Genetics: Fundamentals of Mendelian Genetics Classical Genetics.
Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS...
Transcript of Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS...
![Page 1: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BASIC CONCEPTS
IN GENETIC
BIOLOGY TEAM
BIOLOGI FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI
PERTANIAN 2013
![Page 2: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
WHAT IS GENETICS?
THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY
![Page 3: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA
1865, Gregor Mendel suatu bagian dari sel bertanggungjawab atas sifat yang diturunkan dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya 1868, Friedrich Miescher senyawa kimia yang berasal dari inti sel 1879, Albrecht Kossel asam nukleat
![Page 4: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Penelitian Fred Griffith
Dua galur: Smooth (S) – Virulent (gel coat) Rough (R) – Kurang Virulen
Tikus disuntik dengan galur R and galur S yang dimatikan melalui pemanasan
Tikus mati dan ditemukan hanya mengandung bakteri galur S
PERUBAHAN BENTUK DINDING SEL STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA
![Page 5: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
PENELITIAN WATSON DAN CRICK
Dengan dukungan data difraksi sinar-X dari Rosalind Franklin dan Maurice Wilkins
Dengan dukungan data analisis kimia basa nitrogen dari Erwin Chargaff
Memformulasikan struktur DNA
Mengelompokkan basa DNA menjadi purin (A,G) dan pirimidin (C,T)
Memformulasikan model replikasi DNA
![Page 6: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
GENETIC INFORMATION
![Page 7: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
GENETIC INFORMATION
• Gene – basic unit of genetic information. Genes determine the inherited characters
• Chromosomes – length of DNA containing genes
• Genome – sum total of
genetic material of an organism (chromosomes + mitochondria /chloroplasts and/or plasmids) – genome of cells – DNA – genome of viruses – DNA
or RNA
![Page 8: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
GENOMES VARY IN SIZE
• smallest virus – 4-5 genes
• E. coli – single chromosome containing 4,288 genes; 1 mm; 1,000X longer than cell
• Human cell – 46 chromosomes containing 31,000 genes; 6 feet; 180,000X longer than cell
![Page 9: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides similar to how proteins are made of amino acids each nucleotide consists of 3 parts
a 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) a phosphate group a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil)
![Page 10: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
BASIC GENETIC CONCEPTS & TERMS
10
![Page 11: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
WORD MATCH ACTIVITY
• base pair
• cell
• chromosome
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
• double helix*
• genes
• nucleus
Illustration Source: Talking Glossary of Genetic Terms http://www.genome.gov/glossary.cfm?key=chromosome
base pair
cell
nucleus chromosome
(double
helix)
DNA
genes
11
![Page 12: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Chromosomes vs Genes
• A chromosome constitutes an entire DNA molecule + protein
– Protein = histones
– Supercoiled DNA in nucleosomes
– Humans contain 46 such molecules (23 pairs)
• 44 somatic chromosomes
• 2 sex chromosomes (X +Y)
![Page 14: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Chromosomes vs Genes
• Genes constitute distinct regions on the chromosome
• Each gene codes for a protein product
• DNA -> RNA-> protein
• Differences in proteins brings about differences between individuals and species
![Page 15: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
DNA
![Page 17: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
DNA MOLECULE
• Composed of 2 polymers of nucleotides
• antiparallel strands 3’to 5’ and 5’to 3’
• each strand provides a template for the exact copying of a new strand
![Page 18: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Nucleotide structure of DNA
• Each nucleotide of
DNA contains:
– Deoxyribose
– Phosphate
– Nitrogen base (either
A, G, C, T)
![Page 19: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
DNA structure
• “Double helix”
propsed by Watson
and Crick (1953)
• Antiparallel backbones
• Complementary base
pairing:
– Adenine to Thymine
– Cytosine to Guanine
![Page 20: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
台大農藝系 遺傳學
601 20000
Chapter 1 slide 21
Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
![Page 22: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Therefore, prior to dividing, any
cell must first replicate DNA
• Each single-stranded (SS) chromosome duplicates to become a double-stranded (DS) chromosome
• Example:
– A human cell is formed with 46 SS chromosomes
– Each chromosome replicates to produce 46 DS chromosomes
![Page 23: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
REPLIKASI DNA
![Page 25: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
RNA
![Page 26: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Nucleotide structure of RNA
• Each nucleotide of
RNA contains:
– Ribose
– Phosphate
– Nitrogen base (either
A, G, C, U*)
*contains Uracil instead
of Thymine
![Page 29: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
PROTEIN
![Page 33: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
EKSPRESI GEN
![Page 38: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
DNA RNA PROTEIN
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
CAN BE REPLICATED
CENTRAL DOGMA
ALIRAN INFORMASI GENETIK
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION
![Page 39: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Introduction to Genetics - endrikawidyastuti · PDF file6/6/2014 · WHAT IS GENETICS? THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HEREDITY . SEJARAH PENEMUAN BAHAN GENETIKA 1865, Gregor Mendel suatu](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022002/5a91445d7f8b9a7f398e65f9/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)