Introduction to Modern Physics and to the LNF-INFN...
Transcript of Introduction to Modern Physics and to the LNF-INFN...
Introduction to Modern Physics
and to the LNF-INFN Activities
INSPYRE 2016
INternational School on modern
PhYsics and Research
Quantum Legacy15-19 February 2016
Catalina Curceanu
LNF-INFN
Discovery of the gravitational waves (14 Sept.
2015 -> 11 Feb 2016)
Discovery of the gravitational waves (14 Sept.
2015 -> 11 Feb 2016)
Discovery of the gravitational waves (14 Sept. 2015 -
> 11 Feb 2016) – talk Viviana Fafone (19th feb)
NAUTILUS at LNF-INFN
Towards quantum gravity?
1 miliardo a. l.
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
The INFN promotes, coordinates and performs
scientific research in the sub-nuclear,
nuclear and astroparticle physics, as well as
the research and technological development
necessaries to the activities in these sectors,
in strong connection with the University and
in the framework of international cooperation
and confrontation
19514 University Sections
Milano, Torino, Padova, e Roma
1957Laboratori Nazionali di
Frascati
Frascati
La nascita dell’INFN
Laboratori del Sud
(Catania)
19 Sections
11 Related Groups
4 National
Laboratories
INFN today
VIRGO-EGOEuropean
Gravitational
Observatory
LegnaroGran Sasso
Fundamental research
• Studies of the ultimate matter structure
• Search for gravitational waves
• Developments of theoretical
models
• Development and construction of particle detectors
• Studies and development of accelerating techniques
• Material studies and bio-medical research
with the synchrotron light
What are the activities performed at Laboratori
Nazionali di Frascati?
• Development and support for computing
systems and nets
F.Riggi, Microcosmo e macrocosmo, Vacanze studio Gennaio 2002
The atom in the beginning of ‘900 The Thompson’s atom
Rutherford e Bohr -atom
Quantum mechanics - atom
The nucleus structureThe nucleus today
Higgs
boson
Zboson
Wboson
gphoton
ggluon
ttau
ntt-neutrino
bbottom
ttop
mmuon
nmm-neutrino
sstrange
ccharm
eelectron
nee-neutrino
ddown
upu
Le
pto
ns
Quark
s
!!!
Fermions Bosons
The Standard Model
Frascati National Labs (LNF)
Total Staff
of which:
364
Researchers
98
Technologist/
Engineers
57
Technicians
170
Administration/
Services
39
External Users
546
Italian
346
Foreign
200
Visitors
3960
Stages
310
Conference
Workshops
17
Participants
to
Conf. / Work.
776
Master Courses
1 (27 positions)
LNF
FLAME
DAFNE
SPARC
BTF
DAFNE-light
Frascati electrosynchrotron 1959-1975
Observing on fixed target
• Matter is mainly empty
• All those particles which did not interact get lost
• Energy loss by moving the center of mass
• Target is complex
synchrotron
LINAC
target S
L
p+/-
e-,e+,p …p, n, etc
detectors
First Frascati’s idea
• The non-interacting particles can be re-used in the
successive rounds
• Collisions are performed in the center of mass frame
• The circulating particles can be either elementary or
complex (nuclei or atoms)
detector
Accumulation ringBruno Touschek
e+ e-
m-
m+
Second Frascati’s idea
t +
t -
e-
e+
E = 2me c2E = 2mm c2E = 2mt c2
E = m c2
Bigger the energy is, more and more
particles can be studied
Matter-antimatter colliders
ADA a Frascati 1959
ADONE a Frascati nel 1969
DAFNELEP al CERN di Ginevra 1988
LHC at Cern (pp)
FINUDA
DAΦNE
Out of the electron – positron collisions the Φ meson can be
produced; it decays immediately in other two particles, the K-
mesons (kaons). The kaons can be both neutrals or charged.
F
K
K
e-
e- e-e-
e-e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
The K are the particles used by the three experiments,
DEAR, FINUDA and KLOE, to reach their scientific goals.
The DAΦNE luminosity allows to produce about
10000 K in a second
e+
e+
e+
e+
e+
e+e+
e+
Physics at DAΦNE
The DEAR experiment
investigates the strong
force by studying the
kaonic atoms (in which a K-
is substituting an atomic
electron).
SIDDHARTA(DAΦNE Exotic Atom Research)
K-
p
Kaonic hydrogen
n=25
n=2
n=1
2p 1s (Ka )
X ray of interest
SDDs
Could strangeness play a role in neutron stars?
KLOE(K LOng Experiment)
KLOE studies the differences
between matter and antimatter
in the kaon decay processes
KLOE2(K LOng Experiment)
Light (photons)
Charged
particle
European Synchrotron
Radiation Facility
Synchrotron light (DAΦNE-luce)
Laser of high power (> 100 TW), able to produce pulses of 6 J in 20 fs at 10 Hz
FLAME:Frascati Laser for Acceleration and
Multidisciplinary Experiments
Started
December 2010
1)If FLAME beam is injected into a gas the electrons inside get highly
accelerated (new acceleration technique)
2)If FLAME beam is colliding head-on with an electron beam (SPARC) an
intense source of X rays is produced
1) New acceleration technique
In few cm electrons get accelerations as in present accelerators of hundred
meters
L’impulso laser produce nel plasma
un’onda di scia simile a quella che
lascia dietro di sè un’imbarcazione
Su quest’onda parte degli elettroni
del plasma acquistano energia come
un surfista che cavalca un’onda.
Electron beams from Linac (SPARC) with energies about 25-50 MeV collide with
FLAME beam
2) Intense X rays source
Resulting in
monochromatic X ray
beams with energies
between 20 and 800
keV
.
Medical diagnosis and material science
Medical diagnosis
Mamography
Gravity force`
Distortion of space-time
The electromagnetic waves
are produced by an electric
charge in movement
Gravitational waves are
produced by masses in
movement….
Antenna Butta la
pasta!
Gravitational waves: an analogy
Gravitational wavesThe gravitational waves have an intensity 1040
times smaller than the electromagnetic one
• Supernova in our Galassia h=10-18
• Supernova in Virgo h=10-21
• Thermal noise @ T=300 K, DL=10-16 m
• Thermal noise @ T=3 K, DL=10-17 m
• Thermal noise @ T=300 mK DL=10-18 m
Search for gravitational waves:
NAUTILUS
Large Hadron Collider
Large Hadron Collider
J. Nielsen 44
Higgs Decay to Photons
Rare decay in SM
LHC detectors have
been optimized to
find this peak!
Ht
t
g
g
All permeating Higgs field
All permeating Higgs field
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 was awarded jointly to
François Englert and Peter W. Higgs "for the theoretical
discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our
understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic
particles, and which recently was confirmed through the
discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the
ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron
Collider“ – Francois Englert, Peter Higgs
Einstein – last black-board
Dark Energy
73%
Dark Matter
23%
“Normal Matter”
4%
Einstein quotes
Try not to become a man of success, but rather try to become a man of value.
There are two ways to live: you can live as if nothing is a miracle; you can live as if everything is a miracle.
NAUTILUS
ATLAS
Auditorium
ADA e ADONE
KLOE
OPERA
DAFNE
Centro di
Calcolo
FISA
BTFDAFNE-L
FINUDA
DEAR
Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati