Introduction to Linux
-
Upload
harish-r -
Category
Engineering
-
view
96 -
download
4
Transcript of Introduction to Linux
![Page 1: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LINUX PROGRAMMING AND ADMINISTRATION
PRESENTED BY
HARISH.R
![Page 2: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION TO UNIX AND LINUX
FILES AND DIRECTORIES IN LINUX
INSTALLATION IN LINUX
BASIC COMMANDS
USER AND GROUP ADMINISTRATION
LILO
![Page 3: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
UNIX
![Page 4: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
HISTORY OF UNIX
MULTICS
UNICS
UNIX
Started in 1965 by AT & T, GE MIT
Created by Ken Thompson in 1969
Written in 100% C Language and released in 1973
![Page 5: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
UNIX
Commercial products
1. SunOS, Solaris
2. HP-UX
3. AIX
4. SCO UNIX
![Page 6: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What is GNU / UNIX
A free Unix-type operating system developed under the
GNU General Public License.
Open source
Popular
Support most of the platforms available
![Page 7: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
General Characteristics of UNIX
Multi-user & Multi-tasking
Over 30 Years Old.
Large Number of Applications
![Page 8: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
FLAVOURS OF UNIX
These can be grouped into two categories: Open Source and Proprietary
Proprietary: (redistribution and modification prohibited or restricted; not free)
Solaris
IRIX
Mac OS X
Open Source: (source code is readily available and free to modify)
RedHat
Debian
SuSE
Slackware
![Page 9: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
History of LINUX
In Sept 1991, Linus Torvalds, a second year student of
Computer Science at the University of Helsinki, developed the
preliminary kernel of Linux, known as Linux version 0.0.1
![Page 10: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
CHARACTERISTICS OF LINUX
is a Unix-like computer operating system
Predominantly known for its use in servers.
supported by corporations such as Dell, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Novell, Oracle
Corporation, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems
![Page 11: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
USED AS AN OPERATING SYSTEM
Computer hardware
desktop computers
supercomputers
Video game players
PlayStation 2
PlayStation 3
Several Arcade Games
Embedded devices
Mobile Phones
Routers
Wristwatches
Stage lighting systems
![Page 12: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Where might you find Linux?
![Page 13: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
LINUX DISTRIBUTION
Red Hat Linux
Open Linux
Debian GNU/Linux
SuSE Linux
Mandrake Linux
Slackware
![Page 14: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
LINUX DISTRIBUTION
![Page 15: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Features of Linux
OPEN SOURCE: Free Software along with source code and Documentation.
MULTITASKING: Capable of running multiple application and process at the same time.
MULTIPLE-USER: Allow Multiple user to login and use the resources at same time.
PORTABILITY : Can be installed on all hardware architecture.
![Page 16: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Features of Linux
SCALABILITY : Same Operating Systems can be used on a desktop to a Super Computer.
RELIABILITY : Large Server have been successfully being running without a single second of down time.
![Page 17: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
USER INTERFACE
Linux can be controlled by
text-based command line interface (CLI)
graphical user interface (GUI) (usually the default for desktop)
through controls on the device itself (common on embedded machines)
On desktop machines, KDE, GNOME and Xfce are the most popular user interfaces
![Page 18: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
File system hierarchy standard (fhs)
/
bootroot bin
optdevusrsbinhom
e
mediaetcvar
![Page 19: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
LINUX INSTALLATION
![Page 20: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
WHAT IS A PARTITION
A partition is a means of dividing your hard disk into multiple sections,
each of which is treated as a separate disk by your operating system.
This allows you to be able to boot different operating systems from the
same disk, for example, Linux and Windows.
Partitions cannot be moved or resized without destroying the data on
them.
![Page 21: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
WHAT IS A FILE SYSTEM
File systems can be considered as being the directory
structures on a disk partition that contains all the files.
Most Windows users would be familiar with the analogous
terms "folders" and "subfolders", whereas Linux users would be
familiar with the terms "directories" and "sub-directories".
![Page 22: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
/boot partition
The /boot partition contains the Linux kernel which is the "master
control program", not only for controlling the boot process, but also
the normal functioning of Linux.
Redhat Linux creates this partition automatically. This reduces the
need to reformat the "root" partition if it becomes corrupted.
![Page 23: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SWAP PARTITION
Used as a location to place data temporarily if RAM memory becomes full.
Red Hat automatically creates this partition and usually makes it about
twice the amount of system RAM.
To create swap partition
]#fdisk /dev/partition name
N=new
L=logical
![Page 24: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
SWAP PARTITION
Format swap
]#mkswap /dev/partition name and ID
To on the swap
]#swapon /dev/partition name and ID
![Page 25: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
PROCESSOR MINIMUM RECOMMENDED
RAMTEXT 96 MB 256 MB
GUI 128 MB 512 MB
HARD DISK
TEXT 1 GB As per requirement
GUI 3 GB As per requirement
![Page 26: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
RECOMMENDED PARTITIONS
Partitions Size
/boot 100 MB
/ 3000 MB
/usr 6000 MB
/var 2000 MB
/home 2000 MB
swap Twice the RAM ( Minimum 4 GB )
![Page 27: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Red hat installation
![Page 28: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
DUAL BOOT UBUNTU INSTALLATION
![Page 36: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
BASIC COMMANDS IN LINUX
![Page 41: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Print working directory
Print the name of the current working directory
[root@comp~]# pwd
![Page 42: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
List of files and directories
Options:
-l Long list including attributes
-a All files and directories including hidden.
-d For a particular file or directory.
-R Recursive to see the tree.
To see the list of files and folders
[root@comp~]# ls <options> <arguments>
![Page 43: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Creation of files
Files can be created by using any of the three methods given below:
Cat command
Touch command
Vi editor
![Page 44: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Cat (concatenation command)
To create a file
[root@comp~]# cat > <filename>
To view the contents of the file
[root@comp~]# cat <filename>
![Page 45: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Touch command
To create a zero byte file
[root@comp~]# touch <filename>
To create a multiple zero byte file
[root@comp~]# touch <first file> <second file> <third file>
![Page 46: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Vi editor
To create a file
[root@comp~]# vi <filename>
![Page 47: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Creating a directories
To create multiple directories
[root@comp~]# mkdir <first dir> <second dir> <third dir>
To create a directory
[root@comp~]# mkdir <file name>
![Page 48: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Copying
Options:
-r Recursive
-v Verbose
-p Copy with permissions
To copying a file or directory
[root@comp~]# cp <options> <source file> <destination file>
![Page 49: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Moving and renaming
To move a file or directory to a different locations
[root@comp~]# mkdir <source file or directory> <destination>
Rename a file or directory
[root@comp~]# mv <old name> <new name>
![Page 50: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Deleting
Options
-r Recursive
-f forcefully
To remove or delete an empty directory
[root@comp~]# rmdir <dir name>
To remove or delete a file or directory
[root@comp~]# rm <options> <file or dir name>
![Page 51: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Other commands
To see the date
[root@comp~]# date
To see the calender
[root@comp~]# cal
![Page 52: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Vi EDITORS
![Page 53: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Editors
Editors are used for adding, modifying and / or deleting text.
The different editors used
• Windows :notepad
• LINUX / UNIX zx
1.CLI Based : EX, ED, VI
2.GUI based : Emacs, Gedit, nedit, nano, pico
![Page 54: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Vi Editors
Vi editors is a screen oriented text editors written by Bill joy in 1976.
This is the most commonly used editor for editing files in Linux.
![Page 55: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Vi editor modes
Vi editors has three modes of operations
Command modeInsert modeEx mode
![Page 56: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Insert mode
i - Inserts the text at the current cursor position.
I - Inserts the text in beginning of line.
a - Adds the text after the current cursor position.
A - Adds the text at the end of the line.
o - Insert the text one line below current cursor point.
O - Insert the text one line above current cursor point.
![Page 57: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Command mode
dd - Deletes a line. ndd - Deletes ‘n’ lines. yy - Copies a lines. nyy - Copies ‘n’ lines. p - Put (Paste the deleted or
copied text). u - Undo (you can undo 1000 times)
![Page 58: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Ex mode
:q - Quit without saving. :w - Write(save). :wq - Save and quit. :se nu - Set line numbers. :se nonu - Remove line numbers. :88 - This cursor goes to line
84.
![Page 59: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
USER ADMINISTRATION
![Page 60: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Users
In computing, a user is a person who uses a computer or internet service.
A user will have a user account that identifies the user by a user name.
To logon a system, a user is required to authenticate himself with a password for the purposes of accounting, security, logging.
![Page 61: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Users
Red hat Linux uses a User private group scheme
When a user is created a group with the same as the user name is also created.
This becomes the primary group.
A user can have only primary group.
![Page 62: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Users
When a user is created in UNIX and LINUX, the following are also created by default.
Home directory /home/[username]
Mail account /var/spool/mail/[username]
Unique user identifier (UID) and the Group Identifier (GID).
![Page 63: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Creating a user
Adding a user
[root@comp~]# useradd <username>
Or
[root@comp~]# useradd <options> <arguments> <username>
![Page 64: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Options for creating user
Options:
-u UID
-c Comment
-g Primary group name
-G Secondary group name
-d Home directory
![Page 65: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
User password
Creating or changing a user password
[root@comp~]# passwd <username>
![Page 66: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Modifying a user
Options:
-l Change the login name.
-L Lock the account.
-U Unlock the account.
Modifying user properties
[root@comp~]# usermod <options> <arguments> <username>
![Page 67: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Deleting a user
Options:
-r Recursively
Deleting a user
[root@comp~]# userdel <options> <arguments> <username>
![Page 68: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
GROUP ADMINISTRATION
![Page 69: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Group
Group is a collection of user to whom the same permission are to be applied.
There are two types of groups
1. Primary
2. Secondary
![Page 70: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Creating a group
Options:
1. -g GID
Creating a group
[root@comp~]# groupadd <group name>
Or
[root@comp~]# groupadd <options> <arguments> <group name>
![Page 71: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Modifying a group
Options:
-g GID
-n Group Name
Modifying a group
[root@comp~]# groupmod <options> <arguments> <group name>
![Page 72: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Deleting a group
Deleting a group
[root@comp~]# groupdel <options> <arguments> <username>
![Page 73: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
ACCESS PERMISSIONS
![Page 74: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Access Permissions
There are three defined categories of users.
The categories are:
owner — The owner of the file or application.
others — All users with access to the system.
group — The group that owns the file or application.
![Page 75: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Access permissions
There are three permissions for any file, directory or application program.
The following lists the symbols used to denote each, along with a brief description:
r — Indicates that a given category of user can read a file.
w — Indicates that a given category of user can write to a file.
x — Indicates that a given category of user can execute the file.
![Page 76: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
LILO
![Page 77: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Introduction to LILO
LILO or Linux Loader is a boot loader for Linux.
A boot loader is a small program that exists in the system and loads the operating
system into the system’s memory when the system boots.
Boot loader also starts the operating system.
![Page 78: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
LILO
LILO is a flexible boot loader for Linux, which is independent of a file system.
LILO loads itself into the computer’s memory in two stages
Stage1 – This stage, also known as primary boot loader is read into
memory by the BIOS from the master boot record
Stage 2 - This stage, also known as secondary boot loader is read into memory and it displays the Red Hat Linux initial screen
![Page 79: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Configuring LILO
To install LILO, it is necessary to know the location of /boot partition.
It is also necessary to know the location of other installed operating systems
LILO can be installed for the first time using a shell script named QuickInst
LILO can be uninstalled using the lilo –u command
![Page 80: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
NETWORK FILE SYSTEM (NFS)
A network file system is any computer file system that support sharing of files over a computer network..
It is a centralized file storage system.
The client cannot differentiate whether the file is stored locally or remotely.
![Page 81: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
NETWORK FILE SYSTEM (NFS)
The Nfs Environment Contains The Following Components:
Nfs Server
- A System That Contains The File Resources To Be Shared With Other System Over The Network.
Nfs Cilent
- A System That Mounts The File Resources Shared Over The Network And Presents The File Resources As If They Were Local
![Page 82: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
DISK QUOTAS
Quotas are used to restrict the amount of hard disk spaces occupied by a user.
![Page 83: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
BACKUP
Backup is copy of data on a computer system.
,
Backup Levels
1. Level 0
2. Level 1
3. Level 2
![Page 85: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Software tools in LINUX
Office Productivity suites
1. Applix ware
2. Star office
3. Corel office
Graphical tools
GIMP
![Page 86: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
File Transfer Protocol
File transfer protocol (FTP) is one of the oldest member of the TCP/IP protocol stack and is still in common use.
As the name suggests, it is optimized for transferring files.
![Page 87: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
FTP Server for LINUX
vsFTP Very Secure FTP Daemon
WU-FTP Washington University’s (St. Louis)
Proftpd Professional FTP Daemon
![Page 88: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
FTP Commands
ls
cd
put
mput
get
mget
bye
![Page 89: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LINUX AND MICROSOFT
LINUX
Cost: Open Source, freely downloaded from Internet.
Usage: installed on a wide variety of computer hardware, ranging from mobile phones, tablet computers and video game consoles, to mainframes and supercomputers.
MICROSOFT
Cost: Windows can be expensive. Cost around $50 to $ 450 depending on the version of Windows.
Usage: On PC's desktops, laptops, servers and some phones.
![Page 90: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
File System: Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, ReiserFS, Xfs, Btrfs, FAT, FAT32, NTFS
Developer/Company : Linus Torvalds
License: GNU/Free
Security: Linux has had about 60-100 viruses listed till date. None of them actively spreading nowadays.
Examples: Redhat, Ubuntu, Fedora, Boss, Debian, Mint
File System: FAT, FAT32, NTFS, exFAT
Developer/Company: Microsoft
License: Proprietary
Security: There have been more than 60,000 viruses in Windows. Anti Virus cost about $20 to $400.
Examples: Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8/8.1,
![Page 91: Introduction to Linux](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062420/55b39ca4bb61eb903d8b4816/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Thank you