Introduction to Modern German History 1. What‘s German ... · 4.5 The wars of Louis XIV,...
Transcript of Introduction to Modern German History 1. What‘s German ... · 4.5 The wars of Louis XIV,...
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Introduction to Modern German History
4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
Tobias Winnerling
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Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
4.1 Causes for a Thirty Years‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
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4.1 Causes for a Thirty Years‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
War years in Europe, 1600–1700 (matched
to modern borders)
Almost no year in the 17th
century is free from warAll major European countries are
at warMajor causes:Confessional conflictFrench-Habsburg conflictRuler-Estate-conflicts
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4.1 Causes for a Thirty Years‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
Religious map ofEurope in 1618
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4.1 Causes for a Thirty Years‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
Political map ofEurope in 1618
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4.1 Causes for a Thirty Years‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
Political map of the Holy Roman Empire in 1618
Mind:In 1618 the Holy
Roman Empire still had no borders in a modern sense, only
territories whichbelonged to it more
or less strictly
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4.1 Causes for a Thirty Years‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
The comet of 1618 in Augustin Güntzer‘s
diary, standing overSouthwest Germany
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4.1 Causes for a ThirtyYears‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
In 1618 the estatesof Bohemia deposeEmperor Matthias as King of BohemiaThe lands of the
Bohemian Crown(red) are a majorpower base of thehouse of HabsburgConsequence:
Emperor declareswar on Bohemia
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4.1 Causes for a ThirtyYears‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
The estates ofBohemia choosethe ElectorPalatine (Frederick V) as their kingThe Palatinate
(red) lies on theRhine, potentiallyblocking Spains main troopcorridorFrederick V is
outlawed for high treason, the kingof Spain chosen asexecutor
The two mainroutes of theSpanish Road
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4.1 Causes for a ThirtyYears‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
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4.1 Causes for a ThirtyYears‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second partof the war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
Turning point of thewar: Peace of Prague, 1635Since 1635 almost all
German princes fighton the imperial sideThe war becomes a
war of the Holy Roman Empire against France andSweden („thecrowns“)
Military involvement in the Thirty Years‘ War by party and alliance
(black= imperial, red= crowns)
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4.1 Causes for a ThirtyYears‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second partof the war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
Problems:State infrastructures
are not suited tomanage armies ofThirty Years‘ War sizeBattles, irregular
combat, pillage andplunder lay manyregions waste Parties are equal in
strength, no decisiveengagements
Diagonal ofdestruction,
Southwest toNortheast
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4.1 Causes for a ThirtyYears‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second partof the war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
Effects on society
Weakening of social norms and structures, widespread fatalism
Johannes Lutz’s resume in 1648 is typical:“If many an arrogant fool knowing how to title everyone had seen what I
have, what would he be like then? Honour to God alone/ and besides to none.”
„Wen manch hoffartiger essell, der iteman tittulirn kann, dieses gesehen hette wass ich, wehr woller dan sein.
Gott allein die ehr/Und sunsten niemandts mehr.“
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4.1 Causes for a ThirtyYears‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
Holy Roman Empire after 1648
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4.1 Causes for a ThirtyYears‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
The Peace of Westphalia, 1648
Essentially a compromiseEmperor‘s position remains unchanged,
which in turn strengthens the princesFrance and Sweden gain territories within
the EmpireReligious tolerance: Peace of Augsburg
renewed, this time including Calvinists alsoNetherlands and Switzerland leave the
Empire as independent states
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4.1 Causes for a ThirtyYears‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
Opening of thePerpetual Diet,
Regensburg 1663
Imperial Diet in permanent session in Regensburg since 1663Imperial
Chamber Court reorganised
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4.1 Causes for a ThirtyYears‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
Young Louis XIV, portrayed as riding
into battle
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4.1 Causes for a ThirtyYears‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
Security of the French monarchySecurity of FrancePersonal glory
Aims of Louis XIV
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4.1 Causes for a ThirtyYears‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
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4.1 Causes for a ThirtyYears‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
Emperor Leopold I, portrayed in
harness
Ottoman siege ofVienna fails in 1683Habsburg forces
make large gains in Ottoman Hungary
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4.1 Causes for a ThirtyYears‘ War4.2 The first part ofthe war: 1618–16354.3 The second part ofthe war: 1635–16484.4 The Peace ofWestphalia andreconstruction4.5 The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1688
Introduction to Modern German History: 4. War and Statebuilding: 1618 – 1688
Emperor Leopold I, portrayed in
harness
Further Reading:
Olaf Asbach (ed.): The Ashgate Research Companion to the Thirty Years War, Farnham 2014ULB: 02 his j 569 d 771
Whaley, Joachim: Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Vol. 2: From the Peace of Westphalia to the dissolution of the Reich 1648 – 1806, Oxford 2012 ULB: 02 his n 234 w 552(2)