:

s>ra^:trcuwi

THE CAMPBELL COLLECTIONpurchased with the aid of

This book belongs to

The MacDonald-Stewart Foundationand

The Canada Council

'^1r'

i5V/ ^^^^

/'[^'

HENRY FROWDE,LONDON, EDINBURGH,

M.A.

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

NEW

YORK, TORONTO

MELBOURNE AND BOMBAY

IX

MEMORIAM

EDWARDI A\ GYSTI BOXD WILLELMI WATTENBACHLEOPOLDI YICTORIS DELI8LEMAGISTRORVM AMICORVM PIO ANIMODEDICAT DISCIPVLVS

PREFACEWhen, twenty years ago, at the invitation of Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Truebner & Company, I contributed to their International Scientific Series a Handbook of Greek and LatinPaJaeograpliy, I hardly dared to

hope that such a work would

appeal to more than a limited number of students. Yet, even at that time, the study of Palaeography had begun to take a wider range and the ever-growing output of photographic;

reproductions

and

especiallyrelics

theof

recovery

of

valuable

interest aroused by the Greek Literature which so

frequently were coming to light among the newly-found paj^yri from Egypt combined to give it a greater stimulus. For this reason, and rather because it hapi^ened to be the only book ofits

of

kind in the English language than for any particular merit own, the Handbook attained a larger circulation than had been anticipated, and served more effectually the purpose, forits

which

it was written, of a general guide to the subject. certain inconvenience, however, embarrassed the usefulness which might be claimed for the book, almost from the

A

fii'st.

The small form of the volume and the moderate

price of;

the Series prohibited illustration on more than a limited scale and although the facsimiles, as issued, may have provedsufficient

as

an accompaniment of the

text,

their value

as

palaeographical specimens, representing as they did only very small sections of the pages of the MSS. from which they were Moreover, the letter-press selected, could not count for much.

being stereotyped, the introduction of new matter in any satisTherefore, when, factory degree was attended with difficulties.in 1906, a third edition of the

Handbook was

suggested to the publishers that the time fuller treatment of the subject both in text

called for, it was had arrived for a and in illustration.

They were, however,still

had

its

value

;

of opinion that the Handbook, as it stood, at the same time they very handsomely

vi

PREFACE

gave me authority to make use of it as a basis for a larger work. I here desire to record my grateful thanks for thisconcession.This, then, is the origin of the j^resent Introduction.It is

an enlarged edition of the Handbook, following the same lines, l3ut being in many parts rewritten as well as revised, and, it is hoped, giving a fairly complete account of the history and progress of Greek and Latin Pcilaeography, especially in its literary aspect, from the earliest periods represented by surviving

MSS. downdetails

to the close of the fifteenth

century

A further advantage is the imresults of modern research. proved scale of the facsimiles, which the larger format of the For this and for other Introduction has rendered possible.facilities I

embodying

of

the

more recent

discoveries

and and the;

am

indebted to the liberality of the Delegates of the

Clarendon Press, to

whom

their ready acceptance of responsi-

bility for the publication of this

work has placed me under

which in the future may need modification, as the result of further discoveries, is that which deals with the Literary and Cursive hands of the Greek In the case of the Literary hands, it will be seen that papyri. we are still far from being in a j)osition to speak, in all instances, with approximate certainty as to the periods of the MSS. already before us. Fresh discoveries may require us to As regards the Cursive hands, our qualify our j^i'esent views. but there are still very wide chronological is stronger position gaps to be filled before the palaeographer can have an unbroken series of dated documents at his disposal. As an aid to the better understanding of this difficult section, and to assist in the deciphering of passages in which the facsimiles, from the condition of the originals, may have proved obscure, the Table of Literary Alphabets, showing the forms of letters employed in the several MSS. will, it is hoped, be found useful and, not;;

peculiar obligations. The section of this Introduction

less

the Table of Cursive Alphabets, in the compilation of which upwards of two hundred dated papyri have beenso,

anal3'zed.

The Facsimiles throughout have been

selected with care.

It

PREFACEwill be

vii

observed that a large proportion of them has been reproduced from the plates of the Palaeographical Society.lished

This has been done purj^osely. The series of Facsimiles pubby the Society, both in the old issues and in the one still

in progress, have been chosen with a view to palaeographical instruction, and therefore offer the best field in which to gatherillustrations for saicli an Introduction as the present one and, in addition, they are probably more accessible than any other series of reproductions to English students, for whom this work;

is

best thanks are due to the especially designed. for permission to make use of their plates. Society Others also I have to thank for similar favours and I gladly;

more

My

acknowledge my obligations to Monsieur Henri Omont, the Keeper of the MSS. in the Bibliotheque Nationale to Professor W. M. Lindsay, of St. Andrews to Professor Franz Steffens, and to Professor V. Gardthausen, of of Freiburg (Switzerland);; ;

LeijDzig.

OnBritish

the indulgence of

many

Museum

I fear I

of my former colleagues in the have tresjDassed too freely but their;

To my successor in the office patience has been inexhaustil^le. of Director and Principal Librarian, Sir Frederic G. Kenyon, I am specially indebted for much valual^le advice and assistanceandfor his trouble in kindly reading the proofs of the i^ortion To Sir George F. of this book relating to Greek Palaeography. Warner, late Keeper of the Dej^artment of Manuscripts, to Mr. J. P. Gilson, the present Keeper, and to Mr. H. Idris Bell

and Mr. G.

T. Longiey,

of that

Department;

;

to Mr. G. K.

to Dr. L. D. Barnett, Fortescue, Keeper of the Printed Books to Keeper of the Oriental Printed Books and Manuscripts;

and Mr. H. A. Grueber, Keeper of the Coins and Medals to Mr. A. Hamilton Smith, Keeper of the Greek and Eoman Antiquities, I return my best thanks for all their kindly aid. In conclusion, I gratefully acknowledge the care bestowed by the Delegates of the Clarendon Press on the production of;

this volume.

E. M. T.

Mayfield, Sussex, July 1, 1912.

TABLE OF CHAPTERSCHAPTERHistory of the Greek and Latin AlphabetsI

......

PAGE1

CHAPTERMaterials

II

Wall-spaces PotteryWaxed andother

used

to

receive

writiugPi'ecious

:

LeavesMetals

Tablets

Greek

Bark Linen Clay and Lead Bronze Wood Waxed Tablets Latin Waxed8III:

Tablets

CHAPTERMaterials used to receive writing {continued)

and Vellum

Paper:

Papyrus.

Skins Parchment. ..

.

.

.

.

.

.21.

CHAPTER IVWriting implements

The

Stilus,

Pen,

etc.

InksVarious implements

39

CHAPTER VFormsof Booksetc.

Palimpsests

:

The Roll

The Codex The Text Punctuation Accents,..

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.44

CHAPTERStichometry and Colometry

VI..

Tachygraphy CryptographyCHAPTERVII

.6775

Abbreviations and Contractions

NumeralsCHAPTERof

......Divisions ofin

VIIIGreek writing93

Greek Palaeography PapyriGreek Palaeography.:

Antiquity

.........CHAPTERIX:

Greek Palaeography {continued)Papyri

Literary Alphabets

The Literary hand or Book-hand.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.104

CHAPTER XGreek

Comparison of Literary and Cursive Alphabets Alphabets

Palaeography

{continued)

:

Cursive

Script

in

Paj)yri

Cursive.

.148

TABLE OF CHAPTERSCHAPTERGreek Palaeography {continued):

ix

XIin

pj^GE

The Uncial Book-hand

Vellum Codices

198

CHAPTEPt XIIGreek Palaeography (continued) The Minuscule Book-hand Ages Greek writing in Western Europe:

in the.

Middle.

.

.

.

.218

CHAPTER

XIII

The Majuscule Book-hand Latin Palaeography Uncials Capitals

:

Square

Capitals

Rustic272

CHAPTER XIVLatin Palaeography (continued)

hand

The Half-uncial Book-hand:

:

The Mixed Uncial and Minuscule Book298

.......CursiveScriptVisi-

CHAPTER XVLatin

Palaeography (contintted)

The

Roman

Cursive310

Alphabets

Latin Palaeography (contintted)gothic

gian

The Carolinffian Reform:

National Minuscule Book-hands Lombardic Merovingian Franco-Lombardic Pre-Carolin:

CHAPTER XVI

......... . . .

340

CHAPTER XVIILatin Palaeography (continued)

Bcok-hand

The Early English Book-hand:

The Irish Half-uncial and Minuscule

.371

CHAPTER XVIIILatin Palaeogra2)h}' (continued)

Ages

The English Vernacular Book-hand(continued):

The Minuscule Book-hand

in the

Middle. .

in the Middle

Ages

403

CHAPTER XIXLatin

Palaeography

The Papal Chancery The imperial Chancery (National hands) English Charter hand English Chancery hand English Court hand

Official

and

Legal

Cursive

Scripts

.

491

TABLES OF ALPHABETSThe Greek and Latin Alphabets Greek Literary Ali^habets Greek Cursive AlphabetsLatin Cursive Alphabets

........ .........

7

144-7 191-4

335-7

LIST OF FACSIMILES{Greek Literary Paj)yri)

No.1.

2.3.

TiMOTHEUS, P^rsrte 4tli cent. b. c. [Berlin Museums] 3 id cent. B. c. V-LX10, Phaedo [Brit. Mus., Pap. 488] Dialectical Treatise; before IGO B.C. [Pai-is, Musee du Louvre,:.

106

\

PajJ. grec. 2]

.........;

.

.

4.5.6.

Hypekides, Athenogenes

2nd

cent. B.C.

[Paris,

Musee du Louvre].

.

[Xaples, Museo Nazionale] Istcent. b. c. [Brit. Mus^., Pap. 733] 7. Petition; about 10 b.c, [Brit. Mus., Pap. 354] about a. d. 1. 8. Homer, Odyssey iii [^Brit. Mus., Pap. 271] Istcent. 9. Hypekides, ^M.w;i2y;^;?is [Brit. Mus., Paj). 115] Istcent. 10. HoyiBB, Iliad xxi'd [Harris Homer) [Brit. Mus., Pa^D. 107] IL Aristotle, Constitution of Athens; about a.d. 90. [Brit. Mus.,;

Metrodokus

1st cent. B.C.

Bacchylides

;

.

.

.

.

;

;

;

Pap. 131]12. 13.

HoMEE, Uiad

xiii;

1st or

2nd

cent.

[Brit. Mus.,;

Pap. 732]

CoMMEXTARY ON THE Theaetetus OF Plato;

2nd

cent.

[Berlin.

14.15.

16.

17.

18.

Museums, Pap. 9782] Julius Africanus 3rd cent. [Egypt Explor. Fund, Ox. Pap. 412] Homer, Hiad v; 3rd cent. [Bodleian Library, Gr. class. A. 8 (P)] Deed of Sale; a.d. 88. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 141] Homer, Hiad xxiv {Bankes Homer) 2nd cent. [Brit. ]^Ius., Pap. 114] Homer, Iliad ii (^Ilaioara Homer); 2nd cent. [Bodleian Library, Gr. class. A. 1 (P)]. ..

.

.

;

19.

20.21. 22. 23.

24.25.

26. 27. 28.30. 31.32.33. 34.

{Greek Cursive Papyri) Official Letter; 242 b. c. [Bodleian Library, Gr. class. C. 21 (P)] Petition; 223 b. c. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 106] Tax Receipt; 210-209 b.c. [Brit. Mus., Demot. Pap. 10463] Petition: 163 b.c. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 24] Petition; 162 b.c. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 21] Sale of Land; 123 b. c. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 879 (i)J Sale of Land; 101 b.c. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 882] Marriage Settlement; 15-5 b.c. [Berlin Museums, Pap. 66 RJ

.....

29. Bailiff's

Lease; a.d. 17. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 795]. Sale of Land; a.d. 69-79. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 140] Brit. Mus., Pap. 131]. Accounts; a.d. 78-9.|

35.

Aristotle about a.d. 90. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 131] Sale of an Ass; a.d. 142. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 303] Diploma; a.d. 194. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 1178] Taxation Return; a.d. 221. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 353] Sale; A.D. 226-7. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 1158] Military Accounts a. d. 295. [Brit. ]Mus., Pap. 748];.

.

.

;

.

36.37.

Letter; about a.d. 350.Receipt; a.d. 441.

Pap. 234] [Berlin Museums, Pap. 7452]

[Brit. Mus..

.

.

LIST OF FACSIMILESNo.38. 39.

xi

PAOE

40. 41. 42.

Agreement for Lease; a. d. o5G. [Berlin Museums, Pap. 2558] Contract for Lease; a. d. 595. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 113]. Lease A.K. G33. [Brit. :Mus., Pap. 1012] Public Accounts; a. b. 700-705. [Brit. Mas., Pap. H48] Public Notice 8tli cent. [Brit. Mas., Pap. 32];

..../\

178 170181

;

.

182 183

{Greek Uncials)43. 44.

Homer,

77fc?;

3rd cent.

(?).;

Bible (Codex Yaticcmus)Vat. 1209]

[Milan, Ambrosian Librai'y, F. 205. inf.] 4th cent. [Rome, Vatican Library, Cod..

2rres, Macedonia. MS. \\ 10] Gospels; A.D. 1314-15. [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 37002] Herodotus; a.d. 1318. [Florence, Laurentian Library, Plut. Ixx. 6]..

.

252 256 258 260 261

xii

LIST OF FACSIMILESHarley MS. 5579] [Brit. Mus.', Buniey MS. 50] [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 11728] The Peophets; A.I). 1437. [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 21259] MENAEmr; A.D. 1460. [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 16398] Homer, Odyssey; a.d. 1479. [Brit. Mus., Harley MS. 5658]

No.76. St.

Athaxasius; a.d. 1321.;

[Brit. Mus.,

.

.

PAGE 262263

77. 78.

Lives of the Fathers PoLYBius; A.D. 1416.

a. d.

1362.

.

.

.

.264.

79.80.

.

266268

.

.

.267.

81.

.

[Latin Capitals)82.83.

ViEGiL 4th or 5th cent. [St. Gall, Cod. 1394] Poem ox the Battle of Actium; before a.d. 79.;

.

.

.

.275.

[Naples,

Museo276 278 280282

Nazionale]

ViEGiL 5th cent. 85. Viegil; 4th cent."? before a. 86. Viegil84.; ;

?

[Rome, Vatican Library, Cod. Palat, 1631] [Rome, Vatican Library, Cod. Vat. 3225] d. 494. [Florence, Laurentian Library, Plut..

xxxix. 1]

{Latin Uncials)87. Ciceeo,

De Repuhlica; 4thcent.

cent.

[Rome, Vatican Library, Cod. Vat.

5757] 88. Gospels; 4th89. 90.;

91. 92.93. 94.

286 287 Chapter Library] LiVY 5th cent. [Vienna, Imperial Library, Cod. Lat. 15] 290 .292 Gospels; 5th or 6th cent. [St. Gall, Cod. 1394] New Testamext about a.d. 546. [Fulda Library] 2.93 St. Augustixe a. d. 669. 294 [Library of Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan] Bible (Coc7e, Amiatinus)\ about a.d. 700. [Florence, Laui"entian 295 Library, Cod. Amiat. 1] .296 Gospels; A.D. 739-60. [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 5463][Vercelli,..

...... .

.

;

.

.

;

.

.

.

[Latin Mixed Uncials and Minuscules, and Half-uncials)95. 96.

Epitome OF LiVY 3rd cent. Cheoxological Notes; 6th;

[Brit. Mus., Pap. 1532] cent. [Bodleian Library,

.

300302 303 306 307 308

MS. Auct. T.

2.

26];

Paxdects 6th or 7th cent. [Florence, Laurentian Library] 98. St. Hilaey; before a.d. 509-10. [Pome, Archives of St. Peter's] 99. St. Augustine; 6th cent. [Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS. lat. 13367] 100. Biblical Commentaey' before a. d. 569. [Monte Cassino, Cod. 150]97.;

101. 102. 103.

[Roman Cursive) FoEMS OF Lettees before A. D. 79. PoMPEiAX Waxed Tablet; a.d. 59. [Naples, Museo.

no, cxliii]

104. 106.

107. 108.

Daci AX Waxed Tablet; a.d. 167. [Budapest Museum] 105. FoEMS OF Lettees 2nd cent. Speeches; a.d. 41-54. [Berlin Museums, Pap. 8507] Sale oka Slave; a.d. 166. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 229] Letter; A.D. 167. [Brit. Mus., Pap. 730];

..........;

.

.

.

.

.

312

Nazionale,

......

.

.....

109. Petition; a.d. 247. [Bodleian Library, Lat. class. D. 12 (P)] 110. Lettee; 4th cent. [Strassburg, Pap. lat. Argent, i] 111. Impebial PiESCEiPT 5th cent. [Leyden Museum] Add. MS. 5412] 112. Pavexna Deed of Sale; a.d. 572. [Brit. Mus., FoEMS OF Lettees ; a.d. 572 113. 114. St. Maximus; 7th cent. [Milan, Ambrosian Library, C. 98, P. inf.].;.

LIST OF FACsnilLES{Latin Jllmuscules:

xiii

National Book-hands)PAfij:,.

No.8th cent. 115. St. AuGUSTiXK [The Escurial, MS. li. ii. 18]. 116. Obatioxale Gothicum; 9th cent. [Brit. Mug.. Add. MS. 30852] 117. Maetyeology; A. D. 919. [Brit. ]\[us., Add. :\IS. 25600];. .

343341 345

.

118. Beati's; A. D. 1109. [Brit. Mus., xVdd. MS. 11695] 119. Saceamentaeium ; ahout A. d. 800. [St. Call, Cod. 348] 120. Alcuix ; a. d. 812. [Monte Cassiuo, Cod. iii] end of 10th cent. [Eton College, MS. Bl. 6. 5]. 121. Statius 122. Lectionaby A. D. 1058-87. [Monte Cassino, Cod. xcix] 123. CoMMEXTAEY ox Monastic EuLES ; a. d. 1264-82. [Monte Cassino,. ..

.

.

347 349351

;

.

.

;

.

.

352 353354

Cod. 440-59]124.

Lectioxaey;

late 7tli cent.

[Paris, Bil)l. Nat., fonds Lit..

9427].

.

125. St. Geegoey; 8th cent. [Brit. Mus., Add. :\IS. 31031] 126. Homilies; 7th or 8th cent. [Brit. Mus., Harley MS. 5041] 127. Lex Salica; a. D. 794. [St. Gall, Cod. 731] 128. Homilies; 8th cent. [Brussels, Eoyal Library, MS. 9850-2] 129. St. 130.

.

.

.

356 357 359 360361

.

.

Cypeiax; 8thLat. 15]. :

cent...

" [Manchester. .John Bylands Library, MS..

.

.

.

.

.

.

.364365 366 369 368,.

EuGYPPius

131. St.

Jeeome

;

early 8th cent. [Library of Mons. Jules Desnoj'^ers] a. d. 744. [Epiual, MS. 68]

132. 133. SuLPicius

Seveeus

;

9th cent.

[Quedlinljurg]:

.

.

{Latin J/a/f-xuciaJs134. Gospels; late 7th cent. 135. Gospels {^Book of Kelt b) 136. Gospels of Maceegol

and Minusctdes

The Irish Book-hand).

:

;

[Dubhn, Trinity College, MS. A. 4. 15] end of 7th cent. [Dublin, Trinity College] about a. d. 800. [Bodleian Library, Auct.

373 375

D.

2.

19].

137. '^-Evr T'ESiAyiET^i (Book of Armagh); A.D. 807. [Dublin, Trinity College] 138. Peisciax; a. d. 838. [Leyden, University Library. Cod. Lat. 67] 139.

377 378381

Gospels of M^lbeigte

;

a. d. 1138.

[Brit. Mus.'

Harley

:^IS.

1802]

382

{Latin Half-uncials and Minuscules140. LiXDiSFAEXE Gospels141. 142. 143. 144.(Z)^;7-Art?>i.

:

Tlie;

Early English Book-hand)a. d.

^00^)

about

700.

[Brit. Mus.,

Cotton MS., Nero D.;

:\IS. 1 Caxteebuey Gospels [Brit. Mus., Eoyal Beda; 8th cent. [Cambridge, Univeisity Library, MS. Kk. v.

iv] late 8th cent.

E. vi] 16]..

Beda

;

a. d.

Paschal [Bodleian Library, Digby MS. 63] about a. d. 891. 145. Axglo-Saxox Chboxicle [Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS. 173] 146. Axglo-Saxox Poejis {Exeter Book); about a. d. 950. [Exeter, Chapter Library, MS. 3501] :\[S. 150] 147. Psaltek: about a.d. 969. [Salisbury, Chapter Library, 3IS. about a. d. 992-5. 148. Shebboexe PoxTiFicAL [Paris, Bibl. Nat.,;.

[Brit. Mus., Computatioxs ; 9th cent.

811-14.

Cotton MS., Yespas. B.

vi]

.

387 388 389 390391

392

395 396397

:

lat.

943]

.

149.

Axglo-Saxox Chboxicle; aboutChristi College,;

a. d.

1001.

[Cambridge, Corpus

150. .^LFEic

early1.

MS. 173] 11th cent. [Cambridge, University Library,a. d.

.399400-101

MS.

Hh.151.

10]

Axglo-Saxox Chboxicle; aboutMS., Tiberius B.i]

1045.

[Brit. Mus.,

Cotton

xiv

LIST OF FACSIMILES{Latin Minuscules: The Book-hand in the Middle Afjes)

No.152. St.

PAGE

Augustine;GIO^

before a. d. 814.

[Lyons, Cathedral Library,

MS..

153. Paschasius; a. b. 819. [Brussels, IJoyal Library, MS. 8216-18] 154. Theological Tracts; a. d. 821. " [Muulch, Pioval Library, MS. Lat.

405 407

14468]155. St.

.

.

.

.408

409 [Munich, Royal Library, MS. Lat. 14437] a. d. 825. 156. Constitutions OF Charlemagne 410 [St. Gall, Cod. 733] 157,158. Gospels of Neters; about a. d. 840. [Brit, ^lus, Harley MS. 412, 413 2790] 159. Gospels of Lothair about a. d. 850. [Paris, Bibl. Xat., MS. lat.;

Augustixe

a. d. 823.

;

.

;

266]160. Beda; before a. d. 848. [Brit. Mus., Cotton MS., Vespas. B. vi] 161. Canons; about A. D. 888. [St. Gall, Cod. 672] MS. 8 E. xv] 162. Alcuin ; early 10th cent, f^rit. Mus., Eoyal of King ^thelstan; eai-ly lOtbcent. [Brit. Mus., Royal 163. Gospels MS. 1 A. xviii] 164. 165. Rabanus Maurus ; after a. d. 948. [Brit. Mus., Add. MS.. . . .. .

414 415 419

.416420

22820]166. 167. 168. 169...

421, 422

170. 171.1

72.

173. 174.

175.176. 177.

Amalarius; a. d. 952. [Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS. 192] 423 .425 MiLO; a. D. 1022-41. [Brit. Mus., Royal MS. 5 A. xi] Martyrology a. d. 1040-69. [Avignon, Musee Calvet, MS. 98] 426 Gospels of the Countess Goda middle of 11th cent. [Brit. Mus., 427 Royal MS. 1 D. iii] Add. MS. 28106] 428 Bible;"' A. D. 1094-7. [Brit. Mus., Aldhelm 10th cent, [Lambeth Librarj-, MS. 200] 431 Benedictional of St. ^Ethelwold a. d. 963-84. [Library of the Duke of Devonshire] .432 Gregory the Great; early 11th cent. [Bodleian Library, Bodl. MS. 708] 433 Gospels; a. i). 1008-23. [Cambridge, Trinity College, MS. B. 10. 4] 434 435 Benedictional; a. d. 1030-40. [Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS. lat. 987] Life of St. Augustine; a. d. 1100-25. [Brit. Mus., Cotton MS.,;.

;

.

.

.

;

.

.

.

;

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

'

.

.

.

Vespas. B. xx]

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

438

Miracles of

St.

Edmund;

before a. d. 1135.

[Library of Sir George"'

439 Holford] a. d. "114 7-7 6. 440 [Brit. Mus., Eoyal MS. 3 A. xii] d. 1176. 179. Leviticus; a. .441 [Brit. Mus., Harley MS. 3038] Petrus Lombardus a. d. 1166. [Library of Mr. Dyson Perrins] 180. 442 ' 181. Homilies; early 12th cent. 443 [Brit. Mus., Harley MS". 7183] 182. Petrus Comestor ; a. d. 1191-2. MS. 7 F, iii] 446 [Brit. Mus., Royal 183. Petrus Comestor; before a. d. 1215, MS. 4 D. [Brit. Mus., Royal.

.

.

178.

Beda;

.

.

.

.

.

;

.

.

.

.

184.

185. 186. 187.188. 189.

190. 191.192.

447 vii] .448 Missal; A, D, 1218. [Biit. Mus., Add. MS. 17742] 449 Pontifical; about A. D. 1222. [Metz, Salis MS. 23] Bible A. D. 1225-52, [Brit. Mus., Burn ey MS. 3] .451 452 Lectionary; A.D. 1269. [Brit. Mus., Egerton MS. 2569] Petrus Comestor; a. d, 1283-1300, [Brit. :Nhis., Royal MS. 3 D. vi] 454 Coronation Oath; A.D. 1308. [Brit. Mus., Harley 5lS. 2901] 457 Jacobus de Voragine; a. d. 1312. [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 11882] 458 Breviary: A.D. 1322-7. [Brit. Mus., Stowe MS. 12] .459 Mandeville ; a,d, 1371, [Paris, Bibl. Nat., Nouv. acq. frang.

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

;

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

4515]

461

LIST OF FACSIMILESXO.193.

xvPAGK 462

Chronicle; about

194. 195.19G.

197.

198. 199.

200.

Harley MS. 3634] Add. MS. 11904] .463 TiTCHFiELD Abbey Collkctioxs a. d. 1400-5. [Library of the Duke of Portland] 465 Romances {Talbot Book); a. d. 1445. [Brit. Mus., Eoyal MS. 15 E. vi] 466 ]\I us., Arundel MS. before A.D. 144G. Missal ; 468 [Brit. 109] St. Augustine; A.D. 1463. 469 [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 17284] Ajristotle A. d. 1451. [Library of Mr. Dyson Perrins] 470 Sallust; A.D. 1466. [Brit. .Mus., Add. MS. 16422] .471A. D.

1388.

|

Brit. Mus.,

.

.

Hokace;

A.D. 1391.

[Brit. Mus.,

.........;..

.

.

.

.

;

.

.

.

.

{Latin Minuscules : The English Vernacular Book-hand in the Middle Ages)201. 202. 203. 204.

English Laws {TextusChapter Library].

lioffensis);..

before A. d. 1125..

[Eocbester,.

.

.

.

.473474 477 478 479 480481

205. 206.207.

The Oemulum; early 13th cent. [Bodleian Library, .Junius MS. 1]. Homilies; early 13th cent. [Brit. Mus., Stowe MS. 240] The Ancren Piwle early 13th cent. [Brit. Mus., Cotton MS., Titus D. xviii] The iiiENBiTE OF Inwyt A. d. 1340. [Brit, ;^[us., Arundel MS. 57] Wycliffite Bible; late 14th cent. [Brit. Mus., Add. IMS. 15580] Piers Plowman; about A. d. 1380. [Brit. Mus., Cotton MS., Yespas.; .

;

.

B. xvi]

208.

Wycliffite Bible959]

;

about

a. d.

1382.

[Bodleian Library, Bodl.

MS.483

209. AVycliffite Bible; before a. d. 1397. [Brit. Mus., Egerton MS. ^ 617, 618]. 210. Chaucer; about A.D. 1400. [Brit. Mus., Harley MS. 7334] 211. Trevisa; beginning of 15th cent. [Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 24194] 212. Occleye; early 15th cent. [Brit. Mus., Harley MS. 4866] 213. OsBERX Bokenham; A.D. 1447. [Brit. Mus., Arundel MS. 327].. .. .

......

... . .

484 486 487 488489

{Latin Minuscules

:

Official

and Legal Cursive

Scripts)

214. Benedictio Cerei ; 7th cent. [The Escurial, Cam. de las reliquias] 215. Deed ofBenevento; a. d. 810. [Monte Cassino, xxxiv] 216. Bull of John VIII; A.D. 876. [Paris, Bibl Nat.] a. d. 1102. 217. Bull of Paschal II [Milan, State Archives] 218. Judgement of Thierry III ; a. d. 679-80. [Paris, Archives Xation..

493 494

.

.

""

.495.

;

.

496499

ales,

K.

2, no.

13]

.

.

219.

Diploma of CharlemagneK.7, no.

;

a.d. 797.

[Paris, Archives Natiouales,

15]a.d. 856.[St.

500Gall,

220.221. 222.223.

Diploma of Louis the German;Archives, F. F.;

Chapter

i.

H. 106]

Mercian Charter a.d. 812. [Canterbury, Chapter Archives, C. 1] Charter OF Ethelberht of Kent; a.d. 858. [Brit. Mus., CottonMS., Aug.ii.

502 506 508

66]a.d. 904.[Brit.

Grant by Werfrith, Bishop of Worcester;Mus., Add. Ch. 19791]

224.

Grant by AVilliamii.

53]

225. 226.

Grant BY Henry I; Grant BY Stephen;iii.

...........II;

510513 514

a. d.

1087

(?).

[Brit. Mus.,

Cotton

.AIS.,

Aug..

a.d. 1120-30. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 33629] a.d. 1139. [Brit. Mus., Cotton MS., Nero C.

172]

.515

xviNo.227.

LIST OF FACSIMILESPAGE

Grant by Henryxliv].

II: a.d. 1156.

[Westminster, Chapter Archives,[Brit. Mas., Egerton Ch. 372] a.d. 1205. [Brit. IMus., Harlev.

228. 229.

Grant by Eichard I a.d. 1189. Charter of the Hospitallers;;. .

516 518

Ch. 44 E. 21] ". 230. Charter of John; a. d. 1204, [Wilton, Corporatiou Records] . 231. Grant BY Henry III; A.D. 1227. [Eton College] 232. Notification of Henry III; a.d. 1234. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch..

.

.

.

523 524 526528

233.

Letters Patent of Henry19828];

28402]

III

;

a.d. 1270.

[Brit. Mus.,

Add. Ch.

a. d. 1303. 234. Licence by Edward I [Brit. Mus., Harley Ch. 43 D. 9] 235. Deed of John de St. John ; A. d. 1306. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 23834] 236. Inspeximus of Edward III; a.d. 1331. [Brit. Mus., Harley Ch. 83 C. 13] 237. Letters of the Black Prince; a.d. 1360. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch.. .

530 534 536538

'

11308]238.239. 240. 241. 242.

Deed of Sempringham Priory;20620]

....Add. Ch..

540542 544 546 548 550 552 556 558 560 562 565 566 568

a.d. 1379.

[Brit. Mus.,

Grant by Eichard;

II

;

a. d.

1395. [Brit. Mus., Harley Ch. 43 E. 33].

Pledge of Plate a.d. 1415. [Brit. Mus., Harley Ch. 43 I. 25] Pardon by Henry YI a.d. 1446. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 22640] Lease; a.d. 1457. [Brit. Mus., Harley Ch. 44 B. 47] 243. Treaty Bond: A.D. 1496. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 989] 244. Conveyance; A. D. 1594. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 24798] 245. Conveyance; A.D. 1612. [Brit. Mug., Add. Ch. 24000];.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

246. Exemplification; a. d. 1539. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 26969] 247. Grant of Wardship; A.D. 1618. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 28271] 248. Final Concord; A.D. 1530. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 23639] 249. Exemplification; a.d. 1578. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 25968] 250. Final Concord; a.d. 1673. [Brit. Mus., Add. Ch. 25871].. .

.

.

.

.

.

AN INTRODUCTION TO

GREEK AND LATIN PALAEOGRAPHYCHAPTERI

THE GREEK AND LATIN ALPHABETSAlthough the task which lies before us of investigating the growth and changes of Greek and Latin palaeography does not require us to deal with any form of writing till long after the alphabets of Greece and Rome had assumed their final shapes, yet a brief sketch of the developement of those alphabets, as far as it is known, forms a natural introduction to thesubject.

The alphabet which we use at the present day is directly derived Roman alphabet the Roman, from a local form of the Greek Whence the Phoenician alphabet was the Greek, from the Phoenician. derived we are not even yet in a position to declare. The ingenious theory set forth, in 1859, l)y the French Egyptologist de Roug^ of its descent from the ancient cursive form of Egyptian hieratic writing, which had much to recommend it, and which for a time received acceptance, must now be put aside, in accordance with recent research. Until the alphabetic systems of Crete and Cyprus and other quarters of the Mediterranean shall have been solved, we must be content to remain in iirnorance of the actual materials out of which the Phoeniciansfrom the;

;

constructetl their letters.

or, as it

A

Greek alphabet with the Phoenician, ma}' be more properly styled, the Semitic, alphabet is not difficult. comparison of the early forms of the letters sufficiently demonstrates

To

trace the connexion of the

order in the

names of the letters and their The names of the Semitic letters are Semitic words, each describing the letter from its resemblance to some particular object, as aleph an ox, hetk a house, and so on. Whentheir

common

origin

;

and.

still

further, the

two alphabets are the same.

the Greeks took over the Semitic

letters,

they also took over their

Semitic names.

This Semitic alphabet appears to have been employed in the cities and colonies of the Phoenicians and among the Jews and Moabites and1184

B

2

GREEK AND LATIN PALAEOGRAPHY;

chap.

other neigbbourino- tribes uud its most ancient form as known to us is preserved in a series of inscriptions which date back to the tenth cen-

tury B.C. The most important of them is that engraved upon the slab kiiown as the Moabite stone, which records the wars of Mesha, king of Moab, about 890 b. c, against Lsrael and Edom, and which was discovered in 1868 near the site of Dibon, the ancient capital of Moab. From theseinscriptions of the oldest type

we can

alphabet of twenty-twopassed through

letters, in

construct the primitive Phoenician a form, however, which must have

many

stages of modification.

The Greek AlphabetThe Greeks learned the artof writino;

from the Phoenicians at

least

as early as the ninth century B.C.; and it is not improbable that they had acquired it even one or two centuries earlier. Trading stations and

of the Hebrews,

colonies of the Phoenicians, pressed at home by the advancing conquests were established in remote times in the islands and;

and their alphabet of two-andtwenty letters was adopted Ijy the Greeks among wdiom they settled or wdth whom they had commercial dealings. It is not, however, to be supposed that the Greeks received the alphabet from the Phoenicians at one single place from whence it was passed on throughout Hellas but rather at several points of contact from whence it was locally diflfused among neighbouring cities and their colonies. Hence we are prepared to find that, while the Greek alphabet is essentially one and the same in all parts of Hellas, as springing from one stock, it exhibits certain local peculiarities, partly no doubt inherent from its very first adoption at diflferent centres, partly derived from local influences or from linguistic;

mainlands of Greece and Asia Minor

or other causes.

While, then, the primitive alphabet of Hellas has been described by the general title of Cadmean, it must not be assumed that that title applies to an alphabet of one uniform pattern for allGreece.

Among

viz, aleph, he, yod,

the two-and-twenty signs adopted from the Phoenician, four, and ayin ('^, ^, ^, o)^ were made to represent the vowel-

sounds a,e,i,o,hoth long and short, the signs for e and o being also emploj^ed for the diphthongs ei and ou. The last sound continued to be expressed by the omikvon alone to a comparatively late period in the history ofthe alphabet. upsilon, which

vowel-sound u was provided for by a new letter, been a modification or differentiation of the Phoenician wau' (Y). This new letter must have been added almost immediately after the introduction of the Semitic signs, for there is no local

The

fifth

may have

'

'

Greek alphabet which is w^ithout it. Next was felt the necessity for distinguishing long and short e, and in Ionia, the aspirate graduall}^ falling into disuse, the sign H, eta, was adopted to represent long e, probably

I

THE GREEK AND LATIN ALPHABETS

3

before the end of the seventh centuiy B.C. About the same time the lont^ beg-an to be distinguished Ijy various signs, that used by thelonians, the omega, H, being perhaps a differentiation

a

(J,

_ f

,

~C3 ^

N

"^

y

C/>

vu

w 5^?"'2 *2

"V

^

5"s '^ o '^C'3

r 3pt-

3

,^

:^ Si iv'i p.eydpoi(T'i yevecrdb).

ec^aT ovS' dTii6i](re Treptclipow evpvKXeia

ijveyKev b

dpa

irvp kul

Orj'ioi',

avrap

6bva-aevCO

V

V xc'X'MCIKII

f^c^i|'XC>cie|:II

Mii'hisxlji|ciislAtltJ XCI

Kv nuun

o;f

I

IaU'CI CIS Oil v\l Aui ^ cjciic>oi

lcu'Xii>tiAic|>t>Md^xi

ic^H

r

i|:ioxHi>

,.>

xc>ciesj>eRXo^ X.O ^ C T^O t> t* J > X H

(J* Ic^ciiI1

1

1

c jci ACi

uci^ohJOHC]^04>er?AHNew Testamentof Fulda.

About(

a.d. 546

At illi dixerunt (Propter spem enim israhel catena hac circum|datus sum. ad eum. Nos neq?ci7c>eiii&>ioisiponD!eS'r7 ecY->iascx>72X>!r7NioSTrr^o:co7i-^^-^ipsopei^1

Co-RjNiOST7^ nix>e;STiovcc4ase,T:>iosiia St. Augustine. a.d. 669(aliquid boni dilectione operamur.''

I

interroga cor

an laude

et ubi hoc cognuscimus, ante dewm es tuum vide quid fecis|ti et quid ibi appetisti. salutem tuam hominum ventosam, intus vide Nam homo iudicare non potest|

|

]

|

|

quern videre non potest, Si persuajdemus corde nostro coram ipso perlsuadeamus, quia se male sentiat cor nostruwi. id est accuset nos in):j

XIII

THE LATIN MAJUSCULE BOOK-HANDFacsimile No. 93

295

r \cTUcr> esT \^aTea> cua> ^c^^eNesvReib

xaRBxeiivRuefieNT iNeua~> UTXUOl RCNT ueRBUW C>1 eTipsesTABXTseciis ST\ inunxcd Nxuecr* quxeeRXT SICDONIS

RoQxuiTXUxecn xrenRX

erseOcNS Ooccbxt OeN \U CULX TU RBXSI

Bible (Codex Amiatinus).(Factumest

Abouteum|

a.d. 700

autem cum

turbae inruerent in|

ut audirent

verbumj

dei|

et ipse stabat secus stagnujH

stagnumin

|

unam|

genesareth et vidit duas naves stantes secus ascendens autem piscatores autem discende rant et lejivabant retia navem quae erat simonis rogavit autem a terra reducere pusil||

|

|

|

|

lumI

et sedens docebat|

de navicula turbas)

296

GREEK AXD LATIN PALAEOGRAPHYFacsimile No. 94

chap.

jiesi^oTecoce

MuiTesTiocnesROcr>xaTxr> 9e

NaTTXRXCT)TJlACOlsJUTeCDCGNaTT

XcniNr>DXE>AUTeoDCeNI aTTNTXX S SON

7MXXS s ONxoTeco 9e/'NU7 tstCIcdon

S>Xcr>ONixoTecr)9ejsu7r'

M

*

Gospels. A.D. 739-60(phares autem ge'nuit esrom esrom autem ge!nuit aiam aram autem genuit aminadab aminadab autem genuit naasson naasson autem gejnuit salmon salmon autem genuit booz de rachab)(|] | j |

XIII

THE LATIN ]\rAJUSCULE BOOK-HAND

2971

general unsteadiness indicate that the uncial hand is here passing into the period of decadence, although the handsome scale of the writing rather screens its defects.

Of the other two codices mentioned above, which Ceolfrid presented Wearmouth and Jarrow, only a single leaf appears This leaf (Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 2)1711 Neiv Pal Soc. to have survived. 158, 159) is written in the same uncial stjde, though in a smaller hand, and is evidently of the same date as the Codex Amiatinus. There isto the monasteries of;

every reason tofrid's

Ijelieve

that

its identification

as a leaf from one of Ceol-

famous codices is correct. The writing, like that of the Amiatinus, has no distinctively English characteristics. To illustrate the uncial liand when it had passed further into the imitative stage of the eighth century, a specimen is selected from a MS. of the Gospels (Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 5463), written by the monk Lupus at the command of Ato or Atto, abbot, apparently, of the monastery of St. Vincent on the Volturno, in the territory of Benevento, from a.d. 739 to 760 (Pal. Soc. i. 236). No. 94

The writingofall

is

form which;

is

ages but its It will be seen how inconstant and weak in formation analysed. of them are, in spite of the fine appearance of the MS. as a whole.

quite calligraphic, displaying the fine sense of beauty conspicuous in the best specimens of Italian writing of imitative character is easily detected if the letters are

many

It is not necessary to follow the history of the uncial hand in the ninth century, when it was practically dead as a literary hand and was chietiy employed in adding a further air of splendour to the costly MSS.

of the Carolingian monarchs.

CHAPTER XIVLATIN PALAEOGRAPHY{continued)

The Mixed Uncial and Minuscule Book-hand

The

fact

must not be

lost sight of that, after all, the

majuscule formsdiscussion,

of writing, both capital

and

uncial,

which have been under

represent only one class of the handwritings of the periods in which they were practised, namely, the literary script used in the production of exactly written codices, and therefore a hand of comparatively limited

By its side, and of course of far more extensive and general was the cursive hand of the time, which under certain conditions, and particularly when a book was being produced, not for the general market, but for private or limited circulation, would invade the literary domain of pure majuscule writing and show its presencerange.use,

by the

alphabet.^

intrusion of minuscule letters which are proper to the cursive Thus some of the notes of scholars in the margins of early

majuscule MSS., or sometimes a few inserted leaves of additions, are found written in a mixed style of negligently formed uncials with certaincursive forms in limited numbers.

But some recently discovered fragments carry us backHomer, perhaps, excepted), these ancient mixed hands.

still

further

to a period earlier than our earliest Latin vellum codices (the

Ambrosian

and suggest interesting speculations regarding These fragments are the remains of a papyrus roll containing portions of an epitome of Livy (Brit. Mus., Pap. 1532), found at Oxyrhynchus in 1903 [Ox. Pap. iv. 90-116), which may be assigned with confidence to the second half of the third century {NeivPal. Soc. 53).

No. 95

Here we find a handwriting mainly following the uncial book-hand, but admitting certain minuscule forms, as b, d, m, r and with the letter f fluctuating between the uncial and minuscule. The MS. there;

fore,

while in no sense a calligraphically written one,

may

be regarded

working copy for ordinary use, and as an ancestor of the mixed-uncial and half-uncial MSS. which form the subject of theas a characteristic

present chapter.^

In describing these mixed handscursive writing.

it

is

necessary to anticipate the discussion of the

Roman

THE LATIN MIXED BOOK-HANDBut the occurrenceit

299

of this example at so early a date, and at a period has been thouglit that the uncial was only in course of developement, raises the question whether it is an instance of the Latin bookhand making for that developement, or, like the later examples of mixed

when

hands, a variation from the uncial already fully developed. It is more probable that the latter view will turn out to be the correct one, and that further discoveries will prove that the uncial book-hand had reachedits final stage of perfection at an earlier period than has been supposed and, further, that, as the present MS. shows, the uncial was not the only style of book-hand current in the third centurj'.^;

^

Ato a

good instance of mixed writing occurs in the notes and additions

MS.

of St. Jerome's version of the Chronicle of Eusebius in the2, 26),

Bodleian Library (MS. Auct. T.ii.

of the sixth century {Pal. Soc.

129, 130).

No. 96

Here the general character is a sloping uncial, but the letters b and d are minuscule forms, and the cursive influence also shows itself in the lengthening of vertical strokes. An unusual method of abbreviation ofthe termination bus, by placing a dot above, instead of at the side bow of b will be noticed in line 7.of,

the

The adaptation

of this

mixed hand, growing as

it

were by accident

into a recognized style of writing, to more formal literary purposes would In the MS. of Gains at Yerona (Z. W. Ex. 24) of the naturally follow.fifth

long

century, besides the ordinary uncial forms, the cursive-shaped d and s ^ are used and also in the few fragmentary leaves of Ulpian at;

Strassburg, of the fifth or sixth century, the cursive long s occurs (Berlin In the Florentine Acad,, Sitzungsber. (1903), 922, 1034; (1904), 1156). Pandects, written by many scribes, several cursive forms appear (Z. W.

Pal. Soc. ii. 108) in one portion of the MS. And fragments of a Graeco- Latin glossary on papyrus {Comnieiit. Soc. Gottingen. iv. 156

Ex. 54

;

;

When writing the chapter on Palaeography in A Companion to Latin Studies, Cambridge, 1910, I was inclined to take the view of the later perfection of the uncial book-hand. ' That the mixed hand continued in use in Egypt even for classical works is proved by the papyrus fragments of Virgil {Aen. i. 495-507^ and Salhist {Catiline), of the fifth century, found at Oxyrhynchus {Ox. PajJ., nos. 31, 884). In the Eainer collection at Vienna, also, is a fragment of the Formula Fabiana ', on vellum, in a mixed hand, said to be of the fourth century {Mittheiluyigen aus der Saminhtng Rainer, iv. 1).' ' ''

'

A curious

instance of misunderstanding of the cursive or long s

(f )

by an ignorant

by the Harley MS. 5792, which contains a Graeco- Latin glossary, written probably in France in the seventh century. The archetype from which the MS. was transcribed, evidentlj' had this form of the letter in several places. The scribe of thescribe is afforded

Harley MS., not under.standing it, copied it sometimes as an i without a dot ^0, sometimes as an i with a dot (i}. Glossae Latino-graecae, etc., ed. Goetz and Gundermann, 1888,

praef xxii.

300

Facsimile No. 95

f.

iXlj^TH xr^f-^ e-5;*ciH1

A>T XixAr Wvicfl^A f^f

B^

r--*

1

'

>'

t,.

V

Vf|-|%.i3,

'^*

4

i

%

^

Epitome of Livy. Third Centuey

301

(sua nianu bonu marcello ... p.|'

.

.

.|

a lanatone cen ...I

vastaita porci[a] ...

]

m.

claiidio

licini, ..

crassi. .|

po

.

.

.|

ludis.

funeribus..

.

.

.

dim m in foro futura i eci rat nate ... 1 ... ... n beri ...... bellum p ..... llites in ... ... theoxen ficti egrimonibus in mare m ugien per patrem coaetu ... p.po.

.

.

.

.

.

.

t[abernac]ulis ban ...i

|

1

.

i

.

.

.

.i

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

len-

|

|

|

tulo

m

.

.

aebio ...1.

j

in agro l.nerylli sc

his ...I

livius tvihttnus -plebis. . .]

quo.

.

.

.[

a- postumio cmagistratumpete ..... .|

cum|

est|

|

l.guribus q. fulvio

1.

manlio

c

m

lepidi et fulv

i

no

.

.

.)

302

Facsimile No. 96

ApKy'sioKf-dNi uy