Introduction to English Syntax
description
Transcript of Introduction to English Syntax
![Page 1: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to English Syntax
2nd semester 2011By Yusep & Fitri
![Page 2: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Syntax in Linguistic Tree
Linguistics
Grammar Meaning
Sounds of language
Phonetics Phonology
Morphology
Syntax Semantics
Pragmatics
![Page 3: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is syntax?
Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
![Page 4: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Analyzing
1. a. The boy found the ball.b. The boy found quickly.c. The boy found in the house.d. The boy found the ball in the house.
2. a. Sylvia slept the babyb. Sylvia slept soundly
![Page 5: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Grammaticality judgments
It’s determined by rules that are shared by the speakers of language.
Words must conform to specific patterns determined by syntactic rules of the language.
![Page 6: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Categories
Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.
![Page 7: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Word-level categories
Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories, which can generally substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality.
![Page 8: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Word-level categories are divided into:1.lexical words (open class words)2.Functional words (closed class words)
![Page 9: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Lexical words
It is called “open” (lexical) because languages can freely add new words to the set.e.g. Noun, Verb, Adjective, and
Adverb
![Page 10: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Functional words
It’s called “functional” words because they carry little meaning (have no synonyms) and typically “help” another word.e.g. Determiner, Degree words, Qualifier, Auxiliary, Conjunction, Pronoun, Preposition
![Page 11: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Example of Syntactic Categories
Lexical categories:
Noun (N) Verb (V) Adjective (A) Adverb (Adv)
Examples: moisture, policy melt, remain good, intelligent slowly, now
![Page 12: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Functional categories:
Determiner (Det) Degree word
(Deg) Qualifier (Qual) Auxiliary (Aux) Conjunction (Con)
Examples: the, this very, more always, perhaps will, can and, or
![Page 13: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.
a. The glass suddenly broke.
b. A jogger ran towards the end of the lane.
c. The peaches never appear quite ripe.
d. Gillian will play the trumpet and the drums in the orchestra.
Det / N / Adv / V
Det / N / V / P / Det / N / P / Det / N
Det / N / Qual / V / Deg / Adj
N / Aux / V / Det / N / Conj / Det / N / P / Det / N
![Page 14: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Phrase categories and their structures
Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases, the category of which is determined by the word category around which the phrase is built.
![Page 15: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
E.g. if the word around which the phrase is built is a noun, then the phrase is a noun phrase.e.g.the car, a clever student
![Page 16: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Phrasal categories
The most commonly recognized categories:NP : Noun Phrase
The car, a clever studentVP : Verb Phrase
study hard, play the guitarPP : Prepositional Phrase
in the class, above the earthAP : Adjective Phrase
very tall, quite certain
![Page 17: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Other examples
[NP the pretty girl] [VP often dream] [AP very pessimistic] [PP mainly about]
![Page 18: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Phrase Structure Rules(I)
The phrase structure rule for NP, VP, AP and PP (example):NP(Det) N (PP) …VP(Qual) V (NP) …AP(Deg) A (PP) …PP(Deg) P (NP) …
![Page 19: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Symbols
The list of common symbols in syntactic analysis:
SNVArtNPVPAdj
SentenceNounVerbArticleNoun phraseVerb phraseadjective
ProAdvPrepPPDetPN
PronounAdverbPrepositionPrep phraseDeterminerProper noun
![Page 20: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Phrase structure rules (II)
Det N Det N PP
The bus P NP
Det N
The bus in the yard
NP (Det) N (PP) PP P NP
The bus (NP)The bus in the yard
NP
![Page 21: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Phrase structure rules (III)
det N
VP V (NP) (PP)
V NP V
took the money (VP)
took the money from the bank
(VP)
NP PP
Det N P NP
Det Ntook the money
took the money from the bank
![Page 22: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Draw the tree diagram!
1. repaired the telephone
2. the success of the program
3. a film about pollution
4. move towards the window
5. cast a spell on the broomstick
![Page 23: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The main structure rules
1. S NP (Aux) VP
2. NP (Det) (AP) N (PP)
3. VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv)
4. PP P NP
5. AP A (PP)
![Page 24: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
S
NP Aux VP
Det Adj N V PP
P NP
Det N
The old tree past swayed in the wind
e.g. The old tree swayed in the wind
![Page 25: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The children put the toy in the box
S
NP VP
Det N
V NP PP
Det N P NP
Det N
The children put the toy in the box
![Page 26: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Structural ambiguity (I)
Synthetic buffalo hides (NP) Synthetic buffalo hides (NP)
Synthetic buffalo hides Synthetic buffalo hides
Buffalo hides that are synthetic. Hides of synthetic buffalo.
![Page 27: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Ambiguities often lead to humorous results:Ambiguities often lead to humorous results:For sale: an antique desk suitable for lady with thick legs and large drawers.
what does “thick legs and large drawers” refer to?
The desk or the lady?
![Page 28: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Structural ambiguity(II) The boy saw the man with the
telescope
V PP
with
NPP
the
Det N
telescopeThe
N
saw
S
NP VP
Det
boy
NP
the
Det N
man
Aux
past
![Page 29: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Structural ambiguity (III)The boy saw the man with the
telescope
V
PP
with
NPP
the
Det N
telescopeThe
N
saw
S
NP VP
Det
boy
NP
the
Det N
man
Aux
past
![Page 30: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Draw two phrase structure trees representing the two meanings of the sentence:
The magician touched the child with the wand.
Be sure you indicate which meaning goes with which tree.
![Page 31: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Deep structure
The basic structure of sentences which specified by phrase structure rules.
e.g. NP + V + NP Same deep structure can be the
source of many other surface structures.
![Page 32: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
For example:The boy is sleeping Is the boy sleeping? S
NP Aux VP
Det N V
The boy is Sleeping
![Page 33: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
S
Aux NP VP
Det N V
Is the boy --- sleeping
![Page 34: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Example of same deep structure:Charlie broke the window
It was Charlie who broke the window
Was the window broken by Charlie?
![Page 35: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Surface structure
The variant of basic sentence structures. The structures that result from the
application of transformational rules.Other sentence types that are
transformationally related are:Passive sentences The cat chased the mouse The
mouse was chased by the cat
![Page 36: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
‘there’ sentences A man was on the roof there was a
man on the roof
PP preposing The astronomer saw a meteor with his
telescope with his telescope the astronomer saw a meteor
![Page 37: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Example of deep & surface Structures
The boy will leave
S
VPNP
Det
Aux
N
The boy will leave
Will the boy leave?
S
VPNP
Det
Aux
N
the boyWill leave
The deep structure The surface structure
V V
![Page 38: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Draw the deep & surface structure of the following sentences:1.Will the boss hire Hillary?2.Is that player leaving the team?3.Who should the director call?4.What is Joanne eating?
![Page 39: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
More phrase structure rules
Coordinate structure A coordinate structure results when
two constituents of the same category are joined with a conjunction, such as and or or.
e.g
![Page 40: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
NP
NP Conj NP
Det N Det N
The cat and the dog
![Page 41: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Embedded sentence It includes another sentence within
itself. e.g.the teacher believes the student knows the answer
Complementizers It introduces a complement phrase
![Page 42: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
S
NP Aux VP
Det N present V S
The teacher believe the student knows the answer
![Page 43: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Example of complementizer
S
NP Aux VP
Det N present V CP
C S
The teacher believes that the student knows the answer
![Page 44: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Wh-movement
V
N
carThe
N
repair
S
NP VP
Det
man
NP
which
Det
Aux
should
![Page 45: Introduction to English Syntax](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050620/55cf8e70550346703b92281e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
References
Yule, J. (2010). The study of language: 4th edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., Hyams, N., Collins, P. & Amberber, M. (2005). An introduction to language: 5th edition. Merlbourne: Nelson Thomson Learning Pty
Steinberg, D.D. (1993). An introduction to psycholinguistics. New York: Longman