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CHP 9: Foundations of Individual Behavior

Learning outcomes:

  Understand the “Iceberg” metaphor to describe the field of OB.

  Identify the focus and goals of OB. 

 

Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.  Describe different personality theories.

  Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

  Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behaviour. 

What Is Organizational Behavior (OB)?

OB : The study of the actions of people at work.

  Focuses on 3 major areas:

•  Individual behavior  

 –  

 Attitudes, personality, perception, learning and motivation 

•  Group behavior  

 –   Norms, roles, team building, leadership, conflict  

•  Organizational aspects 

 –   structure, culture, HR policies and practices 

Goals of OB:

To explain, predict and influence behavior

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Main behaviors of concern:

Employee Productivity: A performance measure of both work efficiency and effectiveness.

 Absenteeism:The failure to show up for work.

Turnover:Voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization.

Organizational Citizenship Behavior:Discretionary behavior that’s not part of an employee’s formal job requirements, but which promotes

effective functioning of an organization.

 Job Satisfaction: An employee’s general attitude toward his or her job

Workplace Misbehavior: Any intentional employee behavior that is potentially harmful to the organization or individuals

within the organization.

3 Components of Attitude (CAB)

Cognitive (C): Made up of the beliefs, opinions, knowledge, and information held by a person.

 Affective (A): The emotional or feeling part of an attitude.

Behavioral (B): An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something.

What Attitudes Might Employees Hold?

 Job Involvement

The degree to which an employee identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and

considers his or her job performance important for self-worth.

Organizational Commitment

 An employee’s ori entation toward the organization in terms of his or her loyalty to, identification

with, and involvement in the organization.

Employee EngagementWhen employees are connected to, satisfied with, and enthusiastic about their jobs.

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Personality

 A unique combination of emotional, thought, and behavioral patterns that affect how a person reacts

to situations and interacts with others.

Personality type:

-  Affects how and why people behave the way they do.

-  Influence the way people interact and solve problems.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

 A personality assessment that uses 4 dichotomies (dimensions) of personality  to identify 16 different

 personality types based on the responses to an app.100-item questionnaire.

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The Big Five Model of Personality

 A personality trait model that examines 5 traits:

1.  Extraversion: The degree to which someone is sociable, talkative and assertive.

2. 

 Agreeableness: The degree to which someone is good natured-cooperative and trusting.

3.  Conscientiousness: The degree to which someone is responsible, dependable, persistent and

achievement oriented.

4. Emotional stability: The degree to which someone is calm, enthusiastic and secure (positive )

OR tense, nervous, depressed and insecure (negative).

5. Openness to experience: The degree to which someone is imaginative, artistically, sensitive

and intellectual.

Perception A process by which we give meaning to our environment by organizing and interpreting sensory

impressions.

Perception shortcuts:

  Selective Perception 

◦ The tendency for people to only absorb parts of what they observe, allowing them to “speed

read” others. 

   Assumed Similarity (similar to me error) 

◦  An observer’s perception of others is influenced more by the observer’s own characteristics than

by those of the person observed.

  Stereotyping

◦ When we judge someone on the basis of our perception of a group he or she is part of.

  Halo Effect: 

◦ 

When we form a general impression of a person on the basis of a single characteristic.

Learning Theory and Behavior

To explain, predict and influence behavior, we need to understand how people learn.

Operant Conditioning

   A theory of learning that says behavior is a function of its consequences.

  The tendency to repeat learned behavior is influenced by reinforcement or lack of

reinforcement that happens as a result of the behavior.

Social Learning Theory

 A theory of learning that says people can learn through observation and direct experience.