Introduction to Information Organization
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Transcript of Introduction to Information Organization
Introduction to Introduction to Information OrganizationInformation Organization
A bibliographic record typically A bibliographic record typically provides:provides:
A description of the item
1. Title, edition, publication data, physical description, series
and notes
2. Access points in the form of headings for main and added
entries and headings for subjects
3. Call numbers
Bibliographic description is based on an internationally agreed standard (ISBD)
Bibliographic RecordBibliographic Record
The description of an item of
recorded information, which
includes all the data necessary
to uniquely identify it, together
with access points. For records
entered into an online catalog,
the MARC format is generally
used.
Every element of the bibliographic record supports the user tasks of the catalog
The Bib Record used for:The Bib Record used for:
• Find
• Identify
• Select
• Acquire
• Navigate
Description and AccessDescription and Access
Access Points(Used to identify and collocate an item)
• Uncontrolled• Title proper• Place of publication• Year
• Controlled• Names
• Personal• Corporate• Conference• Geographic
• Uniform titles• Topical terms
Bibliographic Description
(Used to uniquely identify an item)
1. Title and statement of
responsibility
2. Edition
3. Material of physical medium
4. Publication and
manufacturing
5. Physical description
6. Series
7. Notes of useful information
8. Standard numbers
What is MARC ?What is MARC ?
A MARC is a MAchine Readable Cataloguing.
It means that a computer can read and interpret the data of a
cataloguing record.
It is a standard used for the exchange of bibliographic
information among computerized information institutions
systems.
Why is it Necessary ?Why is it Necessary ?
The purpose of MARC is to provide a standard format for the
global exchange of bibliographic information available in
machine readable format in the information institutions
worldwide.
History of MARCHistory of MARCLibrary of Congress, Washington, DC was the first to produce
MARC records in October 1966.
The British Library, UK in 1969 started with the UKMARC.
Similar initiatives were taken up by the national Libraries of
France, Germany, Canada and Australia and they devised
separate MARC formats.
According to a survey report conducted by IFLA in 1990,
there were 60 countries worldwide using bibliographic
formats based on MARC e.g. CANMARC (Canada),
AUSMARC (Australia), UKMARC (Great Britain),
INTERMARC (France), etc.
MARC 21MARC 21
MARC 21 is the new name of the harmonized CANMARC
and USMARC formats.
The National Library of Canada and Library of Congress
worked together to formulate a common harmonized format
and reconcile the format differences.
FAMILIAR TERMSFAMILIAR TERMS
1. Fields
2. Subfields
3. Indicators
4. Content Designators
A Field :
The bibliographic data of a catalogued item has been divided
logically into fields.
We have a field for an author, a field for the title, a field for
the publication, etc.
These fields are further subdivided into subfields which
contains the related piece of data of the field.
There is a need to use the nemonics for a particular field,
since the textual names of the fields are too long to be
reproduced in the MARC Record.
These respective fields are represented by a 3 digit code called
“tags” which are unique. No two fields can have the same tag
code.
A tag is always a 3 digit code, example:
tag 100 represents a personal name main entry
tag 020 represents ISBN field.
A Subfield :
A Field is subdivided into subfields. Each type of data
within the field is called a subfield and each subfield is preceded
by a subfield code.
The subfield code is essential as it allows the better
identification and not arrangement. The order of the subfield is
specified by content standards , for example cataloguing rules.
The subfield codes are one lower-case letter preceded by a
delimiter and defined independently of each field. The delimiter
as the name indicates, “delimits” one data element form
another.
The different subfield delimiters that are being used are : @,
#, $ etc.
For example the field 300 in the MARC format includes:
$a for the extent
$b for other physical details
$c for dimension.
Here a, b, c are the subfield codes and $ is the delimiter which is
being used.
Indicators :
The indicators are the two spaces which is a number
from 0 to 9.
There are only two indicators in a field and not all the
field have indicators.
Content Designators :
A content designators is a collective term used refer to
the tags, subfields codes and indicators
Field StructureField Structure
Fixed Fields
Variable Fields
Fixed Fields
The length of the fields are restricted
It is 40 characters contains important information
Variable Fields
Begin with “tag”
2 indicator positions
Subfields ($a, $b, $c, etc.)
Length of information varies
USMARC TerminologyUSMARC Terminology Each authority MARC record is divided into fields. There is a Each authority MARC record is divided into fields. There is a field for the heading being authorized, a field for each cross reference and so on. Each field is field for the heading being authorized, a field for each cross reference and so on. Each field is marked by a 3 digit tag, which identifies the kind of data that follows it. marked by a 3 digit tag, which identifies the kind of data that follows it.
Tag A 3 digit code that identifies certain elements of a record
Field A field is the contents of a tag that act as signposts that point to the bibliographic data.
Subfield A distinct piece of data within a field that is preceded with a subfield code. Subfields index just part of a field.
Delimiter A special character that precedes a subfield. The "$" is a representation of a subfield delimiter, which alerts the computer that what follows is a new subfield
Indicators These occur between the tag and the delimiter, they may appear in the 2 positions that follow each tag and convey information about that tag. The key word here is may appear.
Fixed field This contains certain specific elements, which are represented by codes which are ‘fixed’ in length – eg. Date. These ‘Fixed fields’ appear at the top of the record.
Variable fields These fields are identified by a three character numeric tag. Certain tags are required in every record and others are optional. The mixture of these tags in any record reflects the information being recorded. This mixture makes up the bibliographic record. This is the larger portion of data below the fixed fields.
MARC terms and their placement on a bibliographic MARC terms and their placement on a bibliographic record:record:
Tag
Indicators
Fixed field
elements
Variable fields
Subfield code Subfield delimiter $
Field Tag GroupsField Tag Groups
There are some general rules that help define what the numbers used as field There are some general rules that help define what the numbers used as field tags mean. Some tags are more frequently used than others. In the MARC tags mean. Some tags are more frequently used than others. In the MARC Authority standard, certain tags are used over and over while others appear Authority standard, certain tags are used over and over while others appear less often. The basic divisions of the MARC authority record are:less often. The basic divisions of the MARC authority record are:
0XX Control fields Information, numbers, codes1XX Main Entry Headings2XX Title, Variant Title, Imprint (publishing
information), Edition3XX Physical Description4XX Series5XX Notes6XX Subject Added Entries (subject headings)7XX Added Entries (linking entries)8XX Series Added Entries (traced differently)9XX Local Use Fields
Access PointsAccess Points
Access Points (a main entry, subject added entries and other Access Points (a main entry, subject added entries and other
added entries) are an important part of the bibliographic added entries) are an important part of the bibliographic
record. These are the headings for which separate cards record. These are the headings for which separate cards
were created for the traditional card catalog and which a were created for the traditional card catalog and which a
patron or librarian can search in an online catalog. Most of patron or librarian can search in an online catalog. Most of
the access points are in the following tag groups:the access points are in the following tag groups:
1XX Main entries
2XX Title statement
4XX Series statements
6XX Subject Headings
7XX Added entries other than subject or series
8XX Series added entries
Common MARC tagsCommon MARC tags
020 ISBN
050/090 LCC call number
082/092 DDC call number
100 Main entry-personal name
245 Title & statement of responsibility
260 Imprint
300 Physical description
440 Series statement (traced)
500 General note
504 Bibliography, etc. note
505 Formatted contents note
650 Topical subject heading
651 Geographic subject heading
700 Added entry-personal name
Catalog card similar to OPAC Catalog card similar to OPAC displaydisplay
Long View
OPAC display derived from MARC OPAC display derived from MARC recordrecord
Staff View
MARC Formats MARC Formats (Bibliographic)(Bibliographic)
Bibliographic Record
MARC Formats (Holdings)MARC Formats (Holdings)
Holdings Record
MARC Formats (Authority MARC Formats (Authority 1)1)
Authority Record
MARC Formats (Authority 2)MARC Formats (Authority 2)
Authority record with many name variants
Reading a MARC recordReading a MARC record
Not from top left to bottom right … but from the center out.
MARC ElementsMARC Elements
245 14 ‡a The great cat massacre and other episodes in French cultural history / ‡c Robert Darnton.
250 ## ‡a 1st Vintage Books ed.
260 ## ‡a New York : ‡b Vintage Books, ‡c 1985.
300 ## ‡a xiii, 298 p. : ‡b ill. ; ‡c 21 cm.
504 ## ‡a Includes bibliographical references and index.
FIELD TAG INDICATOR DELIMITER SUBFIELD CODE
Zeroing in on ISBD description fields
Title and statement of Title and statement of responsibilityresponsibility 100 1# ‡a Darnton, Robert. 245 14 ‡a The great cat massacre and other episodes in French
cultural history / ‡c Robert Darnton.
100 1# ‡a Darnton, Robert. 240 10 ‡a Great cat massacre and other episodes in French cultural
history. ‡l French 245 13 ‡a La massacre de chats : ‡b attitudes et croyances dans
l’ancienne France / ‡c Robert Darnton ; traduit de l’américain par Marie-Allyx Revellat.
. . . 700 1# ‡a Revellat, Marie-Allyx, ‡e tr.
100 1# ‡a Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, ‡d 1547-1616. 240 10 ‡a Coloquio de los perros. ‡l English & Spanish 245 14 ‡a The dialogue of the dogs = ‡b El coloquio de los perros /
‡c Miguel de Cervantes ; translated by William Rowlandson.
FIELD TAG INDICATOR DELIMITER SUBFIELD CODE
Examples of field 245 (ISBD area 1) with personal name and uniform title.
Note fieldsNote fields 500 ## ‡a Includes index.
502 ## ‡a Thesis (Ph. D.)--Princeton University, 2008.
504 ## ‡a Bibliography: p. 246-287.
505 00 ‡t Europe -- ‡t Asia -- ‡t North America -- ‡t South America.
510 4# ‡a ESTC ‡c R211806
520 ## ‡a An illustrated collection of poems set to music.
546 ## ‡a Parallel text in French and English.
FIELD TAG INDICATOR DELIMITER SUBFIELD CODE
Examples of fields 5XX (ISBD area 7).
Review (1)Review (1) 100 1# ‡a Darnton, Robert.
245 14 ‡a The great cat massacre and other episodes in French cultural history / ‡c Robert Darnton.
250 ## ‡a 1st Vintage Books ed.
260 ## ‡a New York : ‡b Vintage Books, ‡c 1985.
300 ## ‡a xiii, 298 p. : ‡b ill. ; ‡c 21 cm.
504 ## ‡a Includes bibliographical references and index.
650 #0 ‡a [Topical subject heading not yet covered]
FIELD TAG INDICATOR DELIMITER SUBFIELD CODE
Description fields 245-5XX with field 100 main entry.
Review (2)Review (2)
Title proper = Parallel title : other title information / first statement of responsibility ; each subsequent statement of responsibility. -- Edition statement / first statement of responsibility relating to the edition. -- First place of publication, etc. : First publisher, etc, date of publication, etc. -- Extent of item : other physical details ; dimensions. -- (Title proper of series / statement of responsibility relating to series) -- Note(s). -- Standard number.Second level description [modified]: AACR2, 1.0D2.
ISBD description areas written out in card catalog form.
Review (2)Review (2)020 ## ‡a 13-digit ISBN245 XX ‡a Title = ‡b Parallel title : other title information / ‡c first statement of responsibility ; each subsequent statement of responsibility.250 ## ‡a Edition statement / ‡b first statement of responsibility relating to the edition.260 ## ‡a First place of publication, etc. : ‡b First publisher, etc, ‡c date of publication, etc.300 ## ‡a Extent of item : ‡b other physical details ; ‡c dimensions.490 0# ‡a Title proper of series / statement of responsibility relating to series ; ‡v series vol. no.500 ## ‡a Note(s).
ISBD description areas written out and coded in MARC format.
QuizQuiz XXX 1# ‡a Travers, P. L. ‡q (Pamela Lyndon), ‡d 1899-1996. XXX 10 ‡a Mary Poppins from A to Z. ‡l Latin XXX 10 ‡a Maria Poppina ab A ad Z / ‡c scripta a P.L. Travers ;
picturas delineavit Mary Shepard ; latine reddidit G.M. Lyne XXX ## ‡a London : ‡b Collins ; ‡c 1968 cm. XXX ## ‡a [56] p. : ‡b ill. ; ‡c 20 cm. XXX ## ‡a Features twenty-six vignettes, one for each letter
of the alphabet, starring Mary Poppins and other characters from the Mary Poppins novels.
XXX ## ‡a Latin translation of: Mary Poppins from A to Z.
Identify the correct TAG for each field in the record.
Hints: 240 546 500 300 260 100 245
FIELD TAG INDICATOR DELIMITER SUBFIELD CODE
Tags should look like this …Tags should look like this …100 1# ‡a Travers, P. L. ‡q (Pamela Lyndon), ‡d 1899-
1996.240 10 ‡a Mary Poppins from A to Z. ‡l Latin245 10 ‡a Maria Poppina ab A ad Z / ‡c scripta a P.L.
Travers ; picturas delineavit Mary Shepard ; latine reddidit G.M. Lyne
260 ## ‡a London : ‡b Collins ; ‡c 1968 cm.300 ## ‡a [56] p. : ‡b ill. ; ‡c 20 cm.500 ## ‡a Features twenty-six vignettes, one for each
letter of the alphabet, starring Mary Poppins and other characters from the Mary Poppins novels.
546 ## ‡a Latin translation of: Mary Poppins from A to Z.
FIELD TAG INDICATOR DELIMITER SUBFIELD CODE
Controlled access pointsControlled access points
0XX Control information, numbers and codes 1XX Main entry 2XX Titles and title paragraph (title, edition, imprint) 3XX Physical description, etc. 4XX Series statements 5XX Notes 6XX Subject access fields 7XX Added entries other than subject or series; linking
fields 8XX Series added entries; location, and alternate graphics 9XX Reserved for local implementation
MARC bibliographic format blocksFields under authority control marked in red
Parallel contentParallel content
X00 Personal names X10 Corporate names X11 Meeting names X30 Uniform titles X40 Bibliographic titles X50 Topical terms X51 Geographic names
Parallel tag construction for fields requiring authority control
Parallel contentParallel content
X00 Personal names
X10 Corporate names
X11 Meeting names
X30 Uniform titles X40 Bibliographic
titles X50 Topical terms X51 Geographic
names
… published by St. Martin’s Press.
100 1# ‡a Barker, Stuart, ‡d 1970-
600 10 ‡a Knievel, Evel ‡d 1938-2007.
650 #0 ‡a Stunt cycling ‡z United States ‡v Biography.
710 2# ‡a St. Martin’s Press.
Parallel contentParallel content X00 Personal names X10 Corporate names X11 Meeting names X30 Uniform titles X40 Bibliographic titles X50 Topical terms X51 Geographic names
… about the person Evel Knievel …
100 1# ‡a Barker, Stuart, ‡d 1970-
600 10 ‡a Knievel, Evel ‡d 1938-2007.
Understanding MARC Bibliographic
Parallel contentParallel content X00 Personal names X10 Corporate names X11 Meeting names X30 Uniform titles X40 Bibliographic titles X50 Topical terms X51 Geographic names
… on the topic of stunt cycling in the United States …
100 1# ‡a Barker, Stuart, ‡d 1970-
600 10 ‡a Knievel, Evel ‡d 1938-2007.
650 #0 ‡a Stunt cycling ‡z United States ‡v Biography.
Understanding MARC Bibliographic
Parallel contentParallel content X00 Personal names X10 Corporate names X11 Meeting names X30 Uniform titles X40 Bibliographic titles X50 Topical terms X51 Geographic names
… published by St. Martin’s Press.
100 1# ‡a Barker, Stuart, ‡d 1970-
600 10 ‡a Knievel, Evel ‡d 1938-2007.
650 #0 ‡a Stunt cycling ‡z United States ‡v Biography.
710 2# ‡a St. Martin’s Press.
QuizQuiz XXX xx ‡a Rowling, J. K. [Author of: Harry Potter and the sorcerer’s stone]
XXX xx ‡a GrandPré, Mary. [Illustrator of: Harry Potter and the sorcerer’s stone]
XXX xx ‡a Bible. ‡p O.T. ‡p Haggai [Text of a book from the Bible]
XXX xx ‡a Bible. ‡p O.T. ‡p Haggai [Commentary on this text]
XXX xx ‡a Potter, Harry (Fictitious character)
XXX xx ‡a J. Harris and Son [Author of: Harris’ instructive and amusing publications]
Identify the correct TAG for each fieldHints: 110 100 630 700 650 130
Tags should look like this …Tags should look like this …
100 1# ‡a Rowling, J. K. [Author of: Harry Potter and the sorcerer’s stone]
700 1# ‡a GrandPré, Mary. [Illustrator of: Harry Potter and the sorcerer’s stone]
130 0# ‡a Bible. ‡p O.T. ‡p Haggai [Text of a book from the Bible]
630 00 ‡a Bible. ‡p O.T. ‡p Haggai [Commentary on this text]
650 #0 ‡a Potter, Harry (Fictitious character)
110 2# ‡a J. Harris and Son [Author of: Harris’ instructive and amusing publications]
Web resourcesWeb resources
1. Understanding MARC bibliographic1. http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/2. Clear and concise overview of (nearly) everything MARC.
2. Online Dictionary for Information Science1. http://lu.com/odlis/index.cfm2. A useful LIS dictionary with many examples and external links.
3. OCLC Bibliographic formats and standards1. http://www.oclc.org/bibformats/en/2. Essential reference for all catalogers.
4. Library of Congress. MARC standards1. http://www.loc.gov/marc/