Introduction to Environmental Science. What is environmental science? The study of how humans and...
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![Page 1: Introduction to Environmental Science. What is environmental science? The study of how humans and other species interact with one another and the nonliving.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d925503460f94a796c2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Environmental Science
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What is environmental science?
• The study of how humans and other species interact with one another and the nonliving environment.
• How the parts of nature and human societies operate and interact - a study of connections and interactions
• A physical and social science that integrates information from a wide range of disciplines:– biology– chemistry– physics– geology– geography– resource technology and engineering– resource conservation and management– demography, economics, politics, sociology,
psychology and ethics
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Current Environmental Problems1. Population growth2. Deforestation3. Global warming4. Ozone loss5. Resource depletion:
– mineral– energy– soil– agricultural land– water
6. Biodiversity7. Pollution
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Sustainability
• Sustainability is the ability to maintain a given state for a specified period of time
• sustainable systems function and survive over a specified time
• environmentally sustainable societies manage their economies, population and resource use within the system's (earth's) ability to absorb insults, replenish resources, and sustain life forms
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11 Billio
ns o
f peo
ple
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10
9
8
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5
4
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2
1
02-5 million
years8000 6000 4000 2000 2000 2100
Hunting and gathering
Black Death–the Plague
Time
Industrialrevolution
Agricultural revolution
B.C. A.D.
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• Current growth rate: exponential growth at a rate of 1.25%
• Rule of 70:
70/ rate of growth =doubling time
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Nu
mb
er o
f H
um
an
s
?Continued growth
Populationstabilization
?
Populationcrash
?
(10,000 years)
(100,000 years)
(1 million years)
Tool-making revolution
Agricultural revolution
Industrial & information revolutions
Time
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Who can explain the difference between exponential and linear growth?
Exponential: a quantity increases at a constant rate per unit of time
(such as our current rate of 1.25% per year)Linear : growth by the same amount over equal time periods
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World Population reached
1 billion in 1804
2 billion in 1927 (123 years later)
3 billion in 1960 (33 years later)
4 billion in 1974 (14 years later)
5 billion in 1987 (13 years later)
6 billion in 1999 (12 years later)
World Population May Reach7 billion in 2013 (14 years later)
8 billion in 2028 (15 years later)
9 billion in 2054 (26 years later)
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Human disturbance
Tropic of Capricorn
Equator
Predominantly naturalPartially disturbedHuman dominated
AntarcticCircle
Tropic ofCancer
ArcticCircleArcticCircle
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Economic Growth
• GNP: gross national product - market value of all goods and services for either domestic or export produced in that year
• per capita GNP (pcGNP) - divide GNP by total population of the country
Increase capacity to produce goods and services for people's final use Usually involves increasing flow (throughput) of energy and natural resources
Measured
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Economic Development
• The improvement of living standards by economic growth
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Developing / Developed Countries
• Developed countries: defined as highly industrialized with pcGNP > $10,00– 20% of the world's population– 85% of wealth and income– use 88% of natural resources– generate 75% of the world's waste
• Developing countries: rural, agricultural countries with low pcGNP– more than 1 billion people try to live on less
than $1 day– more children increases family's "workforce"– local populations outstrip available resources
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GNP per capita, 1998
Low income (Under $1,000)
Middle income ($1,000–$10,000)
High income (Above $10,000)
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World total
Developingcountries
Developedcountries
Po
pu
lati
on
(b
illi
on
s)
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1950 2000 2050 2100
Year
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• Perpetual resources: on a human time scale, is renewed continuously
* solar energy, winds, tides, flowing water
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Renewable resources: On a human time scale, can be replenished fairly rapidly
*fresh air, water, soil, plants & animals
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• Nonrenewable resources: on a human time scale, is not replaced; present in a fixed quantity in earth’s crust
*coal, oil, natural gas, metals such as iron &
copper, minerals such as phosphates & clay
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Environmental WorldviewPlanetary management
*humans are the most important species
*resources will not run out b/c we can develop & find new ones
*potential for economic growth is unlimited
*success depends on our management
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Stewardship
*we are the most important species, but that
carries an ethical responsibility
*resources probably won’t run out, but should be
used wisely
*environmentally beneficial forms of development
should be encouraged
*our success depends on how well we manage
our resources
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Environmental wisdom
*nature exists for all species
*earth’s resources are limited, should not be wasted, and are not all ours
*earth-sustaining forms of economic growth should be encouraged
*our success depends on our actins & behaving in a sustainable manner
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1. Is current society in developed countries sustainable? Developing countries?
2. Is sustainability a reasonable or desirable goal?
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Traditionaldecision making
Environmental
Social Economic
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Decision making in asustainable society
Social Economic
Environmental
SustainableSolutions