Introduction to engineering: History

Engineering

History

It helps you remember.

It gives you a way to review for the final.

Why is it important to take notesduring this presentation?

When did engineering begin?

Who were the first engineers?

What were the first engineering designs?

We will discuss…

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. in Asia Minor

http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/maps/m_asiaminor.gif

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.

Change from nomadic life (hunter/gatherers) They were becoming less nomadic and more what?

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg/757px-Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg

The Beginnings of Engineering:

6000 - 3000 B.C.

The Agrarian Society (agriculture)

forms the basis of civilization

cultivate plants - the need for increased food

productiondomesticate animals - for

food and workbuild permanent houses in

community group

http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_06/d_06_s/d_06_s_mou/d_06_s_mou.html

The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.

Increased food production permitted time to engage in other activities such as:

Government: A Ruler makes laws that stabilize community life land ownership


The results of Government: organize work force

beginnings of a class society

supervisorsworkers - artisans

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14101/14101-h/images/p4_lesson3.gif


Artisans are considered to be the first engineers

Why?

http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/03/050326101411.jpg


Early Achievements in this EraPeople discovered methods of producing fire at

will

http://www.sevamay.com/fire/ch17.htm


Early Achievements in this Era

Stone Age 600,000-5000 B.C.People discovered how to use rocks as tools.

http://www.ulstermuseum.org.uk/filestore/images/collectionsarch/stoneage_reconst_rec300web.jpg


6000 - 3000 B.C.Early Achievements in this Era

Copper Age 5000-3000 B.C.People learn how to shape soft

metals into tools.

http://www.museumofman.org/html/exhibits_copper_age.html


6000 - 3000 B.C.Early Achievements in this Era

Bronze Age 3000-2000 B.C.Mixing different kinds of

metals could make better tools.

http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/b/b6/300px-Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg


Early Achievements in this EraDevelopment of a system of symbols for written

communications

http://www.jhu.edu/neareast/uem/page3.html

The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.

Major Engineering Projects or Inventions Irrigation systems to promote crop growth

http://www.payvand.com/news/04/dec/ancient-dam-iran.jpg


Major Engineering Projects or Inventions Animal-, water-, and wind-driven machines.

http://www.museums4schools.net/oxen_breaking.jpg http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/24700/24788/dutch_windmi_24788_md.gif

http://www.ourbc.com/travel_bc/bc_cities/thompson_okanagan/photos/keremeos/grist_mill_01_640.jpg


Major Engineering Projects or Inventions

The wheel and axle Plow Yoke

http://www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/images/wheel.jpg

http://www.connerprairie.org/HistoryOnline/images/yoke.jpg


Mesopotamia “cradle of civilization”

Clay tile material used for permanent documentation

Clay tablets unearthed which show:maps of caravan routes including mountains, cities and watercity plansirrigation systemswater supply systems

Mesopotamia

Tigris River

Euphrates River

Also called Cuneiform


• Outstanding contributions of mathematics

• Sexagesimal system • divided circle

into 360 degrees

• hour into 60 minutes

• minute into 60 seconds

Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.

Babylonian engineers:Among the first scientific engineers

Familiar with basic math Could figure out areas and

volumes of land excavationsNumber system based on 60

instead of 10Buildings were constructed

using basic engineering principles still used today

http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/03/barry/barrywall.jpg


Babylonian engineers:

Primitive arches used in moving water (hydraulics)

Bridges were built with stone piers carrying wooden

stringers

http://www.truthnet.org/Daniel/Chapter5/


Babylonian engineers:

Roads were surfaced with a naturally occurring asphalt, a construction system not used

again until the nineteenth century

http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Valentin/Jpeg/full171387.jpg

http://www.hotmix.org/history.php

The first recorded use of asphalt (bitumen) as a road building material was in Babylon around 625 B.C., in the reign of King Naboppolassar.

Map of Babylon

Gardens of Babylon


Egyptian EngineersPyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 years

2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to build the Great Pyramid of Cheops, aka Khufu

Outstanding examples of engineering skills in land measurement and building layout -transit and level Irrigation systems

www.greatbuildings.com

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.

Engineering in Greece:Had its origin in EgyptBetter known for the intensive development of

borrowed ideas than for creativity and inventionFamous for outstanding philosophers:Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist) and

Archimedes (mathematics)


Engineering in Greece:Use of ideas was retarded

because of the belief that verification and experimentation, which required manual labor, were only fit for slaves.

http://www.ecusd7.org/ehs/ehsstaff/dvoegele/work.jpg


Engineering in Greece:Even so, greeks were able to

come up with a few useful ideas:

Archimedes water screwCrossbowCatapult

• Roman Engineering • Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering

knowledge from the countries they conquered for use in warfare and in their public works

• Superior in the application of ideas and techniques


http://www.the-romans.co.uk/g5/37.waterclock.gif

http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/InventionsO.htm

http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/PuppetShow.html

http://patentpending.blogs.com/patent_pending_blog/2004/11/heros_steam_tur.html

• Hero’s Inventions:• Gear driven odometer on

chariot• Steam turbine• Hydraulic clock• Fire engine


• All ideas stolen from Hero by the Romans•Who was Greek

http://patentpending.blogs.com/photos/uncategorized/capture1112004114215_pm.jpg


Roman Engineering Roman road systems- subbase, compact base, topcoat

180,000 miles

http://www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/roots/images/tra_f11a.jpg


Roman Engineering Aqueducts for Water supply Sanitary systemsEngineering principles applies to

military tactics

http://www.legionsix.org/contact1.jpg

Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries

Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?

The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies in the Latin word ingeniare, “to design or devise”



Animals and waterwheels began to replace humans as the power source Arabs were developing paper making, chemistry, and optics



Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume distilling became part of the culture



Chinese were developing clocks, astronomical instruments, the loom and spinning wheel, and gunpowder

Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to

16th CenturiesJohann Gutenburg - movable type produced the first books

printed on paperLeonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist, was also an

engineer, inventor and architect Military and civil engineering feats such as catapults bridges

and buildingsSketches of future engineering devices such as:

Machine Gun HelicopterDrawbridgeBreach-loading CannonRoller BearingsUniversal Joint Tanks

The Revival of Science:17th and 18th Centuries

Galileo Discovers:Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body achieves while

falling, is independent of weightEarth moves around the sun

Torricelli and Pascal Discovers:hydrostatics and dynamics develop the barometer

Boyle Discovers:expansion quality of air and the correlation between

temperature, volume, and pressure


Hooke Discovers:material lengthens in proportion to the force exerted on

it, up to the elastic limit, and in compression it shortens in a similar fashion

Huygens develops spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and measures

gravitational accelerationNewton who is famous for his three basic laws of motion

developed differential calculus, essential to mathematical analysis of most physical systems


The Developing Industrial AgeJames Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron furnaces,

rolling mills and other industriesHargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the spinning

and weaving machineryPieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to hold a

static electrical charge, now called the leyden jar forerunner to the capacitor

Luigi Galvani- principles of electrical conductionAlessandro Volta - principles of the electric battery

Beginnings of Modern Science: 19th Century

Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of electrical current, leading to the science of electrodynamics

Michael Faraday found the means to generate electricity by moving a conductor through a magnetic field

Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the transmission of electric signals through space; Marconi was awarded a patent for the same achievement a year later

Henry Cort develops a method of refining ironJames Watt refines and produces an efficient steam

engineAt last good iron for machines and power plants to

operate the machinery

20th Century Technology

Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and mass production emerges

Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop electrical equipment and electron tubes which starts the widespread use of power systems and communication networks

Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical application of alternating current, the polyphase induction motor

Orville & Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraftWallace Carothers leads a team of organic chemists and

chemical engineer researchers at duPont to develop NYLON the first of many “synthetic fibers”. The beginnings of polymer research


Using Albert Einstein's model “E=mc2 scientists from Europe and the United States at the University of Chicago produce the first nuclear pile. The age of controlled nuclear reaction begins.

John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Engineering develop the first computer called the “ENIAC”. It weighted over 30 tons and occupied over 1500 square feet.

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, at Bell labs, discovered that current changes in one part of a diode caused current changes in another part of a diode and create the transistor.

20th Century TechnologyTexas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor discovers that

the transistor’s silicon crystal could be made to be its own circuit board. “transistors - the switch that controls the world”

Pratt & Whitney develop turbojet enginesBoeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707 capable of

transporting 180 passangers at speeds of 600 mphTheodore Maiman produces the first working laser which has

mushroomed to encompass surgeons, transmit telephone calls, track storms, to checkout in supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut fabric and to produce holograms


And the list goes ON ANDON

AND

ON

Communication Satellites - now handle more than half of all transoceanic telephone, television and audio network program distribution

Introduction to

Chemical Engineering

What are Chemical Engineers?

“Chemical engineers” use math, physical sciences (physics, chemistry), life sciences (biology, microbiology and biochemistry), and economics to solve practical problems. The difference between chemical engineers and other types of engineers is that they apply a knowledge of chemistry in addition to other engineering disciplines. Chemical engineers may be called “universal engineers” because their scientific and technical mastery is so extensive.

History of Chemical Engineering

Before 18th Century:Industrial chemicals were mainly produced through batch processing.

Industrial Revolution (1700-1800):Industrial production shifted from batch to continuous processing.


1805 - John Dalton published Atomic Weights, allowing chemical equations to be balanced and the basis for chemical engineering mass balances.

1824 - Sadi Carnot was the first to study the thermodynamics of combustion reactions.

1850 - Rudolf Clausius applied the principles developed by Carnot to chemical systems at the atomic to molecular scale.

ChE Principles:


1873 to 1876 - Josiah Willard Gibbs developed a mathematical-based, graphical methodology, for the study of chemical systems using the thermodynamics of Clausius.

1882 - Hermann von Helmholtz showed that measure of chemical affinity is determined by the measure of the free energy of the reaction process.

1883 - Osborne Reynolds defines the dimensionless group for fluid flow, leading to practical scale-up and understanding of flow, heat and mass transfer

ChE Principles:


1882 – a course in "Chemical Technology" is offered at University College London.

1885 –a course in "chemical engineering" is offered at Central College (later Imperial College), London.

1888 –a new curriculum at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) started: Course X, Chemical Engineering.

ChE Education:

Course X at MIT: "to meet the needs of students who desire a general training in mechanical engineering, and at the same time to devote a portion of their time to the study of the applications of chemistry to the arts, especially to those engineering problems which relate to the use and manufacture of chemical products."


1908 – the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) is founded.

1922 – the UK Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) is founded.

1968 – the Colombian society of Chemical Engineering is founded.

ChE Institutes:

TOP 10 Chemical Engineering Contribution to Society

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, 2010


1. FUELING THE WORLD’S ECONOMIES

• The world's economy needs energy to keep it moving.

• Chemical engineers stretch fossil fuels into various energy supplies, e.g. gasoline, diesel, jet oil, etc.


TOP 10 Chemical Engineering Contribution to Society2. CREATING CLEANER ENERGY

Chemical engineers are creating a new generation of clean energy technologies.

- Nuclear power plant- NiMH battery - Alternative energies such as Air , Wind, Water, Solar, etc.


NiMH battery for vehicles


3. PRODUCTS FOR GROWING POPULATIONS

- Water purification- Water desalination- GMO foods- Green productions



4. REMOVING HARMFUL SULFUR FROM FUELS

- Catalytic converter for car’s exhausted gas- Unleaded gasoline gasohol- Air pollution control



5. BETTER LIVING THROUGH CHEMISTRY

Chemical engineers have made plastics possible.


http://www.bmw-security-vehicles.com

http://www.bmw-security-vehicles.com/


6. STRETCHING NATURAL RESOURCES

Chemical engineers make innovative materials.- Synthetic rubbers- Bio-plastics- Kevlar- etc.


Kevlar Vests


7. LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

Even if a product was created by a scientist, there is a good chance it was perfected and made practical by chemical engineers.


Penicillin Discovery

In 1929, Sir Alexander Fleming discovered a strain of mouldthat inhibit bacteria Straphylococus growth, called penicillin.


8. CONVENIENT & ABUNDANT FOOD

When popping your favorite ready-to-eat meal in the microwave, thank chemical engineers!

- Processed food, canned food- Powder coffee, Powder milk- Sterilized food



9. HEALING DISEASES & EXTENDING LIFE

Chemical engineering has advanced medical science, improving the quality of life and saving millions of lives.


Dialysis (Artificial Kidneys)

www.kidneycaregroup.com


10. POWERING THE PERSONAL COMPUTER The tools chemical engineers use to improve computers may have long-winded names, but their advances make our gadgets all the more powerful.

- Germanium-based silicon chips that help your laptop perform faster.

- From thin-film liquid crystal displays to software that simulates complex industrial processes.


Chemical Engineers in Action

1. Energy2. Environment3. Material Sciences4. Semiconductor Manufacturing5. Bio-medic6. Food

Jobs Opportunity for ChE

Introduction to engineering: History

Education

Transcript of Introduction to engineering: History