Introduction to Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
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Transcript of Introduction to Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Introduction to Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Key points of IPM• Integration
– Harmonious use of multiple methods to control single pests or pest complexes
• Pest– An organism detrimental to humans,
including: invertebrates, vertebrates, weeds, and pathogens
• Management– Decisions based on ecological principles and
economic and social considerations
Key points of IPM
• IPM is a multidisciplinary endeavor• Agronomy (crop and soil science)• Entomology (insects: pests and beneficial)• Plant pathology (plant diseases)• Economics (decision-making)• Agricultural Engineering (machinery, grain
handling, etc.)• Climatology (weather trends and effects)
History
• ~2500 BC: The element sulfur was found to help control mite and insect populations
• ~1500 AD to present: some plants found to generate insecticidal—and more recently—herbicidal compounds– Pyrethrum (pyrethrin - insecticidal)– The Neem tree (NEEM - insecticidal) – Bottlebrush plant, Callistemon sp. (herbicide
Callisto)
History
• Late 1800s: inorganic compounds used for insect and fungal organism control, including:– Paris green (copper acetoarsenate)– Bordeaux mix (copper sulfate and hydrated lime) – Lead arsenate– Creosote (coal tar derivative)– Sodium hypochlorite solutions (bleach)
• 1939 (dawn of the modern insecticide era): DDT recognized as an effective insect control
• Late 1940s (post WWII): the advent of “chemical” pesticides including 2,4-D
• 1948 Warfarin™ registered as a rodenticide (and later -in the early 1950s- as an anticoagulant in human medicine)
History
History
• 1962: Silent Spring published•
• 1967: the term “IPM” first used
• 1970: the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was founded
• 1979: the Iowa State University IPM program began
• 1993: call for 75% of U.S. crop acreage grown under IPM principles (by 2000)
History
• 1996: Roundup-ready® soybeans introduced in the U.S. By 2005, 87% of commercial U.S. soybean acres were Roundup-ready® varieties
• In 1998 Roundup-ready® corn introduced in the U.S.
• 2000s: U.S. farmers now apply over 1.2 billion pounds of pesticides annually
• Today: with increasing knowledge of pests, crops, and improving technologies, field-specific management is possible
History
IPM
1. What is “normal?”- Is it really a problem?
2. What is the problem?• Proper identification
is critical; that is why it is the first step.
IPM
3. How and what does the pest attack?• Only the plant of interest affected?• Parts of plant affected?• Patterns in field?
4. How many pests are there? • Is it too early or too late to
control? • Management must be at the
correct time to maximize effectiveness.
IPM
5. Determine an action threshold • How many pests are too many? • Economic, health, and aesthetic threshold
Daylily plants with aphids
6. Choose appropriate management tactics• For many pests, there are several management
options to consider.
7. Review your work: Was the management
effective? • Did actions do what you wanted? • Was the method itself satisfactory? • Were there any unintended side effects?• What will be done in the future for this pest
situation?
IPM
Three important components
• Economic injury level– Lowest population density that will cause
economic damage• Economic threshold
– Population size large enough to trigger an action to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the economic injury level
• General equilibrium position– Average density of a population over time
Costs vs. Benefits of a Practice
Costs • Product cost• Fuel • Labor• Marketing options• May increase crop
damage from secondary pests
Spider mite damage to soybean
Costs vs. Benefits of a Practice
Costs • Product cost• Fuel • Labor• Marketing options• Predisposition to
secondary pests
Benefits• Yield (economic)• Quality (economic)• Appearance (aesthetics)• Human/livestock health• Legal issues• Acceptance of resultant
commodity by end users• Ease of mind
What has changed in agriculture?
• Fewer farm operators, yet the same acreage• Fewer ag retailers, yet the same acreage• Increased decision-making by someone other
than the grower or pesticide applicator• Rapidly emerging crop alternatives and
demands (biofuels, special-purpose crops)• Increased community and regulatory pressure• Increased options (products/formulations)• Greater concern about product availability
and future costs
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Agricultural Farm Operators#
of fa
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pera
tors
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3801
97
5
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Average Farm Size#
of a
cres
Scouting Fields
Overview
1. Do your homework
2. Basics of scouting
3. Help! I still don’t know
Know what “healthy” looks like
• What does a normal plant look like?– Above ground– Below ground– On the inside
• A sick plant is less productive and often gives indicators (e.g., color or growth) called “symptoms.”
• If you know what a healthy plant looks like, you can recognize when there is a problem.
Know common problems
Know common problems
Know common problems THIS year
• Keep up on the news– Local agribusiness– Internet– Print media– Word of mouth
V6 VTV12
Anthracnose leaf blight
Gray leaf spot (GLS)
Common rust
EyespotSeedling blights
R2VT R4 R6
Anthracnose top dieback
Stalk rots;Ear rots
GLS; Common rust; Northern corn leaf blight
Timeline for common corn diseases
Corn growth stage:
Know common problems for each time of year
Basics of scouting
• Accurately estimate crop plant health, stand, growth stage and populations of any pests present
• Pest identification and/or diagnosis of the cause of crop injury
• Gather equipment • Contact grower
Let them know when you are coming Ask if there are any special instructions Spend time with them
• Collect information about the field/season – learn the field history
First steps of scouting
Map fields• Aerial photographs• Map from plat book or Google™ Maps
Collect information
Collect information
Map fields• Soil map (printed soil survey or download)
Collect information
Consider recent weather• Environmental stresses may damage soybean
and corn directly or make them more susceptible to some diseases.
Collect background information for the field
• Previous crops, adjacent crop and non-crop areas• Chemicals used on or near the crop including
herbicides, fertilizers, fungicides and insecticides; indicate when applied, how applied, rate of application, weather conditions during and following application
• Planting date, depth, and seedbed conditions• Hybrid/variety information, including disease
resistance• Current soil test information (e.g., soil fertility, pH)• Soil moisture and compaction
Collect information
1. Look at the BIG picture (field level)
2. Look at the little picture (plant level)
3. Record information
Basics of scouting
i. Is the problem scattered randomly through the field or occurring in a pattern?
ii. Is the problem more prevalent along a fence, field edge, entrance of a field or along a waterway?
iii. Is the problem in the affected area more severe in certain soil types, low areas or on exposed slopes?
iv. Does the pattern correspond to tillage, planting, spraying, harvesting or other field activities?
LOOK FOR PATTERNS
1. Look at the BIG picture (field)
Random Aggregated
Look for patterns
T. Allen, Miss. St.
Slope
Look for patterns
AggregatedAggregated
© Marlin E. Rice
Look for patterns
RepeatedEquipment can often cause patterns that are repeated across fields.
For example, spray overlap every time the booms overlapped, compacted areas every "x" rows from combine tires the prior fall, etc..
Scouting patterns
Transect Zig-zag Diamond
Check individual plants for symptoms and signs
i. Compare damaged plants with healthy plants.
ii. Check the entire plant and environment around it, including leaves, stems, roots, internal tissues, soil, pests not directly on plant, competition, etc.
iii. A small hand lens, a pocket knife, a trowel, a shovel and the field guides are valuable tools.
2. Look at the little picture (plant)
Check individual plants
Look at more than one plant
Aim to assess a minimum of 50-100 plants
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i. Check the prevalence and severity of the problem.• How often does the problem show up?• How damaging is the problem?
3. Record information
Assessment methods
• Incidence = % plants diseased
• Severity = % tissue diseased
Foliar disease severity (%)
1 % 2 %
5 % 10 %
Gray leaf spot
Stalk disease severity value