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INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL ANATOMYMEANINSHISTORYSUBDIVISIONS
Dr. Mah Jabeen MuneeraAssistant ProfessorDepartment of AnatomyKEMU
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BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND
Study of structure or form of biological Study of structure or form of biological organismsorganismsOldest basic medical scienceOldest basic medical scienceDerived from Greek wordDerived from Greek wordAna-----upAna-----upTome----cuttingTome----cuttingDissecare, Latin word with Dissecare, Latin word with
similar meaningsimilar meaning
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Pre Scientific EraPre Scientific Era
Scientific EraScientific Era
EgyptEgypt
GreeceGreece
RomanRoman
Middle agesMiddle ages
Contribution of IslamContribution of Islam
RenaissanceRenaissance
Pre modernPre modern
ModernModern
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Pre ScientificPre Scientific
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10,000BCPurposeful boring& trephination of
Human skull
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Egypt3,000BC
Egyptian papyruses
Mummification & embalmingHuman viscera stored
Heart left as such(seat of soul)
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GreeceGreeceAnatomy 1Anatomy 1stst found acceptance as found acceptance as
sciencescience
AlcmaeonAlcmaeon Studied by dissecting animalsStudied by dissecting animals Discovered Optic NerveDiscovered Optic Nerve Pharyngotympanic tubePharyngotympanic tube Brain –intelligenceBrain –intelligence Concept about SLEEPConcept about SLEEP
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Hippocrates460-377 BC
Father of western medicineAnatomy as foundation of medicine
Studied wounds, bones skull
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AristotleAristotle 384-322BC384-322BC world’s greatest “NATURAL SCIENTIST”world’s greatest “NATURAL SCIENTIST” First used term “First used term “ANATOMEANATOME”” Studies based upon animal dissection mainlyStudies based upon animal dissection mainly Foundation of “Comparative Anatomy”Foundation of “Comparative Anatomy” Established EMBRYOLOGY on Established EMBRYOLOGY on
scientific coursescientific course
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Alexandrian EraAlexandrian Era
HerophilusHerophilus & & ErasistratusErasistratus Dissected human body purposefully in a med Dissected human body purposefully in a med
school in Alexandriaschool in Alexandria Cadavers, criminals dissected even Cadavers, criminals dissected even
vivisection vivisection
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Decline & Roman invasionDecline & Roman invasion
Egypt became part of Rome
Culturally Roman environment
HUMAN DISSECTION WAS FORBIDDEN
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Contribution of IslamContribution of Islam
• Greek knowledge lost to west Europe
• Retained by Islamic world• Translated Greek text to Arabic• Hussain Ibn_e_Ishaq (Baghdad)
• Abd_ul_Latif Baghdadi• Ibn_e_Nafees
• Improvement in description of bones
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Claudius GalenClaudius Galen
Knowledge was mainly based upon treating wounds& animal study
Later turned out to be incorrectPrecisely described
Results of damage of spinal cord at different levels
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Leonardo de VinciLeonardo de Vinci
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VesaliusVesalius
Student of AnatomyStudent of Anatomy
Found discrepanciesFound discrepancies
Himself performed Himself performed
DissectionDissection
Wrote Wrote
11stst modern book modern book
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““Vesalius’s De Human Vesalius’s De Human
Corpora Fabrica”Corpora Fabrica”
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1717thth century century
Willium HunterWillium Hunter
Knowledge of Anatomy is the only SOLID Knowledge of Anatomy is the only SOLID FOUNDATION of medicine & general FOUNDATION of medicine & general SurgerySurgery
HarveyHarvey
Presented theories about blood circulation Presented theories about blood circulation
Entirely new conceptsEntirely new concepts
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Morcello Malpighi(1661)Morcello Malpighi(1661)
Used MICROSCOPEUsed MICROSCOPE
Saw blood circulating in capillaries through Saw blood circulating in capillaries through fleshflesh
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Anton Van(18Anton Van(18thth cent) cent)
Continued microscopic workContinued microscopic work
Felin dujordin(19Felin dujordin(19thth cent) cent)
protoplasmprotoplasm
Robert HookRobert Hook
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1818thth, 19, 19thth Centuries Centuries
Anatomists published many Atlases, that Anatomists published many Atlases, that introduced new standards of depicting introduced new standards of depicting human bodyhuman bodyShortage of cadavers, led to illegal means Shortage of cadavers, led to illegal means of obtaining human bodiesof obtaining human bodiesIn Britain In Britain Anatomy ActAnatomy Act was passed in was passed in 18321832It made legal provision of unclaimed & It made legal provision of unclaimed & donated bodies, to medical schoolsdonated bodies, to medical schoolsSimilar legislations in other countries laterSimilar legislations in other countries later
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2020thth cent cent
Discovery of DNADiscovery of DNA
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2121stst cent cent
Human genome decoding projectHuman genome decoding project
All recent advancesAll recent advances
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SubdivisionsSubdivisions
Gross AnatomyGross Anatomy
TopographicalTopographical
Surface Surface
Systemic Systemic
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Microscopic AnatomyMicroscopic Anatomy
HistologyHistology
EmbryologyEmbryology
Developmental AnatomyDevelopmental Anatomy
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Comparative AnatomyComparative Anatomy
Clinical AnatomyClinical Anatomy
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Techniques to represent Techniques to represent Anatomical knowledgeAnatomical knowledge
Cave pictures, models ,papyrusesCave pictures, models ,papyruses
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Wood cutWood cut
(14(14thth Century) Century)
Copper PlateCopper Plate
EngravingEngraving
(16(16thth century) century)
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Hand colouringHand colouring
LithographyLithography
(18(18thth cent) cent)
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PhotographyPhotography
(19(19thth century) century)
X-ray ImagingX-ray Imaging
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Digital imagingDigital imaging
(recent advances)(recent advances)
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ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATUREANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Before 1895, almost 30,000 anatomical Before 1895, almost 30,000 anatomical terms were in use terms were in use
In 1895, The German Anatomical Society In 1895, The German Anatomical Society held a meeting at Basle and prepared an held a meeting at Basle and prepared an approved list of 5,000 Anatomical terms, approved list of 5,000 Anatomical terms, published a book for guidance, published a book for guidance, Basle Basle Nomina AnatomicaNomina Anatomica
Regular meetings are held to reviseRegular meetings are held to revise
At present 5At present 5thth edition is available edition is available
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LIFE SPAN OF MANLIFE SPAN OF MANPRE NATALPRE NATAL: :
CONCEPTUS (fertilization-1CONCEPTUS (fertilization-1stst week) week) EMBRYO (2EMBRYO (2ndnd-8-8thth week) week) FETUS (3FETUS (3rdrd-birth)-birth)
POST NATAL:POST NATAL: Neonate (28 days)Neonate (28 days) Infancy (1Infancy (1stst year) year)
ChildhoodChildhood Early(2Early(2ndnd-6-6thth year) year) Middle(7Middle(7thth-9-9thth/10/10thth years) years) Late (pre pubertal)Late (pre pubertal)
AdolescenceAdolescence: 6 yrs following puberty: 6 yrs following pubertyAdultAdult
Prime & transition (20-60yrs)Prime & transition (20-60yrs) Old age & Senescence (60-death)Old age & Senescence (60-death)
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ASSIGNMENTASSIGNMENT
ORIGIN OF LIFEORIGIN OF LIFE