Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis · Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis...
Transcript of Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis · Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis...
Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis
SERGIO REY
Geographic Information AnalysisSchool of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning
Arizona State University
Geographic Information Analysis by Sergio Reyis licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
1 GIS and Spatial AnalysisBig PictureWhat is Spatial Analysis?
2 EDA and ESDAExploratory Data Analysis (EDA)Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
Outline
1 GIS and Spatial AnalysisBig PictureWhat is Spatial Analysis?
2 EDA and ESDAExploratory Data Analysis (EDA)Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
GIS Then
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GIS Then
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GIS Now
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GIS Functions
Anselin-Getis (1992) TaxonomyInputStorageAnalysisOutput
Many other taxonomies
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
GIScience
Goodchild (1992)cross-disciplinarycentral role for spatial analysisscientific glue
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
Outline
1 GIS and Spatial AnalysisBig PictureWhat is Spatial Analysis?
2 EDA and ESDAExploratory Data Analysis (EDA)Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
What is Spatial Analysis?
From Data to InformationBeyond mappingadded valuetransformations, manipulations and application of analyticalmethods to spatial (geographic data)
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
Locational Invariance
How Insights Change with locationspatial analysis is not locationally invariantthe results change when the locations of the study objects changewhere matters
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State Income Distributions 1929
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State Income Distributions 1929
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Randomized Income Distribution 1929
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Randomized Income Density 1929
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Locational Invariance
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Spatial Autocorrelation Income 1929
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Spatial Autocorrelation Randomized Income 1929
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Locational Variance
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
Components of Spatial Analysis
Mapping and Geovisualizationshowing interesting patterns
Exploratory Spatial Data Analysisdiscovering interesting patterns
Spatial Modelingexplaining interesting patterns
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
Summary: Spatial Analysis
Beyond MappingCentral role for analysis
Distinguished by Locational VarianceLocation matters
ComponentsShowing, discovering, explaining
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
Outline
1 GIS and Spatial AnalysisBig PictureWhat is Spatial Analysis?
2 EDA and ESDAExploratory Data Analysis (EDA)Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
EDA: John Tukey (1977)
EDA is an approach, notsimply a set oftechniques, but anattitude/philosophyabout how a dataanalysis should becarried out.Postpones the usualassumptions about whatkind of model the datafollow
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
Goals and Purpose of EDA
Set of techniques tomaximize insight into a data setuncover underlying structuresextract important variablesdetect outliers and anomaliestest underlying assumptionssuggest hypothesesdevelop parsimonious models
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
EDA Components
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EDA Techniques
Statistical GraphicsEDA relies heavily on statistical graphicsEDA is not identical to statistical graphicsGraphics support pattern recognition and open-mindedexplorationInteractive graphics push this even further
Quantitative MethodsAlthough heavily graphic in orientation, there are also a number ofnumerical techniques in EDA.
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
EDA Versus Confirmatory Analysis
Confirmatory Analysis (e.g. regression)Problem → Theory → Model → Data → Conclusion
Exploratory AnalysisProblem → Data → Analysis → Model
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
Outline
1 GIS and Spatial AnalysisBig PictureWhat is Spatial Analysis?
2 EDA and ESDAExploratory Data Analysis (EDA)Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
What is ESDA?
DefinitionsType of EDAExtended to include spatial attributes of the data
Cross fertilizationApplying classic EDA to spatial dataDeveloping new EDA methods for spatial dataInteractions between EDA and ESDA
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
How does ESDA fit in spatial analysis?
Spatial Modeling?Modeling based on assumptionsESDA largely model freeMatter of degree (e.g., clustering)
Mapping?Maps play a critical role in ESDADoes a map = ESDA?No. ESDA = map, manipulation + visualization
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
PySAL and ESDA (Video)
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org