Introduction to Matter

States of Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

the “stuff” that makes up EVERYTHING in the universe.!You, tables, fruit, books,

plants, tacos…all of it.

All matter is made up of tiny particles called ATOMS (more on this later in the year).

Matter

Matter can take many different forms.

Hardness, texture, shape, temperature, flammability, size, and color are all examples of properties of matter.

Properties of matter can change.

Separate the items in your FTF bin based on ONE property of matter listed above.

Properties of Matter

Let’s look at water, for example…what are forms that water can take?

Properties of Matter Can Change?

Liquid- The most common form of water.Solid- Ice is the solid form of water.Gas- Steam or water vapor if a form of water.

Properties of Matter

Liquid water, ice, and water vapor are all made of exactly the same substance, H2O,

but in different states.

Three Common States of MatterLiquidSolidGas

There is a 4th state of matter – Plasma.

States of Matter

A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume.

In your notebook list 5 solids that you see in this classroom.

Solids

Particles are packed very tightly together.

Each particle is tightly fixed in one position, so solids can’t fit into a smaller space.

Particles in a Solid

Particles movement in a

Solid

Particles vibrate.

crystalline solids – solids arranged in a regular, repeating pattern and are made up of crystals.Salt, sugar, sand, and snow

are examples.amorphous solids - solids

where the particles are not arranged in a regular pattern.Plastics, rubber, and glass are

amorphous solids.

Types of Solids

Types of Solids

A liquid has no shape of its own. It takes on the shape of its container.

Although liquid does not have a shape of its own, it does have a definite volume.

Liquids

Particles in a liquid are packed closely, but they move around one another freely.

Because the particles are free to move, a liquid has no definite shape, but has a definite volume.

Particles in a Liquid

Gases have neither a definite shape or definite volume.

Gases expand and contract to fill the space available to them.

Gases

Gases have particles that ARE NOT close together.

Gas particles fly at high speeds in all directions.

Gas particles move around freely, and spread out evenly.

Particles in Gases

The resistance of a liquid flowing is called Viscosity,

A liquid is also called a fluid, meaning a substance that flows.

Some liquids flow more easily than others.

Viscosity

Liquids with high viscosity flow slowly. honey or molasses.

Liquids with low viscosity flow quickly. water or vinegar.

Viscosity

Plasma is the 4th state of matter which is commonly found throughout the universe.

Stars (like our sun) are made of plasma. Other examples of plasma are lightening and northern lights.

Plasma is an ionized gas. It has NO definite shape and NO definite volume.

Particles freely move past each other.

Plasma

A measure of the kinetic (active or moving) energy in a substance.A measure of how hot or cold a

substance is compared to another substance.

Temperature increases when the particles begin moving faster.

Temperature decreases when particles in a substance slow down.

A thermometer measures temperature.

Temperature

Three scales Fahrenheit (F) – used primarily in the

United States for daily temperature reporting

Celsius (C ) Kelvin (K)

In Chemistry, temperature is measured in Celsius.

To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit apply the following formula: TF = (1.8 x TC) + 32

To convert Fahrenheit s to Celsius apply this formula: TC = (TF – 32)/ 1.8

TemperatureScales

On the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales boiling and freezing are used as reference points.

For FahrenheitBoiling = 212 degreesFreezing = 32 degrees

For CelsiusBoiling = 100 degreesFreezing = 0 degrees

Temperature Boiling and Freezing

Determine the value of each line on the thermometer (usually in increments of 1 degree. Sometimes 2 degrees)

Read at eye level.Read to the closest line. If a temperature

clearly falls between two lines do your best to guess accurately.

Record the temperature in the appropriate scale.

Reading a Thermometer

The Kelvin scale has no negative numbers.

The coldest possible temperature is -273.15 oC. This is known as Absolute Zero.

On the Kelvin scale absolute zero is measured at 0 oK.

On the Kelvin scale boiling is 273oK.

TemperatureKelvin Scale

The Kelvin scale has no negative numbers.

The coldest possible temperature is -273.15 oC. This is known as Absolute Zero.

On the Kelvin scale absolute zero is measured at 0 oK.

On the Kelvin scale boiling is 273oK.

TemperatureKelvin Scale

Particles are always in motion! Even though they are so tiny

and we we can’t see them, they are constantly moving in all states of matter.

Brownian Motion describes how visible particles are seen moving due to invisible molecules bumping into them. Demonstration - We can see

this using food color and water.

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Alters the physical properties of a substance but does not change it into another substance.

Physical Properties – characteristics that can be observed without affecting the identity of a substance. Including:ShapeColorStateMelting PointBoiling PointDensity (a characteristic property)

Physical Change

Focusing today on the vocabulary words and energy changes that happen from a Solid becoming a Gas.

Kinetic Energy is Increasing!

Changing State

What is it called when the ice cube switches from a solid to a liquid state?Melting – Change of state from a solid to a

liquid with the addition of energy.What is happening to the speed of particles

when they go from solid to liquid?What is happening to the arrangement of

particles when they go from solid to liquid?What happened to the heat (kinetic energy)?

Demo 1 - Ice

MeltingPhase change from a

solid to a liquid

Molecules speed up, move farther apart, and absorb heat energy

Demo 2 – Water in a Tea PotWhat is it called when the water switches

from a liquid to a vapor state?Boiling – the conversion of a liquid to a

gas. Happens throughout the entire liquid.What is happening to the speed of particles

when they go from liquid to gas?What is happening to the arrangement of

particles when they go from liquid to gas?What happened to the heat (kinetic energy)?

Vaporization (Boiling)Phase change from a

liquid to gas. It occurs at the boiling point of matter.

Molecules speed up, move farther apart, and absorb heat energy.

Demo 3 – Drying Water from HandWhat is it called when the water switches

from a liquid to a gas state ONLY ON THE SURFACE?Evaporation – The change from a liquid to

a gas (from a liquids surface).What is happening to the speed of particles

when they go from liquid to gas?What is happening to the arrangement of

particles when they go from liquid to gas?What happened to the heat (kinetic energy)?

EvaporationPhase change from a

liquid to a gas on the surface of a liquid (occurs at all temperatures).

Molecules speed up, move farther apart, and absorb heat energy.

Demo 4 – Smoke ScreenWhat is it called when a solid changes

directly to a gas (skipping the liquid phase)?Sublimation – The process by which a solid

directly changes into a gas. (ex. dry ice)What is happening to the speed of particles

when they go from solid to gas?What is happening to the arrangement of

particles when they go from solid to gas?What happened to the heat (kinetic energy)?

SublimationPhase change from a

solid to a gas.

Molecules speed up, move farther apart, and absorb heat energy.

Demo 5 – Water Drops on CupWhat is it called when liquid forms from a

gas?Condensation – The change of state from a

gas to a liquid.What is happening to the speed of particles

when they go from gas to liquid?What is happening to the arrangement of

particles when they go from gas to liquid?What happened to the heat (kinetic energy)?

CondensationPhase change from a

gas to a liquid.

Molecule slow down, move closer together and release heat energy.

Demo 6 – Frozen GlassWhat is it called when the solids form directly

from a liquid state?Freezing – The change of state from a

liquid to a solidWhat is happening to the speed of particles

when they go from liquid to solid?What is happening to the arrangement of

particles when they go from liquid to solid?What happened to the heat (kinetic energy)?

FreezingPhase Change from a

liquid to a solid

Molecule slow down, move closer together and release heat energy.

Demo 7 – Deposition (Add this to your vocab list!)What is it called when the solids form directly

from a gas state?Deposition – The change of state from a

gas directly to a solid (opposite of sublimation)

What is happening to the speed of particles when they go from gas to a solid

What is happening to the arrangement of particles when they go from gas to solid?

What happened to the heat (kinetic energy)?

Pre-lab Questions

1. What do you think will happen to the temperature of the ice when it begins to melt?

2. What do you think will happen to the temperature of the water when it begins to boil?

Phase Change Graphing Exercise

Graphing a Phase Change

Graphing a Phase ChangeWhy is there no change in temperature during a phase

change?

Define melting and boiling points.

What is the melting point and boiling point of water?

At what temperature does water freeze and become a solid?

Freezing ( Liquid to Solid)

Melting (Solid to Liquid)

Condensation (Gas to Liquid)

Vaporization (evaporation & boiling)Liquid to Gas

Deposition (Gas to Solid)

Sublimation (Solid to Gas)

FRONT SIDE – States of Matter Divide into 3 sections (solid, liquid, gas) For each section:

Draw the particles in each Describe the motion and arrangement Discuss volume and shape

BACK SIDE – Phase Changes Divide plain piece of paper into 8 sections Each section will include

1 vocab word (melting, freezing, deposition, sublimation, vaporization (boiling), vaporization (evaporation), condensation)

Definition for the word Drawing depicting the word Explanation of change in thermal energy (8th section is used for name and title)

Example: MeltingThe change in state from a solid to a liquidThermal energy is added.

States of Matter & Phase ChangeStudy Guide Poster Make it colorful and

I will accept it for extra credit (must be handed in before the

quiz!)

Phase ChangeIs a change from one state

of matter (solid, liquid, gas) to another.

Phase changes are physical changes because:

- It only affects physical appearance, not

chemical make-up.

- Reversible

During a phase change?

During a phase change, heat energy is either absorbed or released.

Heat energy is released as molecules slow down and move closer together.

Heat energy is absorbed as molecules speed up and expand.

Melting & Boiling PointsMelting Point: The temperature at which a

solid changes into a liquid.

Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas.

What is a Freezing point? Compare the freezing and melting points of water.

Summary