Introduction to International Space Law12

8/6/2019 Introduction to International Space Law12

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Introduction to International Space Lawwww.mansat.org

Introduction to

International Space Law

Week Nine (9)

ITU & Geostationary Orbitswww.mansat.org


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International Telecommunications Union: ITU

Based in Geneva

Oldest UN Body

Predates the UN and League of Nations

On 17 May 1865, after two and a half months of arduous

negotiation, the first International Telegraph Convention was

signed in Paris by the 20 founding members, and the

International Telegraph Union (ITU) was created source:

ITU.


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ITU Organization

Secretary General

Council

25% of all Member States (Currently 46 Members of Council)

1989, ITU streamlined into three Sectors:

Telecommunication Standardization (ITU-T)

Radiocommunication (ITU-R) Telecommunication Development (ITU-D).


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ITU-R

ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R)

Radiocommunication Sector charged with

determining the technical characteristics and operationalprocedures for a range of wireless services. The Sector also

plays a role in the management of the radio-frequency

spectrum, a finite natural resource which is increasingly in

demand due to the rapid development of new radio-based

services and the enormous popularity of mobile

communications technologies.


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ITU-R II

Wireless Communications Systems

cellular and cordless phones

radio-based fleet management systems

radio and television broadcasting

next-generation Web-ready personal digital assistants

Satellite Telecommunications & Broadcast

navigation and global positioning systems, environmental

monitoring and deep space research.


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ITU-R III

Role as global spectrum coordinator

Radio Regulations,

set of rules which serve as a binding international treaty governing

the use of the radio spectrum by some 40 different services around

the world.

Also acts, through its Bureau, as central registrar of

international frequency use, recording and maintaining the

Master International Frequency Register which currentlyincludes around 1,265,000 terrestrial frequency assignments,

325,000 assignments servicing 1,400 satellite networks, and

another 4,265 assignments related to satellite earth stations.


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ITU Activities

World Radio Conferences

Regional Plenipotentiary Meetings

Orbital Filing

Coordination of Landing Rights


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ITU & Geostationary Orbit

Allocates all Geostationary Orbital Positions on a

First Come, First Served Basis

Only to Nation States The Province of All Mankind

Rules of Coordination established through Radio

Regulations

In effect, ITU Controls All Orbital Space Around

Earth via Radio Frequencies


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Geostationary Orbit

Basis for $100 Billion industry in 2001

Geostationary orbits comprise the largest single segment of the

space-based telecommunications industry.

From an altitude of 22,300 miles, the foot print of ageostationary satellite is able to cover one third of the globe.

Three such satellites positioned around the equator can cover

the globe reaching over 98% of the worlds population.


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Orbital Revenue Cycle


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Key Role of Geo

No Geostationary Orbital Position, No Satellite

BusinessNo Services from Space

No Geostationary Orbital Position, No Financing

from Banks

No Financing from Banks, No Purchase of Satellite,

Launch Vehicle

Geostationary Orbital Position Comes Before AllElse even determines market

Allocated Position and Frequencies & Landing Rights


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Norad Geo Belt


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Uses of Geostationary Orbits

Geostationary orbits are primarily used for two functions:

Weather monitoring

Telecommunications & Broadcasting

Commercial growth is focused on:

DTH TV (Direct To Home: Sky TV)

Phone, Fax, Video, Data services

Mobile Communications

VSAT & USAT

Digital Radio


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How To File for a Geo Position

Only Allocated to National Governments

Go to National Government

Request Orbital Position (s)

US Companies (Non Governmental Entities) work through FCC

UK through UK Radiocommunications Agency

Prepare ITU Paperwork

API, APS4

File & Coordinate

First Come, First Served = Priority!


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Issues

Fair Allocation of Geostationary Orbits

Developed vs. Developing Nations

World Radio Conferences & Teledesic

Paper Satellites

Landing Rights

Open Skies - GATT & WTO - EU & CEPT

Export Control


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Paper Satellites

First Come First Served

No Limit of Number of Filings

Everybody Filed Just In Case

Swamped System for Legitimate Users

Developing Nations Refusing to Coordinate with

Real Filings in System.


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Tonga & TongaSat

Dr. Matt Nilson created Tongasat, as an Agent of

and in partnership with the Tongan Government,

specifically to apply to the ITU for a variety of

geostationary positions and frequencies over the

Pacific Ocean.

Tongasat was the first to utilize such satellite

positions and frequencies for commercial use.

Filed for 30 Positions and tried to find customers for

them.

Started great Land Grab in Space

StartedProblem ofPaper Satellites


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Luxembourg & SES Astra

Europes first commercial satellite company.

Partner with, and Agent of, the Luxembourg

Government.

SES Astra applied for geostationary positions with

unregulated frequencies for direct commercial

television broadcast over Europe.

Demonstrated Value of Unregulated Frequencies Added to Land Grab started by Tonga

Increased Problem of Paper Satellites


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ManSat & Isle of Man

First Commercial Company in World to Have Filing Rights at

ITU

Through sole and exclusive agreement, ManSat Limited is

assisting the Isle of Man Government in the preparation of its

orbital filings to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)for all Earth orbits and associated radio frequencies with special

focus on geostationary orbit

Taking Different Approach to Bypassing Issue of Paper

Satellites Only Filing For Real Systems.

Introduction to International Space Law12

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