitions with someone else.
Improve/modify your definitions.
Let's hear some definitions
Timing: Suggest 1 min for each of 1, 2, and 3, with 2 mins for #4Microphone: Use hand-held microphone to hand around to those reading out their definitions (so that it is better recorded)
Motivation and emotion:
Key questions
TheoryWhy do we do
what we do?+Why do we feel
the way we feel?
PracticeHow can we change
what we do?+How can we change
what we feel?
Key question prompterHand out 2 blank business cards to each participantInvite participants to write each of the key questions on one side on the business cards.Keep these 2 cards in your wallet/purse/phone case/or stick to the bathroom mirror for the semester, so that you are regularly prompted to ponder these two central questions during semester (flip them over from time to time)
Motivation and emotion:
Etymology
Image source:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Running_Samburu_Boy.jpg,
CC-by-A 2.0
"motivation"
and
emotionhave a common root in the Latin verb:movere
(to move)
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Running_Samburu_Boy.jpgImage author: Erik (HASH) Hersman, http://www.flickr.com/people/18288598@N00Image license: CC by A 2.0, Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic
Motivation and emotion:
Scientific process
Reality(In all its complexity)Applications; Recommendations(How to support and enhance motivation and emotion in applied settings)Theory(Created by psychologists)Hypo-theses(Derived from theory)Data(To test the adequacy of each hypothesis)
Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 1.1
Representation
Application
Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 1.1 Illustration of a Theory
Motivation:
Pink blobs
Image source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_blob.svg,
CC-by-A 4.0
Pink
blob
Why aren't we just pink blobs?
Why do we ever do anything at all?
What animates our pink blobs?Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_blob.svg, Image license: CC-by-A 4.0Image author: Jtneill
Motivation:
Energy + Direction
Motivation refers to the processes that give behaviour energy and direction.
Energy (Strength):
Behaviours have strength, intensity, and persistence.
Direction (Purpose):
Behaviours aim to achieve particular purposes or goals.
Motivational theory example:
Reasons to exercise
Reeve (2009), Table 1.1
Based on Reeve (2009), Figure 1.1 illustrates the function and utility of a good theory.
Motivation:
Perennial questions
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 6-9)
What causes behaviour?
Why did she do that? Why do people do what they do??
Why does behaviour vary in its intensity?
Why does a person behave one way in a particular situation at one time yet behave in a different way at another time? What are the motivational differences among individuals, and how do such differences arise?
Motivation:
Specific questions that constitute the core problems to be solved
in motivation study
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 6-7)
Image source:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:One_hand_handstand.jpg,
CC-by-SA 3.0
What starts behaviour?
Why is behaviour sustained over time?
Why is behaviour directed towards
some goals yet away from others?
Why does behaviour change its
direction?
Why does behaviour stop?
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:One_hand_handstand.jpgImage by: AR22, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:AR22Image license: CC-by-SA 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Motivation:
Sources
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.2, p. 9)
Antecedent conditions External events
Social contexts
Internal motives
Needs
Cognitions
Emotions
Energised, goal-directed, and persistent (motivated) action
Motivation is concerned with the processes that give behavior its energy and direction.
Four processes are capable of giving behaviour its energy and direction.
Expressions of motivation
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 12-15)
Behaviour
Physiology &brain activations
Engage-ment
Self-report
Motivation cannot be directly measured;
but expressions of motivation can be measured.
Expressions of motivation: Behaviour
Based on Reeve (2015, Table 1.2, p. 13)
Probability of responseChoice LatencyPersistenceEffort Facial expressions Bodily gesturesBased on Reeve (2009), Table 1.2 Seven behavioural expressions of motivation and emotion
Expressions of motivation:
Engagement
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.3, p. 13)
.
Extent of engagementBehaviourEmotionCognitionAgency On-task behaviour
Effort
Persistence
Presence of interest, enjoyment, enthusiasm
Absence of distress, anger, anxiety, frustration
Using sophisticated learning strategies
Seeking conceptual understanding rather than surface knowledge
Self-regulation, such as planning
Contributing constructively into and changing the environment for the better
Asking questions
Expressing preferences
Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 1.3 Four Interrelated Aspects of Engagement.
Expressions of motivation:
Physiological & brain activity
Based on Reeve (2015, Table 1.3, p. 14)
BrainHormonal Cardiovascular OcularElectrodermalSkeletalBased on Reeve (2015), Table 1.3. Five Psychophysiological Expressions of Motivation and Emotion
Brain activityActivation of brain structures such as the amygdala (fear) or prefrontal cortex (setting goals).Hormonal activityChemicals in saliva or blood, such as cortisol (stress) or catecholamines (fightorflight reaction).Cardiovascular Contraction and relaxation of the heart and blood vessels activity (attractive incentives, difficult/challenging tasks).Ocular activityEye behaviorpupil size (extent of mental activity), eye blinks (changing cognitive states), and eye movements (reflective thought).Electrodermal Electrical changes on the surface of the skin (expression of threat activity or stimulus significance).Skeletal activityActivity of the musculature, as with facial expressions (specific emotion) and bodily gestures (desire to leave).
Expressions of motivation:
Self-report
Based on Reeve (2015, p. 15)
People can typically self-report the nature of their
motivation
(e.g., via interview or questionnaire).
But there can be a lack of correspondence between what people
say their motivations are and their behavioural and physiological
expressions
(unconscious motivation).
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:One_hand_handstand.jpgImage by: AR22, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:AR22Image license: CC-by-SA 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Framework for understanding and studying motivation
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.4, p. 16)
Antecedent conditionsEnvironmental events
Social contexts
Motivestatus
Energising, directing, and sustaining: Behaviour
Enagement
Brain activity
Psychophysiology
Self-report
Changes in
life outcomes:Performance
Achievement
Learning
Adjustment
Skill, talent
Well-being
Needs
Cognitions
Emotions
Motivation themes
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 16-25)
Motivation
benefits adaptation.
Motives direct attention.
Motive strengths vary over time and influence the stream of behaviour.
Types of motivation
exist.
Motivating others requires effort to be successful.
To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions.
There is nothing so practical as a good theory.Motives are intervening variables.We are not always consciously aware of motives.Motivation study reveals what people want.10 themes
Motives vary over time & influence the ongoing stream of behaviour
Based on Reeve (2009, Table 1.4, p. 15)
Motivation is a dynamic process (always changing, always rising and falling) rather than a discrete event or static condition.
e.g., motives influencing behaviour of a student sitting at a desk
Note: The number of asterisks in column 4 represents the intensity of the aroused motive. One asterisk denotes the lowest intensity level, while five asterisks denote the highest intensity level.
Based on Reeve (2009), Table 1.4, p. 15
Stream of behaviour and
changes in the strength of its underlying motives
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.6, p. 20)
Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 1.6. Stream of Behaviour and the Changes in the Strength of Its Underlying Motives
Using motivational theories
to solve practical problems
Based on Reeve (2009, p. 22)
Practicalproblem
Given what I know abouthuman motivation & emotion
Proposed solution/intervention, if any
ae.g., Student dropout
Mediocre
performance
Theories
Empirical findings
Practical experience
How likely is it that an intervention will have positive benefits?
Do no harm
Understanding
the motivational agent
Based on Reeve (2009, Ch 1)
What is the behavioural phenomena?
What is its opposite?
Where does it come from?
Is it malleable or fixed?
What does it related to, or predict?
Identifying the motivational agent underlying the practical problem (e.g., goals, efficacy, or helplessness)
Theoretical understanding of
the problem to be solved
Based on Reeve (2009, Ch 1)
What is the model? (theory)
How does it work? (diagram?)
What causes the behavioural phenomena to change? Under what conditions?
What causes high and low levels of the behaviour?
Some ways to get a better overview of motivation and emotion
Read the 17 Reeve (2015) chapter summaries.
Look through other motivation and emotion textbooks in the library.
Check out articles in the peer reviewed journal, Motivation and Emotion.
Explore the previous (2010-2015) books on Wikiversity.
Summary
Why do we do what we do, feel what we feel, and how can this be changed?
Motivation and emotion have a common etymological and theoretical root to move
Motivation is a dynamic process which combines the external environmental context and interval motive status (needs, cognitions, and emotions) to give energy and direction to motivation as indicated by behaviour, engagement, neurological and physiological activations, and self-report.
References
Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
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